Showing papers on "Liquid paraffin published in 2011"
TL;DR: A stable superhydrophobic and superoleophilic ZnO-coated stainless steel mesh film with special hierarchical micro/nanostructures that can be used to separate a water and oil mixture effectively and is promising in various important applications such as separation and filtration, lab-on-a-chip devices and micro/ nanofluidic devices.
Abstract: Oil contaminated water is a common problem in the world, thus to effectively separate water and oil is an urgent task for us to resolve. By control of surface wettability of a solid substrate, both superhydrophobicity and superoleophilicity on a film can be realized, which is necessary for water and oil separation. Here we report a stable superhydrophobic and superoleophilic ZnO-coated stainless steel mesh film with special hierarchical micro/nanostructures that can be used to separate a water and oil mixture effectively. Namely, the film is superhydrophobic and water cannot penetrate the mesh film because of the large negative capillary effect, while the film is superoleophilic and liquid paraffin oil can spread out quickly and permeate the mesh film spontaneously due to the capillary effect. A detailed investigation indicates that microscale and nanoscale hierarchical structures and the appropriate size of the microscale mesh pores on the mesh films play an important role in obtaining the excellent water and oil separation property. This work provides an alternative to current separation meshes and is promising in various important applications such as separation and filtration, lab-on-a-chip devices and micro/nanofluidic devices.
184 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, high-fluorescent CdSe/CdS/ZnS core/multi-shell quantum dot (QD) nanophosphors were successfully synthesized via a phosphine-free and continual precursor injection method in paraffin liquid for the first time.
Abstract: Highly-fluorescent CdSe/CdS/ZnS core/multi-shell quantum dot (QD) nanophosphors were successfully synthesized via a phosphine-free and continual precursor injection method in paraffin liquid for the first time. The as-prepared cubic zinc blended QDs showed high photoluminescent quantum yield (PLQY) and excellent optical stability. We also fabricated QDs/epoxy composites by directly dispersing the core/multi-shell QDs into epoxy resin as the encapsulating and light conversion materials for the application on the white light LED, and the as-prepared composites possessed even better stability against UV radiation and heating. Moreover, a white light LED was fabricated by combining QDs/epoxy composites incorporated with green, yellow and red emission QDs with blue InGaN LED, and the resulting four-band RYGB QD-WLED showed good performance with a CIE-1931 coordinates of (0.35, 0.37), Ra of 88, Tc of 3865 K and the power efficiency (PE) of 32 lm W−1 at 100 mA, indicating that the combination of highly fluorescent CdSe/CdS/ZnS core/multi-shell QDs in LEDs can be a promising solution for white light sources with high color rendering properties.
155 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a low-cost and convenient method for synthesizing high-quality NaYF4:Yb, Er(Tm) nanocrystals (NCs) in liquid paraffin was reported.
Abstract: Application of "green chemistry" concept to synthesize nanomaterials is the current goal in developing new techniques for producing materials in commercial scale. In this study, we reported a low-cost and convenient method for synthesizing high-quality NaYF4:Yb, Er(Tm) nanocrystals (NCs) in liquid paraffin. Experimental results indicated that the as-prepared NCs possessed pure β-phase structure, narrow size distribution, as well as strong up-conversion fluorescence. By varying the doped lanthanides, Er or Tm, the emission color of up-conversion fluorescence was tunable. In comparison to other high-boiling-point organic solvents, liquid paraffin is cheaper and prolific in oil industry. Besides, 280°C was the optimal temperature for NaYF4:Yb, Er(Tm) synthesis, which was lower than that in the previous reports using other high-boiling-point organic solvents. Accordingly, this user-friendly method will facilitate the synthesis of high-quality lanthanide-doped NaYF4 NCs in commercial scale.
141 citations
TL;DR: Subcutaneous methylnaltrexone is effective in inducing laxation in palliative care patients with opioid-induced constipation and where conventional laxatives have failed, however, the safety of this product is not fully evaluated.
Abstract: Background: Constipation is common in palliative care; it can generate considerable suffering due to the unpleasant physical symptoms. In the first Cochrane Review on effectiveness of laxatives for the management of constipation in palliative care patients, published in 2006, no conclusions could be drawn because of the limited number of evaluations. This article describes the first update of this review. / Objectives: To determine the effectiveness of laxatives or methylnaltrexone for the management of constipation in palliative care patients. / Search methods: We searched databases including MEDLINE and CENTRAL (The Cochrane Library) in 2005 and in the update to August 2010. / Selection criteria: Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating laxatives for constipation in palliative care patients. In the update we also included RCTs on subcutaneous methylnaltrexone; an opioid-receptor antagonist that is now licensed for the treatment of opioid-induced constipation in palliative care when response to usual laxative therapy is insufficient. / Data collection and analysis: Two authors assessed trial quality and extracted data. The appropriateness of combining data from the studies depended upon clinical and outcome measure homogeneity. / Main results: We included seven studies involving 616 participants; all under-reported methodological features. In four studies the laxatives lactulose, senna, co-danthramer, misrakasneham, and magnesium hydroxide with liquid paraffin were evaluated. In three methylnaltrexone. In studies comparing the different laxatives evidence was inconclusive. Evidence on subcutaneous methylnaltrexone was clearer; in combined analysis (287 participants) methylnaltrexone, in comparison with a placebo, significantly induced laxation at 4 hours (odds ratio 6.95; 95% confidence interval 3.83 to 12.61). In combined analyses there was no difference in the proportion experiencing side effects, although participants on methylnaltrexone suffered more flatulence and dizziness. No evidence of opioid withdrawal was found. In one study severe adverse events, commonly abdominal pain, were reported that were possibly related to methylnaltrexone. A serious adverse event considered to be related to the methylnaltrexone also occurred; this involved a participant having severe diarrhoea, subsequent dehydration and cardiovascular collapse. / Authors' conclusions: The 2010 update found evidence on laxatives for management of constipation remains limited due to insufficient RCTs. However, the conclusions of this update have changed since the original review publication in that it now includes evidence on methylnaltrexone. Here it found that subcutaneous methylnaltrexone is effective in inducing laxation in palliative care patients with opioid-induced constipation and where conventional laxatives have failed. However, the safety of this product is not fully evaluated. Large, rigorous, independent trials are needed.
109 citations
TL;DR: In anaesthetized rats it was shown that DDT absorption was almost totally via the lymphatic system, and that lymph levels of DDT were highest following administration in arachis oil, and this enhanced absorption in the presence of archis oil was not due to an increased flow.
Abstract: Plasma concentrations of DDT were measured in conscious rats following oral administration in arachis oil, Miglyol 812 (fractionated coconut oil), liquid paraffin or as a fine suspension in water. The total absorption of DDT, calculated as the area under the plasma concentration time curve, was significantly greater for the arachis oil formulation compared to the other vehicles. In anaesthetized rats it was shown that DDT absorption was almost totally via the lymphatic system, and that lymph levels of DDT were highest following administration in arachis oil. Measurement of lymph flow showed that this enhanced absorption of DDT in the presence of arachis oil was not due to an increased flow as both arachis oil and liquid paraffin stimulated lymph production to the same extent.
107 citations
TL;DR: The effect of oily vehicles on the gastrointestinal absorption of the hypocholesterolaemic agent probucol has been investigated in the rat, with the drug was selectively absorbed via the lymphatic system, lymph drug concentrations being highest following co‐administration of arachis oil.
Abstract: The effect of oily vehicles on the gastrointestinal absorption of the hypocholesterolaemic agent probucol has been investigated in the rat. The plasma concentration was determined following its administration in arachis oil (peanut oil), Miglyol 812 (fractionated coconut oil) and liquid paraffin. The total absorption of the drug, calculated as the area under the plasma concentration time curve, was significantly greater for the arachis oil formulation than with the other vehicles. The drug was selectively absorbed via the lymphatic system, lymph drug concentrations being highest following co-administration of arachis oil.
99 citations
TL;DR: In this article, anatase (TiO2) nanoparticles with an average diameter of 10 nm were synthesized by solvothermal method followed by surface modification with stearic acid (SA).
Abstract: Anatase (TiO2) nanoparticles with an average diameter of 10 nm were synthesized by solvothermal method followed by surface modification with stearic acid (SA). As-prepared, the nanoparticles (SA-TiO2) were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and thermogravimetry (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The tribological properties of SA-TiO2 as an additive of liquid paraffin (LP) were evaluated by a four-ball tester. The results show that LP with SA-TiO2 exhibited good anti-wear and friction-reduction properties under the all applied loads. Comparing LP with LP-containing SA, LP-containing TiO2, and LP-containing SA-TiO2, the LP-containing SA-TiO2 had the best load-carrying capacity. It was deduced that the boundary lubricating film was mainly composed of TiO2 deposits and an adsorbing film of SA which contribute to the excellent lubricating effect of SA-TiO2 in LP.
92 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the phase separation behavior of binary polyolefin blends, ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) and liquid paraffin (LP), was investigated through combination of differential scanning calorimetry, rheology and optical microscopy.
82 citations
TL;DR: It was observed that increase in the cross‐linking density of the microspheres reduced the drug release rate considerably, suggesting that the release profiles could be controlled by changing the cross-linkingdensity.
Abstract: A new technique for the preparation of cross-linked polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) microspheres containing various drugs is described. An aqueous solution of PVA containing various concentrations of glutaraldehyde was dispersed as droplets in liquid paraffin using a suitable stabilizing agent. Cross-linking of PVA droplets with glutaraldehyde was induced by an acid catalyst (HCl) which was produced by the addition of small quantities of benzoyl chloride into the dispersion medium. Microspheres containing drugs such as aspirin, griseofulvin and nicotinic acid were prepared by carrying out the cross-linking reaction in the presence of such drugs. The drug release studies were carried out in simulated gastric and intestinal fluids without enzymes at 37 degrees C. It was observed that increase in the cross-linking density of the microspheres reduced the drug release rate considerably, suggesting that the release profiles could be controlled by changing the cross-linking density. It was also observed that a higher rate of release was obtained from smaller beads.
81 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a paraffin/expanded graphite phase-change composite for thermal storage was prepared and its thermal properties were studied using differential scanning thermal calorimetry.
56 citations
TL;DR: The results of the present study suggest that rosmarinic acid suppresses oral carcinogenesis by stimulating the activities of detoxification enzymes, improves the status of lipid peroxidation and antioxidants, and downregulates the expression of p53 and bcl-2 during DMBA-induced Oral carcinogenesis.
Abstract: Oral cancer accounts for 40%-50% of all cancers in India. Tobacco and alcohol are the major etiological factors contributing to its pathogenesis. The aim of the present study was to explore the key mechanism behind the inhibitory effects of rosmarinic acid against 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)-induced oral carcinogenesis by evaluating the status of biochemical markers (lipid peroxidation, antioxidants, and detoxification enzymes) and immunoexpression patterns of p53 and bcl-2 proteins. Oral tumors were developed by painting the buccal pouches of golden Syrian hamsters with 0.5% DMBA in liquid paraffin 3 times a week for 14 weeks. We noticed 100% tumor formation in hamsters treated with DMBA alone, and the tumors were histopathologically confirmed as well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma. Oral administration of rosmarinic acid (100 mg/kg body wt) to DMBA-treated hamsters completely prevented the tumor formation. In addition, rosmarinic acid significantly returned the status of biochemical and molecular markers to near normal range in DMBA-treated hamsters. The results of the present study suggest that rosmarinic acid suppresses oral carcinogenesis by stimulating the activities of detoxification enzymes, improves the status of lipid peroxidation and antioxidants, and downregulates the expression of p53 and bcl-2 during DMBA-induced oral carcinogenesis.
01 Jun 2011
TL;DR: High stable emulsions with long-term resistance to coalescence and creaming were formulated even at low lecithin concentrations in the presence of optimum levels of silica nanoparticles.
Abstract: The interfacial and bulk properties of submicron oil-in-water emulsions simultaneously stabilised with a conventional surfactant (either lecithin or oleylamine) and hydrophilic silica nanoparticles (Aerosil®380) were investigated and compared with emulsions stabilised by either stabiliser. Emulsions solely stabilised with lecithin or oleylamine showed poor physical stability, i.e., sedimentation and the release of pure oil was observed within 3 months storage. The formation and long-term stability of silica nanoparticle-coated emulsions was investigated as a function of the surfactant type, charge, and concentration; the oil phase polarity (Miglyol®812 versus liquid paraffin); and loading phase of nanoparticles, either oil or water. Highly stable emulsions with long-term resistance to coalescence and creaming were formulated even at low lecithin concentrations in the presence of optimum levels of silica nanoparticles. The attachment energy of silica nanoparticles at the non-polar oil-water interface in the presence of lecithin was significantly higher compared to oleylamine in line with good long-term stability of the former compared to the sedimentation and release of oil in the latter. The attachment energy of silica nanoparticles at the polar oil-water interface especially in the presence of oleylamine was up to five-times higher compared to the non-polar liquid paraffin. The interfacial layer structure of nanoparticles (close-packed layer of particle aggregates or scattered particle flocs) directly related to the free energy of nanoparticle adsorption at both MCT oil and liquid paraffin-water interfaces.
TL;DR: In this article, the influence of thermal activation temperature on the tribological properties of surface-coated serpentine ultrafine powders as liquid paraffin additives was studied, and it was found that the serpentine powders suspended in Liquid Paraffin (LPA) present excellent terrolytic properties.
TL;DR: In this paper, the influence of the liquid environment on the reaction mechanism in slurry reactors has not been fully investigated, but it has been shown that liquid paraffin can influence surface relaxation, Mulliken charges, and adsorptive behavior of γ-Al 2 O 3 and AlOOH.
Abstract: The influence of the liquid environment on the reaction mechanism in slurry reactors has not been fully investigated. In this work, dimethyl ether (DME) synthesis from methanol dehydration over γ-Al 2 O 3 (1 1 0) and AlOOH (1 0 0) in liquid paraffin and in the gas phase is studied using density functional theory combined with the conductor-like solvent model. The liquid paraffin can influence surface relaxation, Mulliken charges, and adsorptive behavior of γ-Al 2 O 3 and AlOOH. For DME synthesis, liquid paraffin does not influence the reaction path over the γ-Al 2 O 3 surface, but influences its activation energy. Liquid paraffin influences the activation energy and also alters the reaction path of DME synthesis over AlOOH
TL;DR: In this article, the incorporation of omega 3 PUFAs in selected brain areas regions and specific phospholipid classes was investigated, and the results showed that provision of Omega 3 fatty acids to rats results in their incorporation into brain phospholipsids, the extent of which is lower in the striatum as compared with cortex and hippocampus.
Abstract: On a per-weight basis, the brain is the organ richest in lipids, including a remarkable proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) of the omega 3 series, namely eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids. The cerebral effects of exogenous DHA likely depend on its degree of incorporation into neuronal phospholipids and on its distribution among the various brain structures, after intake. Hence, because PUFAs are not evenly distributed among the brain phospholipid classes and because the existence of class-specific phospholipases that regulate their turnover, we sought to investigate the incorporation of omega 3 PUFAs in selected brain areas regions and specific phospholipid classes. Rats (n=7) were administered, by oral gavage, 100mg/kg/d of a commercially available fish oil (containing ∼84% of long-chain omega 3 fatty acids, of which ∼38% of DHA and ∼46% of EPA). Control rats (n=7) received liquid paraffin. This treatment was continued for 30 days. Thereafter, we dissected three areas, namely the hippocampus, the striatum, and the cortex. Quantization of individual phospholipid classes and their molecular species was performed by ESI-MS/MS. Principal component analysis was used to examine the variation of the molecular lipid profiles (as percentage) induced by omega 3 supplementation. Our results show that provision of omega 3 fatty acids to rats results in their incorporation into brain phospholipids, the extent of which is lower in the striatum as compared with cortex and hippocampus. These data might in part explain the mixed therapeutic results obtained in neurological disorders, many of which are likely region-specific.
TL;DR: The aim of the present study was to produce an effective drug-loaded dosage form that is able to control the release of hydroxyzine hydrochloride into the skin.
Abstract: Hydroxyzine HCl is used in oral formulations for the treatment of urticaria and atopic dermatitis. Dizziness, blurred vision, and anticholinergic responses, represent the most common side effects. It has been shown that controlled release of the drug from a delivery system to the skin could reduce the side effects while reducing percutaneous absorption. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to produce an effective drug-loaded dosage form that is able to control the release of hydroxyzine hydrochloride into the skin. The Microsponge Delivery System is a unique technology for the controlled release of topical agents, and it consists of porous polymeric microspheres, typically 10–50 μm in diameter, loaded with active agents. Eudragit RS-100 microsponges of the drug were prepared by the oil in an oil emulsion solvent diffusion method using acetone as dispersing solvent and liquid paraffin as the continuous medium. Magnesium stearate was added to the dispersed phase to prevent flocculation of Eudragit RS-100 microsponges. Pore inducers such as sucrose and pregelatinized starch were used to enhance the rate of drug release. Microsponges of nearly 98% encapsulation efficiency and 60–70% porosity were produced. The pharmacodynamic effect of the chosen preparation was tested on the shaved back of histamine-sensitized rabbits. Histopathological studies were driven for the detection of the healing of inflamed tissues.
TL;DR: Improvement in L-asparaginase activity and cell mass production in the presence of liquid paraffin can be related to the fact that liquidParaffin was capable of maintaining dissolved O2 concentration above 28% through out the course of the fermentation.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: PEG 3350 were at least as effective as liquid paraffin and but less adverse drug events in treatment of pediatric functional constipation, regarding clinical efficacy and safety.
Abstract: Background and the purpose of the study: Functional constipation is prevalent in children Recently polyethylene glycol has been introduced as an effective and safe drug to treat chronic constipation There are only a few clinical trials on comparison of PEG and liquid paraffin in childhood constipation The purpose of this study was to evaluate clinical efficacy and safety of PEG 3350 solution and liquid paraffin in the treatment of children with functional constipation in Sari Toba clinic during the period of 2008-2009 Methods: Children with a history of functional constipation were subjects of this study One hundred and sixty children of 2-12 years old with functional constipation were randomized in two PEG and paraffin treatment groups Patients received either 10-15 g/kg/day PEG 3350 or 10-15 ml/kg/day liquid paraffin for 4 months Clinical efficacy was evaluated by stool and encopresis frequency/week and overall treatment success rate was compared in two groups Results and major conclusion: Compared with the baseline, defecation frequency/ week increased significantly and encopresis frequency meaningfully decreased in two groups during the period of the study Patients using PEG 3350 had more success rate (mean: 953%±37) compared with the patients in paraffin group (mean: 872%±71) (p=0087) Administration of PEG 3350 were associated with less adverse events than liquid paraffin In conclusion in treatment of pediatric functional constipation, regarding clinical efficacy and safety, PEG 3350 were at least as effective as liquid paraffin and but less adverse drug events
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the thermal conductivity enhancement of liquid paraffin based nanofluids containing copper nanoparticles and found that substantial increases in thermal conductivities were seen for the nano-fluids.
Abstract: This study investigates the thermal conductivity enhancement of liquid paraffin based nanofluids containing copper nanoparticles. The nanofluids were prepared by the two-step method, and the dispersant sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate was needed for the stability of the suspensions. The measurement of thermal conductivity indicated that substantial increases in thermal conductivity were seen for the nanofluids. There was an approximate linear relationship between the thermal conductivity enhancement ratios and the volume fraction of copper nanoparticles. The thermal conductivity enhancement ratio of the nanofluids with 5.0 vol% was 36%. The thermal conductivity of stable nanofluids was independent of setting time from 10 to 60 minutes. The temperature had a very small effect on the effective thermal conductivity enhanced ratio of the nanofluid. The nanofluid with high thermal conductivity could lead to better thermal performance.
TL;DR: Results indicate that biosurfactants produced by Pseudomonas spp.
TL;DR: In this article, the microstructure, wetting behavior, and corrosion resistance of super-hydrophobic polyvinyl chloride (PVC) surfaces were investigated in relation to the effects of dosage of glacial acetic acid and the temperature of drying the mixed PVC solution spread over glass slide substrate.
TL;DR: Aminoguanidine has protective effect against CCL(4) induced hepatoxicity via its iNOS inhibition and antioxidant effects and the combination of AG with silymarin has more potent hepatoprotective effect than each drug alone.
TL;DR: Based on density functional theory, together with COSMO (conductor-like solvent model) in Dmol3, the solvent effects on both the Cu2O(1 ǫ 1 ) surface properties and the adsorption of CO on Cu 2 o(1ǫ1 ) surface have been systematically investigated in this paper, where different dielectric constants including vacuum, liquid paraffin, methylene chloride, methanol and water were considered.
Abstract: Based on density functional theory, together with COSMO (conductor-like solvent model) in Dmol3, the solvent effects on both the Cu2O(1 1 1) surface properties and the adsorption of CO on Cu2O(1 1 1) surface have been systematically investigated Different dielectric constants, including vacuum, liquid paraffin, methylene chloride, methanol and water, are considered The solvent effect on Cu2O(1 1 1) surface properties shows that the solvent favors Cu2O(1 1 1) surface area growth The adsorption of CO on Cu2O(1 1 1) surface indicates that the structural parameters and adsorption energies of CO are very sensitive to the COSMO solvent model Solvent effects can effectively improve the stability of CO adsorption on Cu2O(1 1 1) surface and the case of C–O bond activation The interaction of solvent molecules with Cu2O(1 1 1) surface is compared with that of CO with Cu2O(1 1 1) Results suggest that the solvent effect is the dominating cause for the interaction of CO with Cu2O(1 1 1) surface in solvent, in which Cu2O(1 1 1) shows higher catalytic activity for CO activation But the solvent may be not the only reason promoting CO activation These analyses give us some new insights into the understanding of solvent effects
TL;DR: In this paper, a simplified image analysis method was developed and tested to assess the saturation distribution values for water and LNAPLs (Light Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids) in granular soils subjected to groundwater condi- tions.
TL;DR: Emulgel dosage form based on Pemulen polymeric emulsifier and JB is a promising vehicle for topical delivery of CZ and further in vivo animal studies are recommended.
Abstract: Background: Emulgel topical formulation is a vehicle of potential for topical delivery of antifungal drugs.Methods: The imidazole derivative antifungal drug, clotrimazole (CZ), was formulated into emulgels using two grades of hydrophobically modified co-polymers of acrylic acid, namely Pemulen TR1 and TR2. The prepared emulgels were evaluated for their rheological properties, short- and long-term stability, in vitro release at 37°C. Microbiological evaluation of the formula showed that optimum stability and release was carried out to measure its antifungal activity.Results: All formulae showed non-Newtonian shear thinning behavior with little thixotropy or antithixotropy. Five of the prepared formulae showed good physical stability under different treatment conditions. Isopropyl myristate (IPM) emulgels exhibited higher rate of CZ release than either jojoba oil (JB) or liquid paraffin-based emulgels. A selected formula containing JB together with a combination of Pemulen TR1 and TR2 showed excellent stabi...
TL;DR: In this article, a modified hot-injection method was proposed to synthesize high-quality Cu2-xSe nanocrystals (NCs) in liquid paraffin without using the hazardous and unstable alkylphosphines as the ligand of Se.
Abstract: In this paper, we demonstrated a modified hot-injection method to synthesize high-quality Cu2–xSe nanocrystals (NCs) in liquid paraffin without using the hazardous and unstable alkylphosphines as the ligand of Se. The key of this method is the capability for tuning the reactivity of Se at the stage of formation of Cu2–xSe nuclei. The low reactivity of Se facilitated the decomposition of copper(II) acetylacetonate into Cu2O, whereas the increase of Se reactivity promoted the reaction between Cu and Se. By control of the experimental variables, such as reaction time, Se concentration, reaction temperature, and, particularly, the addition of the noncoordinating solvent of Se, high-quality Cu2–xSe NCs were prepared. The resultant Cu2–xSe NCs possessed an indirect band-gap absorption around 1050 nm, potentially applicable in photovoltaic investigations. As an example, the optoelectronic properties of Cu2–xSe NCs were investigated, which showed a promising increase in photocurrent under AM 1.5 illumination. Bec...
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that hepatic CYP3A and CYP2B subfamily enzymes are decreased during the development of MT adjuvant-induced arthritis and suggested that the decreases are dependent on the production of inflammatory cytokines in the liver.
Abstract: An animal model of rheumatoid arthritis can be elicited in male Lewis rats by a single intradermal injection of liquid paraffin containing dead Mycrobacterium tuberculosis (MT adjuvant) into the planar surface of the right hind-foot. In the present study, we used this animal model to examine the changes in expression of hepatic cytochorme P450 (CYP) enzymes during the development of the arthritis. Swellings of the MT adjuvant-injected hind-foot initially occurred at 1-8 days after the injection. Thereafter, the swelling gradually become more severe up to 13 days later and was maintained for up to 25 days. Swellings of the other hind-foot was also observed after 12 days and gradually become more severe up to 15 days with maintenance of the severe swelling for up to 25 days. The gene expression levels and enzyme activities of hepatic CYP 3A and CYP2B subfamily enzymes at 1, 12, and 25 days after the MT adjuvant injection were significantly decreased, compared with the corresponding time-matched controls. The decreases in the gene expression levels and activities of all the enzymes examined were closely correlated with increases in the expression levels of the inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1α, interleukin-1β and interleukin-6, which were produced in the liver. All of the present findings demonstrate that hepatic CYP3A and CYP2B subfamily enzymes are decreased during the development of MT adjuvant-induced arthritis and further suggest that the decreases are dependent on the production of inflammatory cytokines in the liver.
TL;DR: A mechanism, involving the formation of a viscoelastic network in the continuous phase, is proposed to explain this self‐bodying action of emulsifiers, widely used to stabilize oil‐in‐water emulsions and to alter their consistency from fluid to semi‐solid.
Abstract: Mixtures of emulsifiers of the surfactant-fatty alcohol type are widely used to stabilize oil-in-water emulsions and to alter their consistency from fluid to semi-solid. A mechanism, involving the formation of a viscoelastic network in the continuous phase, is proposed to explain this self-bodying action. Evidence has been adduced from published data on a variety of systems. Support for this concept is also provided by the results obtained from a concentric cylinder study of the rheology of liquid paraffin in water emulsions containing a fixed concentration of cetostearyl alcohol and varying amounts of polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate, cetomacrogol 1000, sodium dodecyl sulphate or cetrimide.
TL;DR: In this article, three kinds of S- and P-free borate esters containing N with different alkyl chain lengths were prepared by using boric acid, ethanolamine, and alky-alcohol as the starting materials.
Abstract: Three kinds of S- and P-free borate esters containing N with different alkyl chain lengths were prepared by using boric acid, ethanolamine, and alkyl-alcohol as the starting materials. The chemical structure of the products was analyzed by means of Fourier transformation infrared spectrometry, elemental analysis, and so on. The thermal stability of the products was evaluated by thermogravimetric analysis. The tribological properties of the synthesized borate esters as lubricating oil additives in liquid paraffin were evaluated using a four-ball friction and wear tester while the morphologies of the worn scars of the steel balls were observed using a scanning electron microscope. The chemical components on the worn surfaces of the steel balls were analyzed using an X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Results show that all the three kinds of synthetic borate esters as additives in liquid paraffin possess good antiwear performance and may be used as promising S-and P-free environmentally acceptable lubricating oil additives. Particularly, borate ester with short alkyl chain length at a low concentration in liquid paraffin was more effective in reducing wear, and the antiwear ability of the additives decreased with increasing alkyl chain length. The antiwear ability of the N-containing borate esters as additives in liquid paraffin might be closely related to the formation of hydrogen bonds via N with a high electronegativity and small atomic radius and the easy permeation of electron-deficient B on the rubbing steel surfaces.
TL;DR: In this article, the shape controlled structure of CeVO4 nanocrystals was successfully synthesized via a hydrothermal method from Na3VO4·12H2O and Ce(NO3)3·6H 2O. The resulting products were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), electron microscopy (SEM) and other techniques.