Showing papers on "Low protein published in 2005"
TL;DR: The results suggest that the reversible multivalent self-association of this protein appears to be mediated mainly by electrostatic interactions of charged residues and results in unusually high viscosity of this monoclonal antibody in solution at low ionic strength conditions.
446 citations
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that a diet with higher protein and reduced carbohydrates combined with exercise additively improved body composition during weight loss, whereas the effects on blood lipids differed between diet treatments.
Abstract: This study examined the interaction of 2 diets (high protein, reduced carbohydrates vs. low protein, high carbohydrates) with exercise on body composition and blood lipids in women (n = 48, approximately 46 y old, BMI = 33 kg/m(2)) during weight loss. The study was a 4-mo weight loss trial using a 2 x 2 block design (Diet x Exercise). Diets were equal in total energy (7.1 MJ/d) and lipids ( approximately 30% energy intake) but differed in protein content and the ratio of carbohydrate:protein at 1.6 g/(kg . d) and 3.5 (CHO group), respectively. Exercise comparisons were lifestyle activity (control) vs. a supervised exercise program (EX: 5 d/wk walking and 2 d/wk resistance training). Subjects in the PRO and PRO + EX groups lost more total weight and fat mass and tended to lose less lean mass (P = 0.10) than the CHO and CHO + EX groups. Exercise increased loss of body fat and preserved lean mass. The combined effects of diet and exercise were additive for improving body composition. Serum lipid profiles improved in all groups, but changes varied among diet treatments. Subjects in the CHO groups had larger reductions in total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol, whereas subjects in the PRO groups had greater reductions in triacylglycerol and maintained higher concentrations of HDL cholesterol. This study demonstrated that a diet with higher protein and reduced carbohydrates combined with exercise additively improved body composition during weight loss, whereas the effects on blood lipids differed between diet treatments.
345 citations
TL;DR: The evidence is analyzed that refutes a relation of causality between the elements of this putative patho-physiological “cascade” that purports that animal proteins are causally associated with an increased incidence of osteoporotic fractures.
Abstract: Nutrition plays a major role in the development and maintenance of bone structures resistant to usual mechanical loadings. In addition to calcium in the presence of an adequate vitamin D supply, proteins represent a key nutrient for bone health, and thereby in the prevention of osteoporosis. In sharp opposition to experimental and clinical evidence, it has been alleged that proteins, particularly those from animal sources, might be deleterious for bone health by inducing chronic metabolic acidosis which in turn would be responsible for increased calciuria and accelerated mineral dissolution. This claim is based on an hypothesis that artificially assembles various notions, including in vitro observations on the physical-chemical property of apatite crystal, short term human studies on the calciuric response to increased protein intakes, as well as retrospective inter-ethnic comparisons on the prevalence of hip fractures. The main purpose of this review is to analyze the evidence that refutes a relation of causality between the elements of this putative patho-physiological “cascade” that purports that animal proteins are causally associated with an increased incidence of osteoporotic fractures. In contrast, many experimental and clinical published data concur to indicate that low protein intake negatively affects bone health. Thus, selective deficiency in dietary proteins causes marked deterioration in bone mass, micro architecture and strength, the hallmark of osteoporosis. In the elderly, low protein intakes are often observed in patients with hip fracture. In these patients intervention study after orthopedic management demonstrates that protein supplementation as given in the form of casein, attenuates post-fracture bone loss, increases muscles strength, reduces medical complications and hospital stay. In agreement with both experimental and clinical intervention studies, large prospective epidemiologic observations indicate that relatively high protein intakes, including those from animal sources are associated with increased bone mineral mass and reduced incidence of osteoporotic fractures. As to the increased calciuria that can be observed in response to an augmentation in either animal or vegetal proteins it can be explained by a stimulation of the intestinal calcium absorption. Dietary proteins also enhance IGF-1, a factor that exerts positive activity on skeletal development and bone formation. Consequently, dietary proteins are as essential as calcium and vitamin D for bone health and osteoporosis prevention. Furthermore, there is no consistent evidence for superiority of vegetal over animal proteins on calcium metabolism, bone loss prevention and risk reduction of fragility fractures.
270 citations
TL;DR: Results show that SNARE-mediated fusion can transit through a hemifusion intermediate and be detected with wild-type SNAREs when low protein concentrations were reconstituted.
Abstract: SNAREs are essential for intracellular membrane fusion. Using EPR, we determined the structure of the transmembrane domain (TMD) of the vesicle (v)-SNARE Snc2p involved in trafficking in yeast. Structural features of the TMD were used to design a v-SNARE mutant in which about half of the TMD was deleted. Liposomes containing this mutant induced outer leaflet mixing but not inner leaflet mixing when incubated with liposomes containing target membrane (t)-SNAREs. Hemifusion was also detected with wild-type SNAREs when low protein concentrations were reconstituted. Thus, these results show that SNARE-mediated fusion can transit through a hemifusion intermediate.
233 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Study of different medicinally valued seeds of Nelumbo nucifera, Embelia ribes, Eugenia jambolana and leaves of Artocarpus heterophyllus showed Cr, K, Ca, Cu, Zn and Mn to be sufficient in seeds that have good nutritive value and are quite rich in carb ohydrates accompanied by enough protein, but are low in fat.
Abstract: Study of different medicinally valued seeds of Nelumbo nucifera, Embelia ribes, Eugenia jambolana and leaves of Artocarpus heterophyllus showed Cr, K, Ca, Cu, Zn and Mn to be sufficient in seeds of N. nucifera which also have good nutritive value and are quite rich in carb ohydrates accompanied by enough protein, but are low in fat. E. ribes seeds have even a higher nutritive value with high carbohydrate, enough mineral elements but low protein. Rich in Mg and moderate in protein, the E. jambolana seeds have a moderate nutritive value. A. heterophyllus leaves are not rich in desired mineral elements except Na, and have a low nutrition value. However, on a dry matter basis they too have a high nutritive value and are used as fodder for livestock.
222 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a 120-hour period was compared in a gluten-free rice bread, a low-protein starch bread, and two gluten-containing breads (standard wheat and added-protein wheat) using quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA), critical stress values obtained by mechanical compression testing, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
Abstract: Staling over a 120-hr period was compared in a gluten-free rice bread, a low-protein starch bread, and two gluten-containing breads (standard wheat and added-protein wheat) using quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA), critical stress values obtained by mechanical compression testing, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The gluten-free rice bread had the highest QDA scores for both moistness and overall freshness, whereas the low-protein starch bread had the lowest scores for both attributes. Differences in critical stress values over the 120-hr period demonstrated that the gluten-free rice bread had the greatest resistance to mechanical collapse, indicating the least structural damage, whereas the low-protein starch bread had the least resistance to mechanical collapse. Both wheat breads had QDA moistness and freshness scores, and critical stress values that ranged between the gluten-free rice and low-protein starch breads. SEM showed the formulation containing rice, egg and milk proteins, ...
177 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that pumpkin seed protein isolate administration was effective in alleviating the detrimental effects associated with protein malnutrition.
Abstract: The effects of pumpkin seed (Cucurbita pepo) protein isolate on the activity levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LD), alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced acute liver injury in low-protein fed rats were investigated. A group of male Sprague-Dawley rats maintained on a low-protein diet for 5 days were divided into three subgroups. Two subgroups were injected with carbon tetrachloride and the other group with an equivalent amount of olive oil. Two hours after CCl4 intoxication one of the two subgroups was administered with pumpkin seed protein isolate. All three subgroups of rats were maintained on the low-protein diet for the duration of the investigation. Groups of rats from the different subgroups were killed at 24, 48 and 72 h after their respective treatments. After 5 days on the low-protein diet the activity levels of all four enzymes were significantly higher than their counterparts on a normal balanced diet. CCl4 intoxication resulted in significant increases in the activity levels of all four enzymes investigated. The administration of pumpkin seed protein isolate after CCl4 intoxication resulted in significantly reduced activity levels of all four enzymes. It is concluded that pumpkin seed protein isolate administration was effective in alleviating the detrimental effects associated with protein malnutrition.
156 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that, in vivo, the portal-drained viscera (PDV) have a high obligatory visceral requirement for threonine and the high rate of intestinalThreonine utilization is due mainly to incorporation into mucosal proteins.
Abstract: The whole-body threonine requirement in parenterally fed piglets is
substantially lower than that in enterally fed piglets, indicating that
enteral nutrition induces intestinal processes in demand of threonine. We
hypothesized that the percentage of threonine utilization for oxidation
and intestinal protein synthesis by the portal-drained viscera (PDV)
increases when dietary protein intake is reduced. Piglets (n = 18)
received isocaloric normal or protein-restricted diets. After 7 h of
enteral feeding, total threonine utilization, incorporation into
intestinal tissue, and oxidation by the PDV, were determined with stable
isotope methodology [U-(13)C threonine infusion]. Although the absolute
amount of systemic and dietary threonine utilized by the PDV was reduced
in protein-restricted piglets, the percentage of dietary threonine intake
utilized by the PDV did not differ between groups (normal protein 91% vs.
low protein 85%). The incorporation of dietary threonine into the proximal
jejunum was significantly different compared with the other intestinal
segments. Dietary, rather than systemic threonine was preferentially
utilized for protein synthesis in the small intestinal mucosa in piglets
that consumed the normal protein diet (P < 0.05). Threonine oxidation by
the PDV was limited during normal protein feeding. In protein-restricted
pigs, half of the total whole-body oxidation occurred in the PDV. We
conclude that, in vivo, the PDV have a high obligatory visceral
requirement for threonine. The high rate of intestinal threonine
utilization is due mainly to incorporation into mucosal proteins
155 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used advanced synchrotron-based Fourier transform IR (S-FTIR) microspectroscopy as a new approach to reveal the molecular chemistry of the protein secondary structures of feed tissues affected by heat processing within intact tissue at a cellular level, and to quantify protein secondary structure using multicomponent peak modelling Gaussian and Lorentzian methods, in relation to protein digestive behaviours and nutritive value in the rumen, which was determined using the Cornell Net Carbohydrate Protein System.
Abstract: Studying the secondary structure of proteins leads to an understanding of the components that make up a whole protein, and such an understanding of the structure of the whole protein is often vital to understanding its digestive behaviour and nutritive value in animals. The main protein secondary structures are the alpha-helix and beta-sheet. The percentage of these two structures in protein secondary structures influences protein nutritive value, quality and digestive behaviour. A high percentage of beta-sheet structure may partly cause a low access to gastrointestinal digestive enzymes, which results in a low protein value. The objectives of the present study were to use advanced synchrotron-based Fourier transform IR (S-FTIR) microspectroscopy as a new approach to reveal the molecular chemistry of the protein secondary structures of feed tissues affected by heat-processing within intact tissue at a cellular level, and to quantify protein secondary structures using multicomponent peak modelling Gaussian and Lorentzian methods, in relation to protein digestive behaviours and nutritive value in the rumen, which was determined using the Cornell Net Carbohydrate Protein System. The synchrotron-based molecular chemistry research experiment was performed at the National Synchrotron Light Source at Brookhaven National Laboratory, US Department of Energy. The results showed that, with S-FTIR microspectroscopy, the molecular chemistry, ultrastructural chemical make-up and nutritive characteristics could be revealed at a high ultraspatial resolution ( approximately 10 microm). S-FTIR microspectroscopy revealed that the secondary structure of protein differed between raw and roasted golden flaxseeds in terms of the percentages and ratio of alpha-helixes and beta-sheets in the mid-IR range at the cellular level. By using multicomponent peak modelling, the results show that the roasting reduced (P<0.05) the percentage of alpha-helixes (from 47.1 % to 36.1 %: S-FTIR absorption intensity), increased the percentage of beta-sheets (from 37.2 % to 49.8 %: S-FTIR absorption intensity) and reduced the alpha-helix to beta-sheet ratio (from 0.3 to 0.7) in the golden flaxseeds, which indicated a negative effect of the roasting on protein values, utilisation and bioavailability. These results were proved by the Cornell Net Carbohydrate Protein System in situ animal trial, which also revealed that roasting increased the amount of protein bound to lignin, and well as of the Maillard reaction protein (both of which are poorly used by ruminants), and increased the level of indigestible and undegradable protein in ruminants. The present results demonstrate the potential of highly spatially resolved synchrotron-based infrared microspectroscopy to locate 'pure' protein in feed tissues, and reveal protein secondary structures and digestive behaviour, making a significant step forward in and an important contribution to protein nutritional research. Further study is needed to determine the sensitivities of protein secondary structures to various heat-processing conditions, and to quantify the relationship between protein secondary structures and the nutrient availability and digestive behaviour of various protein sources. Information from the present study arising from the synchrotron-based IR probing of the protein secondary structures of protein sources at the cellular level will be valuable as a guide to maintaining protein quality and predicting digestive behaviours.
147 citations
TL;DR: The adsorption behavior of annexin A5 is found to be strongly dependent on the concentration of dioleoylphosphatidylserine in the SLB and the calcium concentration in solution, and it is proposed that the local membrane environment, as defined by the presence of DOPS, DOPC, and calcium ions, controls the Adsorption and reversibility of protein binding.
139 citations
TL;DR: The structures of dimeric MalK in the nucleotide-free, ATP-bound, and ADP-bound forms provide a framework for understanding the nature of the conformational changes that occur in an ATP-binding cassette transporter hydrolysis cycle, as well as how conformationalChanges in MalK are coupled to solute transport.
Abstract: ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters couple ATP binding and hydrolysis to the movement of substances across the membrane; conformational changes clearly play an important role in the transporter mechanism. Previously, we have shown that a dimer of MalK, the ATPase subunit of the maltose transporter from Escherichia coli, undergoes a tweezers-like motion in a transport cycle. The MalK monomer consists of an N-terminal nucleotide binding domain and a C-terminal regulatory domain. The two nucleotide-binding domains in a dimer are either open or closed, depending on whether ATP is present, while the regulatory domains maintain contacts to hold the dimer together. In this work, the structure of MalK in a posthydrolysis state is presented, obtained by cocrystallizing MalK with ATP-Mg2+. ATP was hydrolyzed in the crystallization drop, and ADP-Mg2+ was found in the resulting crystal structure. In contrast to the ATP-bound form where two ATP molecules are buried in a closed interface between the nucleotide-binding domains, the two nucleotide-binding domains of the ADP-bound form are open, indicating that ADP, unlike ATP, cannot stabilize the closed form. This conclusion is further supported by oligomerization studies of MalK in solution. At low protein concentrations, ATP promotes dimerization of MalK, whereas ADP does not. The structures of dimeric MalK in the nucleotide-free, ATP-bound, and ADP-bound forms provide a framework for understanding the nature of the conformational changes that occur in an ATP-binding cassette transporter hydrolysis cycle, as well as how conformational changes in MalK are coupled to solute transport.
TL;DR: Fundamental limits to the precision of position determination by concentration gradients due to unavoidable biochemical noise perturbing the gradients are calculated, focusing on gradient proteins with first-order reaction kinetics.
Abstract: Position determination in biological systems is often achieved through protein concentration gradients. Measuring the local concentration of such a protein with a spatially varying distribution allows the measurement of position within the system. For these systems to work effectively, position determination must be robust to noise. Here, we calculate fundamental limits to the precision of position determination by concentration gradients due to unavoidable biochemical noise perturbing the gradients. We focus on gradient proteins with first-order reaction kinetics. Systems of this type have been experimentally characterised in both developmental and cell biology settings. For a single gradient we show that, through time-averaging, great precision potentially can be achieved even with very low protein copy numbers. As a second example, we investigate the ability of a system with oppositely directed gradients to find its centre. With this mechanism, positional precision close to the centre improves more slowly with increasing averaging time, and so longer averaging times or higher copy numbers are required for high precision. For both single and double gradients, we demonstrate the existence of optimal length scales for the gradients for which precision is maximized, as well as analyze how precision depends on the size of the concentration-measuring apparatus. These results provide fundamental constraints on the positional precision supplied by concentration gradients in various contexts, including both in developmental biology and also within a single cell.
TL;DR: The article by Nicholson et al in this issue of OEM has an ambitious aim: to assist the Health and Safety Executive in the reduction of occupational asthma by 30% in the next five years.
Abstract: Commentary on the paper by Nicholson et al (see page 290)
The article by Nicholson et al in this issue of OEM has an ambitious aim: to assist the Health and Safety Executive in the reduction of occupational asthma by 30% in the next five years.1 The article is very well written and timely. Occupational asthma (OA) as noted by the authors is the most common chronic occupational lung disease now in most industrialised countries and most reported rates have not shown a decline in recent years. However, it is not clear as to what database will be used (both to establish baseline incidence and in the future) to determine changes in incidence of OA which may result from these guides—the SWORD scheme, compensation claims, or a new database?
Is there knowledge which could be implemented to produce a decline of the magnitude stated? Preventive measures for OA designated by the authors as having a hypersensitivity cause, have been well described, and recently reviewed.2,3 Primary prevention can have dramatic effects when it is feasible. It can be achieved by preventing the exposures which lead to sensitisation and asthma. When an allergenic agent can be removed from a workplace, be substituted with a safe alternative, or be completely enclosed so that inhalation exposure does not occur, then rates of occupational asthma from that allergen in that setting should fall by 100%. This has been the observation when natural rubber latex (NRL) gloves are replaced in healthcare settings with non-NRL gloves, and also when enzymes in a workplace are encapsulated as part of a controlled programme. Even when exposure is markedly reduced, such as use of NRL gloves which have a low protein content and are powder-free, NRL occupational asthma rates fall to close to zero. Similarly estimates …
TL;DR: The introduction of non-ionic surfactants into HPV VLP aqueous solutions provides significantly enhanced stabilization of HPV VLPs against aggregation upon exposure to low salt and protein concentration, as well as protection against surface adsorption and aggregation due to heat stress and physical agitation.
TL;DR: Molecular fingerprints of the bacterial communities showed that the bacterial composition of the burrow wall was more similar to the ambient anoxic sediment and showed less seasonal change than the sediment surface, suggesting that burrow walls have distinct properties and should not be considered merely as a simple extension of the sedimentsurface.
Abstract: Chemical properties of burrow wall sediment from burrows of the thalassinidean shrimp Pestarella (=Callianassa) tyrrhena located at Vravrona Bay (Aegean Sea, Greece) were studied and found to be very different from the sediment surface and ambient anoxic sediment. P. tyrrhena burrow walls had significantly higher amounts of silt and clay, while total organic carbon (TOC) was up to 6 times higher than in surrounding sediment. Chlorophyll a (chl a) accounted for a small frac- tion of TOC and showed similar values in burrow walls and surface sediment, whereas the low chl a: chl a + phaeopigment ratio indicated the presence of more fresh material in the latter. Biopolymers (carbohydrates, proteins and lipids) were 4 to 11 times higher in burrow walls than in the surround- ing sediment, accounting for 47% of TOC. The low protein:carbohydrate ratio indicated that the high TOC in the burrow walls was caused by the presence of aged detritus of low nutritional quality, such as seagrass detritus. The distinct conditions along the burrow wall also affected the bacterial community and resulted in a 10-fold increase of bacterial abundance. Molecular fingerprints of the bacterial communities showed that the bacterial composition of the burrow wall was more similar to the ambient anoxic sediment and showed less seasonal change than the sediment surface. These results suggest that burrow walls have distinct properties and should not be considered merely as a simple extension of the sediment surface.
TL;DR: There was increased intestinal FBPase gene expression in fish under a low protein intake and higher G6Pase activities in both groups of fed fish, suggesting a role of intestine in the regulation of postprandial gluconeogenesis in fed trout.
Abstract: The objective of the study described here was to analyze in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) the effects of low protein intake on peripheral glucose phosphorylation capacities and gluconeogenic enzymes in kidney and intestine. Fish were food-deprived for 14 days or kept under a low and a high protein intake regime using a pair feeding protocol in order to maintain constant carbohydrate and lipid intakes. We analyzed the effect of protein restriction on (i) hepatic, renal and intestinal fructose-1.6-bisphophatase (FBPase) and glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) enzymes at the molecular and enzymatic levels and (ii) glucose phosphorylation activities (hexokinases) in the liver, peri-visceral adipose tissue, red muscle and white muscle. Irrespective of the nutritional status, we observed the same levels of hexokinase activities in all the tissues studied. Renal G6Pase and FBPase gene expression and activities were not modified among the groups. In contrast, there was increased intestinal FBPase gene expression in fish under a low protein intake and higher G6Pase activities in both groups of fed fish. This result differs from what is observed in rats and suggest a role of intestine in the regulation of postprandial gluconeogenesis in fed trout. In conclusion, our data did not demonstrate any specific effect of low dietary protein intake to either gluconeogenic capacities or glucose phosphorylation capacities in rainbow trout.
TL;DR: expression of 14-3-3σ, wild-type p53 and mutated p53 in over 300 cases of the most common cancers occurring in the urological and gynecological tracts and its normal counterpart tissue is analyzed by immunohistochemistry using the multiple tumor tissue microarrays.
TL;DR: In this article, solvent extraction efficiencies, and the effect of replicate extractions, and sonication on the isoflavone content of two soy products (high and low protein content) were evaluated.
TL;DR: Both modulators of B CRP and functional single nucleotide polymorphisms within the BCRP gene affect the transporter function of the protein and thus can modulate drug sensitivity and substrate pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in affected cells and individuals.
Abstract: Breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) is a half-molecule ATP-binding cassette transporter that forms a functional homodimer and pumps out various anticancer agents, such as 7-ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin, topotecan, mitoxantrone and flavopiridol, from cells. Estrogens, such as estrone and 17β-estradiol, have been found to restore drug sensitivity levels in BCRP-transduced cells by increasing the cellular accumulation of such agents. Furthermore, synthetic estrogens, tamoxifen derivatives and phytoestrogens/flavonoids have now been identified that can effectively circumvent BCRP-mediated drug resistance. Transcellular transport experiments have shown that BCRP transports sulfated estrogens and various sulfated steroidal compounds, but not free estrogens. The kinase inhibitor gefitinib inhibited the transporter function of BCRP and reversed BCRP-mediated drug resistance both in vitro and in vivo. BCRP-transduced human epidermoid carcinoma A431 (A431/BCRP) and BCRP-transduced human non-small cell lung cancer PC-9 (PC-9/BCRP) cells showed gefitinib resistance. Physiological concentrations of estrogens (10–100 pM) reduced BCRP protein expression without affecting its mRNA levels. Two functional polymorphisms of the BCRP gene have been identified. The C376T (Q126Stop) polymorphism has a dramatic phenotype as active BCRP protein cannot be expressed from a C376T allele. The C421A (Q141K) polymorphism is also significant as Q141K-BCRP-transfected cells show markedly low protein expression levels and low-level drug resistance. Hence, individuals with C376T or C421A polymorphisms may express low levels of BCRP or none at all, resulting in hypersensitivity of normal cells to BCRP-substrate anticancer agents. In summary, both modulators of BCRP and functional single nucleotide polymorphisms within the BCRP gene affect the transporter function of the protein and thus can modulate drug sensitivity and substrate pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in affected cells and individuals. (Cancer Sci 2005; 96: 457–465)
TL;DR: Novel evidence is provided of a substantial upregulation of type 2 angiotensin receptor expression in low-protein- and glucocorticoid-exposed female offspring at 20 weeks of age, with implications for subsequent renal remodeling and function.
Abstract: Experimental models have shown the developing cardiovascular and renal systems to be sensitive to mild shifts in maternal nutrition, leading to altered function and risk of disease in adult life. The offspring of Wistar rats fed a low-protein diet during pregnancy exhibit a reduced nephron number and hypertension in postnatal life, providing a useful tool to examine the mechanistic basis of programming. Evidence indicates that upregulation of the renin-angiotensin system plays an important role, in particular through receptor-mediated changes in angiotensin II activity. However, although programmed hypertension has proven dependent on maternal glucocorticoids, there appear to be conflicting effects of prenatal low-protein and glucocorticoid exposure on postnatal angiotensin receptor expression. This study aimed to resolve this issue by comparing the effects of low-protein and glucocorticoid exposures on postnatal nephron number and angiotensin receptor expression. In addition, this study examined the modulation of prenatal treatment effects by postnatal inhibition of type 1 angiotensin receptor. The data demonstrates that whereas prenatal low-protein and glucocorticoid exposure have a similar effect in reducing nephron number, there are age- and gender-related differences in their effects on postnatal angiotensin receptor expression. In addition, this study provides novel evidence of a substantial upregulation of type 2 angiotensin receptor expression in low-protein- and glucocorticoid-exposed female offspring at 20 weeks of age, with implications for subsequent renal remodeling and function. Despite being targeted to the postnephrogenic period, inhibition of type 1 angiotensin receptor had an inhibitory effect on renal and somatic growth, additionally indicating its unsuitability during early life.
TL;DR: It is shown that dietary energy and protein intakes are inadequate in the majority of hemodialysis patients and are negatively related to the presence of anorexia and age.
TL;DR: The use of a commercial protease improved the nutrient digestibility of C:P but not F:P in rainbow trout, suggesting that the mucilage content of flax does not inhibit the activity of this protease.
TL;DR: The data suggest that programming of feeding behaviour is likely to be gender-specific and dependent upon the timing of nutrient insult in fetal life, which may have implications for the development of the metabolic syndrome.
Abstract: Undernutrition in fetal life programmes risk of obesity and the metabolic syndrome in adult life. Rat studies indicate that exposure to a maternal low-protein diet throughout fetal life establishes a preference for high-fat foods. The present study aimed to assess the effect of low protein exposure during discrete 7-day periods of gestation upon feeding behaviour (full gestation 22 days). Pregnant rats were fed control or low-protein diet, with low-protein feeding targeted at day 0–7 (LPEarly), day 8–14 (LPMid) or day 15–22 (LPLate) of gestation. At 12 weeks of age, offspring were placed on a macronutrient self-selection regimen. Prenatal protein restriction programmed feeding behaviour in female, but not male, offspring. Among females, all low-protein exposed groups consumed less fat than the control group ( P <0.05). Male offspring showed no changes in feeding behaviour. In males and females fed a low-fat chow diet, there were metabolic differences between the groups. LPEarly and LPLate males had greater hepatic glycogen stores than control animals. There were no differences in the size of abdominal fat depots in either male or female rats exposed to low-protein diet at any point in gestation. The data suggest that programming of feeding behaviour is likely to be gender-specific and dependent upon the timing of nutrient insult in fetal life. This work may have implications for the development of the metabolic syndrome.
Abbreviations: LPEarly, LPMid and LPLate, low-protein feeding targeted at days 0–7, 8–14 or days 15–22 of gestation respectively
TL;DR: The hyperfiltration theory encouraged a tremendous amount of investigations in the field of unspecific renal failure progression, and extensive renal ablation has remained as a definite model with which to investigate the mechanisms of progression and therapeutic interventions in many different types of nephropathies.
Abstract: The ‘hyperfiltration theory’, originally postulated by Brenner’s group more than 20 years ago, represented a revolutionary advance in defining the mechanisms responsible for the seemingly inexorable progression of renal insufficiency [1]. Brenner’s group and others demonstrated that rats submitted to renal ablation (more than five-sixths nephrectomy) developed proteinuria, glomerulosclerosis and progressive renal failure during the months following nephrectomy. They found that the functional and structural changes appearing in the remnant glomeruli correlated with the haemodynamic adaptations observed closely after renal ablation: increments in single nephron glomerular filtration rate (GFR) mediated by preferential vasodilation of afferent glomerular arterioles, together with increments in glomerular transcapillary hydraulic pressure and filtration fraction [1–3]. Attenuation of these haemodynamicadaptations by low protein diets or ACE inhibitors (that induce preferential vasodilation of efferent glomerular arteriole) largely prevents the appearance of glomerulosclerosis and renal failure. Brenner and collaborators postulated that ‘maladaptive’ haemodynamic changes in the remaining glomeruli after the reduction of renal mass below some critical level (by surgical ablation or any other type of renal disease) would represent a final common path for the progression of renal diseases independently of their original cause [1–3]. The hyperfiltration theory encouraged a tremendous amount of investigations in the field of unspecific renal failure progression, and extensive renal ablation has remained as a definite model with which to investigate the mechanisms of progression and therapeutic interventions in many different types of nephropathies. However, the general applicability of hyperfiltration theory to humans has remained largely controversial. Some studies published in the 1990s showed that a significant number of patients submitted to extensive surgical removal of renal parenchyma developed proteinuria and progressive renal insufficiency, resembling the hyperfiltration nephropathy observed in experimental animals [4–6]. Furthermore, renal biopsies performed in a minority of these cases showed the typical findings of hyperfiltration nephropathy: glomerulomegaly with lesions of focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis [4]. However, other patients with similar severe reductions in renal mass did not develop proteinuria or renal function decline over prolonged follow-up. Reasons for these discrepant evolutions were not apparent. Some authors emphasize the fact that many patients with remnant kidneys and mild renal insufficiency after surgery did not show progression of renal insufficiency, casting serious doubts about the validity of simplistic translation of studies performed in rats to humans [7].
TL;DR: The results of these experiments indicate that juvenile rainbow trout grow well on 16 g DCP/MJ DE diets based on fish meal, and EAA supplementation to these diets improves the protein utilization and thus reduces nitrogen loading into the environment.
TL;DR: Diet-induced changes in heat production and energy partitioning are reflected in circulating levels of intermediary metabolites and hormones, and nutritional studies should consider the ability of organisms to habituate to changed diet compositions and that alterations in feeding status follow higher-order responses.
TL;DR: In this population, high lipid consumption and low intake of fiber, vitamins, and minerals pose an important public health problem and may contribute to an increase in chronic non-communicable diseases.
Abstract: A nutritional survey was performed in a random sample of 550 individuals (>= 18 years) in Bambui, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, using the Semi-Quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire calibrated with 24-hour recall. Comparisons used means, proportions, and the nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR: 90.0-110.0%). Adequate intake was reported in only 2.4% of the individuals for carbohydrate, 17.6% for protein, 0.0 to 5.1% for vitamins, and 0.0 to 21.1% for minerals. NAR was influenced by gender and age: 90.2% and 91.8% of women presented low iron and B6 vitamin intake, respectively. Meanwhile, 87.7% of men reported excess iron, 80.3% phosphorous, and 11.9% cholesterol. Regarding aging, 64.3% of elderly (> 60 years old) reported low protein intake and 39.3% inadequate lipid fraction balance (P/S); 35.7% reported high unsaturated fatty acid intake. For adults (18-59 years), 67.8% reported excess protein and 53.4% deficient iron intake. In this population, high lipid consumption and low intake of fiber, vitamins, and minerals pose an important public health problem and may contribute to an increase in chronic non-communicable diseases.
TL;DR: Breed x sex, breed x diet and sex x diet interactions did not significantly influence most of carcass traits indicating that the factors under consideration act independently of each other's.
Abstract: . The effects of breed (Hubbard and Anak), sex and diet (two levels of protein (high or low) with two levels of crude fiber (low or high) at each level of protein) on carcass composition and distribution of tissues over the carcass were studied. Carcass composition and ratios of muscle: bone, muscle: fat and meat: bone in the carcass did not differ significantly between breed groups. Male carcasses had more muscle, more bone, more fat-free carcass, higher ratios of muscle: bone, muscle: fat but less fat, less meat and lower meat: bone ratio than female carcasses. Carcasses of chicks fed high protein (with either low or high fiber) diet had more muscle than carcasses of chicks fed low protein (with either low or high fiber) diet. Carcasses of chicks fed high fiber (with either low or high protein) diet had more bone but less meat than carcasses of chicks fed low fiber (with either low or high protein) diet. Increasing both protein and fiber in the diet resulted in lowering carcass fat, consequently raising muscle: fat ratio. Breed and sex did not influence the distribution of muscle and meat throughout the carcass parts. Breed differences in fat weight distribution were not significant. Anak had significantly higher proportions of bone in wing and neck than Hubbard did. The proportion of total carcass muscle in breast, drumstick, wing were not significantly affected by diet. Carcasses of chicks fed high fiber (with either low or high protein) diet had higher proportion of total meat in thigh and neck than carcasses from chicks fed low fiber (with either low or high protein) diet. Diet had no significant effect on bone weight distribution. Increasing crude fiber in diets resulted in lowering proportion of total fat in breast, thigh but increasing proportion of total fat in drumstick and wing. Breed x sex, breed x diet and sex x diet interactions did not significantly influence most of carcass traits indicating that the factors under consideration act independently of each other's. Significant sex x diet interactions was found for carcass fat and boneless carcass relative to live body weight: the sexual dimorphism in low protein diet is more pronounced than in high protein diets.
TL;DR: High mobility group B (HMGB) proteins contain two HMG box domains known to bind without sequence specificity into the DNA minor groove, slightly intercalating between basepairs and producing a strong bend in the DNA backbone.
TL;DR: Correlations between macroscopic mechanical data obtained by axial compression of vertebral body, and intrinsic tissue properties measured by nanoindentation test suggest that postelastic behavior strongly varied with material fragility detected on the tissue level, contributing to the increased bone fragility found in protein undernutrition.