Showing papers on "Microwave engineering published in 2009"
Journal Article•
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TL;DR: In this paper, techniques developed in the last few years in microwave photonics are reviewed with an emphasis on the systems architectures for photonic generation and processing of microwave signals, photonic true-time delay beamforming, radio-over-fiber systems, and photonic analog-to-digital conversion.
Abstract: Broadband and low loss capability of photonics has led to an ever-increasing interest in its use for the generation, processing, control and distribution of microwave and millimeter-wave signals for applications such as broadband wireless access networks, sensor networks, radar, satellite communitarians, instrumentation and warfare systems. In this tutorial, techniques developed in the last few years in microwave photonics are reviewed with an emphasis on the systems architectures for photonic generation and processing of microwave signals, photonic true-time delay beamforming, radio-over-fiber systems, and photonic analog-to-digital conversion. Challenges in system implementation for practical applications and new areas of research in microwave photonics are also discussed.
1,332 citations
TL;DR: A photonic approach for microwave frequency measurement is proposed, in which an optical carrier is modulated by an unknown microwave signal through a phase modulator to establish a fixed frequency-to-power mapping.
Abstract: A photonic approach for microwave frequency measurement is proposed. In this approach, an optical carrier is modulated by an unknown microwave signal through a phase modulator. The modulated optical signal is then split into two parts; one part passes through a spool of polarization maintaining fiber (PMF) and the other one, through a dispersion compensation fiber (DCF), to introduce different microwave power penalties. After the microwave powers of the two parts are measured by two photodetectors, a fixed frequency-to-power mapping is established by obtaining an amplitude comparison function (ACF). A proof-of-concept experiment demonstrates frequency measurement over a range of 10.5 GHz, with measurement error less than ±0.07 GHz.
59 citations
Book•
15 Sep 2009
TL;DR: This is the first publication that guides readers step by step through the implementation of electromagnetic simulation techniques based on FDTD methods, serving as an essential bridge between FDTD theory and practical simulation techniques.
Abstract: Bridges the gap between FDTD theory and the implementation of practical simulation techniques This is the first publication that guides readers step by step through the implementation of electromagnetic simulation techniques based on FDTD methods. These simulation techniques serve as an essential bridge between FDTD methods and their applications. Moreover, the book helps readers better understand the underlying logic of FDTD methods so that they can design FDTD projects using either commercial electromagnetic software packages or their own codes in order to solve practical engineering problems. The book begins with two chapters that introduce the basic concepts of the 3-D Cartesian FDTD method, followed by discussions of advanced FDTD methods such as conformal techniques, dispersive media, circuit elements, and near-to-far field transformation. Next, the book: Presents basic concepts of parallel processing techniques and systems, including parallel FDTD techniques and systems Explores simulation techniques based on FDTD methods Illustrates practical simulation techniques using engineering applications Introduces advanced simulation techniques Each chapter concludes with references to help readers investigate particular topics in greater depth. Each chapter also includes problem sets that challenge readers to put their new FDTD and simulation skills into practice. By bridging the gap between FDTD theory and practical simulation techniques, this publication is an invaluable guide for students and engineers who need to solve a wide range of design problems in RF, antenna, and microwave engineering.
48 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the development of phase shifters is based on reliable models of a dielectric response of ferroelectrics to dc and high-frequency electric fields, which can be implemented only using thin-film ferroelectric microwave integrated circuits.
Abstract: Rapid progress made in the physics of ferroelectrics is accompanied by the appearance of new requirements for the design of microwave phase shifters that serve as base elements in phased-array antennas, which, apart from traditional applications in radiolocation, have been widely used in various telecommunication systems. Nowadays, microwave phase shifters that are intended for operating at a high level of microwave power with a limited power in control circuits and should have a low cost of mass production can be implemented only using thin-film ferroelectric microwave integrated circuits. The development of phase shifters is based on reliable models of a dielectric response of ferroelectrics to dc and high-frequency electric fields.
29 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the state of the art and the research frontiers of 100 G optical communication systems are explained, and various optical modulation approaches are illustrated, and comparison with traditional microwave communication systems is presented as well as the increasing role of the microwave engineer in high speed optical communication design.
Abstract: Optical communications is a quickly evolving field, driven by the ever increasing need for communication bandwidth. Over the next decade, the field is expected to mature substantially as high-speed components enable more advanced modulation and digital signal processing. With the standardization of 100-Gb/s Ethernet well in progress, terabit Ethernet is just over the horizon. As data rates continue to increase above 100 Gb/s, the role of the microwave engineer will become more and more critical to the success of next-generation optical communications gear. There is a tremendous opportunity for the radio engineer to migrate his or her skills to work in the field of microwave signal integrity. This is an up-and-coming field with lots of room for innovative research. In this article, the current state of the art and the research frontiers of 100 G optical communication systems is explained, and various optical modulation approaches are illustrated. Furthermore, comparison with traditional microwave communication systems is presented as well as the increasing role of the microwave engineer in high-speed optical communication design.
21 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the underlying principles of superconductivity for the typical microwave engineer was presented and the superconducting properties that can be exploited in microwave and millimeter-wave technologies was described to yield components into appreciable performance enhanced over conventional systems.
Abstract: In this paper, the underlying principles of superconductivity for the typical microwave engineer was presented and the superconducting properties that can be exploited in microwave and millimeter-wave technologies was described to yield components into appreciable performance enhanced over conventional systems. Some of these microwave technologies in superconductor discussed were; microwave superconductivity, superconductor microwave device technology, superconducting communications filters, microwave superconductivity for high-energy physics applications, superconducting transition edge bolometers, superconducting digital microwave technology, and refrigeration.
16 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a novel calculation method of superconducting microwave devices, which can be applicable to a conventional 3D electromagnetic-field simulator, has been proposed Calculation results of the characteristic impedance of microstrip lines show very good agreements with the theoretically calculated vales.
Abstract: High-frequency microwave applications, such as filters, delay lines, and resonators, are quite important for superconducting electronic devices In order to design the superconducting microwave devices, circuit parameters should be precisely extracted from the physical structure of the devices A 3-dimentional electromagnetic-field simulator is very useful for designing microwave devices However, designing of superconducting microwave devices using a conventional 3D electromagnetic-field simulator is difficult because most of commercially available 3D electromagnetic-field simulators can not exactly characterize electromagnetic phenomena of superconductors In this study, a novel calculation method of superconducting microwave devices, which can be applicable to a conventional 3D electromagnetic-field simulator, has been proposed Calculation results of characteristic impedance of superconducting microstrip lines show very good agreements with the theoretically calculated vales The frequency response of a superconducting Nb microwave filter designed by the proposed calculation method agrees well with the experimental results This calculation method enables us to precisely estimate microwave characteristics of superconducting devices
13 citations
01 Jan 2009
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss the impact of fields on material at microwave frequencies and the design of high-frequency applicators, because the electrical properties of the material of interest will become a part of the device's functioning.
Abstract: This chapter discusses the impact of fields on material at microwave frequencies. Knowledge of field–material interaction is critical to the design of the high-frequency applicators, because the electrical properties of the material of interest will become a part of the device's functioning. This fact is a unique feature of these devices, which sets them apart. For example, in the design of a conventional furnace, it is of little importance what material is to be heated, but the dielectric properties of a material being processed by a microwave applicator are of great importance in the design of the device. The electromagnetic spectrum is a region in the spectrum covering a frequency range typically known as RF, through microwave and into millimeter wave. This general part of the electromagnetic spectrum happens to be where most wireless telecommunication devices are also housed.
11 citations
01 Jan 2009
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the possibility of creating novel microwave frequency antennas by suitably arranging metallic and dielectric nanoparticles and showed that the antenna must be composed of ≥ 99% metal and ≤ 1% gaps.
Abstract: This paper examines the possibility of creating novel microwave frequency antennas by suitably arranging
metallic / dielectric nanoparticles. Simulation results show that the antenna must be composed of ≥ 99% metal (<1 % gaps).
8 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a resistive sensor (RS) devoted for high power microwave pulse measurement in cylindrical waveguide is considered, and the modeling results of the interaction of the TE01 (H01) wave with a semiconductor plate with contacts on sidewalls of the plate placed on a wall of the circular waveguide are presented.
Abstract: A resistive sensor (RS) devoted for high power microwave pulse measurement in cylindrical waveguide is considered. The modeling results of the interaction of the TE01 (H01) wave with a semiconductor plate with contacts on sidewalls of the plate placed on a wall of the circular waveguide are presented. A finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method was employed for the calculation of the electromagnetic field components, reflection coefficient from the semiconductor obstacle, and the average electric field in it. The features of the resonances have been used to engineer the frequency response of the RS. It has been found that such electrophysical parameters of the plate can serve as the prototype of the sensing element (SE) for the circular waveguide RS with flat frequency response.
7 citations
TL;DR: Microwave photonics is used to describe the study of high-speed photonic devices operating at microwave or millimeter-wave frequencies and their use in microwave or photonic system applications, and it is the interface between microwaves, ultrafast electronics, and photonic technologies.
Abstract: Microwave photonics is used to describe the study of high-speed photonic devices operating at microwave or millimeter-wave frequencies and their use in microwave or photonic system applications, and it is the interface between microwaves, ultrafast electronics, and photonic technologies. Optical signal processing and the use of pico- and femto-second optical pulses from mode-locked lasers are examples to elucidate the start of microwave photonics. Thus today, microwave photonics is the key subject of the MTT-S Microwave Photonics Technical Committee (MTT-3) and Photonic Society to discuss its applications and system oriented where typical investigations include, for example, high-speed and microwave signal generation, processing, and conversion as well as the distribution and transmission of microwave signals via broadband optical links. Consequently, the promotion of microwave photonics is being carried out through a variety of technical activities.
06 May 2009
TL;DR: In this article, a microwave planar circuit design tool based on wave iterative method (WIM) by using the incident and reflected wave concept which propagate alternating between the spectrum domain (modes) and the time domain (pixels) can calculate the amplitude of wave by using Fast Modal Transform (FMT).
Abstract: The Microwave Planar Circuit Design (MPD) Tool is applied in the teaching of Microwave Engineering class of senior level industrial technology education major. The MPD is based on Wave Iterative Method (WIM) by using the incident and reflected wave concept which propagate alternating between the spectrum domain (modes) and the time domain (pixels). Both domains can calculate the amplitude of wave by using Fast Modal Transform (FMT) .This method can present the s-parameter, the electric and magnetic field on the microstrip filter circuits. The simulated results are well agreed with the measurement. After, the use of the MPD tool to the 20 samples at the industrial technology education major, Burapha University. The results revealed that the efficiency of instructional model was higher than a criterion of Meguigans.
TL;DR: The five feature articles and one "Application Note" in this issue illustrate some of the recent achievements and research challenges associated with realizing performance improvements and new capabilities in microwave photonic systems.
Abstract: The five feature articles and one "Application Note" in this issue illustrate some of the recent achievements and research challenges associated with realizing performance improvements and new capabilities in microwave photonic systems.
01 Jan 2009
TL;DR: In this article, a 2D switched imaging array that utilizes modulated scattering techniques for spatial multiplexing of the signal was designed to be compact, coherent, possessing high dynamic range, and capable of video frame rate imaging.
Abstract: Microwave and millimeter wave imaging has shown tremendous utility in a wide variety of applications. These techniques are primarily based on measuring coherent electric field distribution on the target being imaged. Mechanically scanned systems are the simple and low cost solution in microwave imaging. However, these systems are typically bulky and slow. This dissertation presents a design for a 2D switched imaging array that utilizes modulated scattering techniques for spatial multiplexing of the signal. The system was designed to be compact, coherent, possessing high dynamic range, and capable of video frame rate imaging. Various aspects of the system design were optimized to achieve the design objectives. The 2D imaging system as designed and described in this dissertation utilized PIN diode loaded resonant elliptical slot antennas as array elements. The slot antennas allow for incorporating the switching into the antennas thus reducing the cost and size of the array. Furthermore, these slots are integrated in a simple low loss waveguide network. Moreover, the sensitivity and dynamic range of this system is improved by utilizing a custom designed heterodyne receiver and matched filter. This dissertation also presents an analysis on the properties of this system. The performance of the multiplexing scheme, the noise floor and the dynamic range of the receivers are investigated. Furthermore, sources of errors such as mutual coupling and array response dispersion are also investigated. Finally, utilizing this imaging system for various applications such as 2D electric field mapping, scatterer localization, and nondestructive imaging is demonstrated.
01 Jun 2009
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed an alter- native model for extraordinary optical trans-mission (EOT) through electrically small holes perforated on opaque metal screens, which is a hot topic in the optics community for more than one decade.
Abstract: The phenomenon of extraordinary optical trans- mission (EOT) through electrically small holes perforated on opaque metal screens has been a hot topic in the optics com- munity for more than one decade. This experimentally ob- served frequency-selective enhanced transmission of electro- magnetic power through holes, for which classical Bethe's theory predicts very poor transmission, later attracted the attention of engineers working on microwave engineering or applied electromagnetics. Extraordinary transmission was first linked to the plasma-like behavior of metals at opti- cal frequencies. However, the primary role played by the periodicity of the distribution of holes was soon made ev- ident, in such a way that extraordinary transmission was disconnected from the particular behavior of metals at op- tical frequencies. Indeed, the same phenomenon has been observed in the microwave and millimeter wave regime, for instance. Nowadays, the most commonly accepted theory explains EOT in terms of the interaction of the impinging plane wave with the surface plasmon-polariton-Bloch waves (SPP-Bloch) supported by the periodically perforated plate. The authors of this paper have recently proposed an alter- native model whose details will be briefly summarized here. A parametric study of the predictions of the model and some new potential extensions will be reported to provide addi- tional insight.
TL;DR: In this article, a microstrip circuit implementation of a transmission line system exhibiting an electromagnetic response that mimics the response of simple and compound diffraction gratings has been presented to reproduce at microwave frequencies the physical behavior of certain diffraction structures that have been investigated in the optics community.
Abstract: This letter presents a methodology to reproduce at microwave frequencies the physical behavior of certain diffraction structures that have been investigated in the optics community. The methodology will be exemplified with a microstrip circuit implementation of a transmission line system exhibiting an electromagnetic response that mimics the response of simple and compound diffraction gratings. The identification of such “bridge” circuit analogies could be very fruitful for the understanding and development of design strategies to devise practical components based on phenomena employed in the affine areas of optics and microwave engineering.
TL;DR: In this paper, the Poynting vector is used to construct the energy flow lines with the help of the analytical expression for electric and magnetic fields for two cases, namely the optical slab waveguide and the microwave rectangular waveguide.
Abstract: Planar optical waveguides are the key devices in construction of integrated optical circuits and semiconductor lasers. In microwave engineering practice the most common type of waveguide for high power transmission is the microwave rectangular waveguide. The analysis of the physical processes in these waveguides, which determine their behavior, is necessary for their purposeful use. The usual and the most common approach in the analysis of optical and microwave waveguides is the use of a rigorous numerical treatment of the equations derived from Maxwell’s equations and corresponding boundary conditions [1, 2]. The numerical results are usually obtained from commercially available software (such as [3]), and it is relatively easy to produce a large amount of numerical data. Although such results are most often very precise, the drawback of this method is that it does not supply simple and transparent interpretation of the results obtained and of their physical meaning. This is especially evident if one wants to see the space energy distribution in the modes of various characters. This drawback can be diminished by construction of energy flow lines for a specific problem we are trying to solve. The method of electromagnetic (EM) flow lines has been used in [4] in the context of interpretation of two slit diffraction of a planar EM wave. EM flow lines were suggested recently in [5] as photon paths in analogy with the massive particle trajectories in Bohmian quantum mechanics. In this paper we construct the EM energy flow lines with the help of the Poynting vector, obtained from the analytical expression for electric and magnetic fields for two cases, namely the optical slab waveguide and the microwave rectangular waveguide.
Proceedings Article•
10 Nov 2009TL;DR: In this paper, a multimedia textbook of electromagnetic waves and microwave technology intended for students and specialists in the field is presented, which is aimed on presentation of innovative multimedia textbook for students.
Abstract: This article is aimed on presentation of innovative multimedia textbook of electromagnetic waves and microwave technology intended for students and specialists in the field.
TL;DR: A three-dimensional implementation of the lumped-element by Crank-Nicolson finite-difference time-domain (CN-FDTD) algorithm has been presented in this article and several examples of planar microwave circuits with lumped resistor, capacitor, and/or inductor are simulated and compared with traditional finite- diffusion time- domain method and measurements.
Abstract: A three-dimensional implementation of the lumped-element by Crank-Nicolson finite-difference time-domain (CN-FDTD) algorithm has been presented in this article. Several examples of planar microwave circuits with lumped resistor, capacitor, and/or inductor are simulated and compared with traditional finite-difference time-domain method and measurements. The accuracy of CN-FDTD implementation for lumped elements in this article has been verified. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 51: 113–116, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.23969
28 Dec 2009
TL;DR: This paper presents four Graphics User Interface Matlab programs that students can use to explore the feature of different matching networks and can use the programs to verify their solutions easily.
Abstract: This paper presents four Graphics User Interface Matlab programs that students can use to explore the feature of different matching networks. Impedance matching is a typical and classical topic in microwave engineering teaching. The single-stub tuner and double-stub tuner are often used to match the complex load impedance to a transmission line. The singlesection quarter-wave transformer and the multi-section quarterwave Chebyshev transformer are used to match the real load impedance to a transmission line. The students can use the programs to verify their solutions easily. Keywords-impedance matching;Matlab program;single-stub tuner;double-stub tuner;quarter-wave transformer.
01 Jan 2009
TL;DR: In this paper, a left-handed metamaterial (LHM) with ferrites to provide negative permeability and a wire array to provide a negative permittivity is proposed and its properties are theoretically and numerically analyzed.
Abstract: A left handed metamaterial (LHM) with �0 = - �0 0 and �� = - �� 0 is proposed and its properties are theoretically and numerically analyzed. The LHM is composed of ferrites to provide a negative permeability and a wire array to provide a negative permittivity. The parameter conditions of satisfying aforementioned properties are investigated. The analyzed results show that the LHM has a nearly perfect negative pass band with very small reflections and losses in the microwave frequencies and the negative pass band can be tuned by changing the applied magnetic field. This LHM can be applied to various areas such as microwave engineering areas. In this paper, the applications of the LHM including the microwave filter and phase shifter are discussed respectively. Keywords-left handed metamaterial; ferrites; applications; filter; phase shifter
TL;DR: The helical structure of progress in microwave and millimeter-wave technologies, with a focus on active device technology and circuit technology, is overviewed, and the latest design technique for high power efficiency microwave circuits is introduced, in which co-simulation of electro-magnetic waves and semiconductor devices are effectively used.
Abstract: The helical structure of progress in microwave and millimeter-wave technologies, with a focus on active device technology and circuit technology, is overviewed with some examples. The position of, and the possibilities for emerging GaN power devices and Si RF devices are described. In addition, as a new trend for methods in global analysis combining electro-magnetic waves and semiconductor devices, FDTD co-simulation is overviewed with the latest example on a 60GHz amplifier module. Finally, the circuit technology in which the helical structure strongly dominates is overviewed. As one of endless targets for microwave circuit technology, the latest design technique for high power efficiency microwave circuits is introduced, in which co-simulation of electro-magnetic waves and semiconductor devices are effectively used.
Dissertation•
01 Mar 2009
01 Jan 2009
Abstract: The results in this article clearly indicate the importance of millimeter-wave power module (MPM) technology and illustrate the enormous value of combining an MPM with a linearizer. This combination makes linearized MPMs highly attractive for commercial and government communications applications. A linearized-MPM can provide significantly higher power and efficiency for a comparable linearity in a lighter weight and more compact package than alternate options. The linearizer allows an MPM to provide four times the output power for many linear applications, and more than a 10 dB improvement in two-carrier linearity over much of its power range. For currently available MPMs, linearization allows operation with common digital modulations with a spectral regrowth of greater than 30 dB at an output power of 50 W with an overall efficiency of 25%. Even greater benefits are provided for complex digitally modulated signals as wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA). This MPM can be housed in an 820 cubic cm volume, 2.3 kg in weight and allows operation over multi-octave bandwidths.
01 Dec 2009
TL;DR: In this article, a new method of microwave diplexer design is presented based on accurate channel filters synthesis using surrogate models of coupling coefficients in order to obtain initial structure dimensions.
Abstract: A new method of microwave diplexer design is presented. The method is based on accurate channel filters synthesis using surrogate models of coupling coefficients in order to obtain initial structure dimensions. This is followed by a full-wave optimization of channels filters. Final tuning after assembly is limited to one element only.
01 Dec 2009
TL;DR: In this article, a method to design matching networks using single / double stub microstrip line for input and output port of microwave LNA in a prescribed frequency band with requirements about the transducer gain flatness is presented.
Abstract: This paper presents a method to design matching networks using single / double stub microstrip line for input and output port of microwave LNA in a prescribed frequency band with requirements about the transducer gain flatness is presented. Microstrip line is used when wavelength becomes significantly small compared with the characteristic circuit component length. At microwave frequency, the influence of parasitics in discrete elements becomes more noticeable. This limits their use of in high frequency applications. The superior performance characteristics of the microstrip line make it one of the most important medium of transmission in microwave transistor amplifiers in the microwave integrated-circuit technology. Matlab programming is used to obtain the Smith chart results for input and output microstrip line matching networks.
01 Dec 2009
TL;DR: In this article, a method of tuning transmission and refection of electromagnetic waves in plasmonic waveguides is presented, which is based on the well established microwave theory into optical frequency range.
Abstract: We present a method of tuning transmission and refection of electromagnetic waves in plasmonic waveguides. Equivalent impedance circuits representing the coupling of the plasmonic waveguides to loads, such as plasmonic detectors, sensors, and switches are studied. Performance improvement is achieved by applying impedance matching concept analogy to that in microwave engineering. This study paves a way to extend the well established microwave theory into optical frequency range.
01 Nov 2009
TL;DR: In this paper, an efficient computation technique is developed for analysis anisotropic multilayered microwave circuits constituted of several conducting strips/slots which are located on several interfaces of dielectric layers.
Abstract: an efficient computation technique is developed for analysis anisotropic multilayered microwave circuits constituted of several conducting strips/slots which are located on several interfaces of dielectric layers. Used technique is based on extension of spectral domain approach. The numerical solutions obtained by this technique are discussed and compared with the published data. The technique is believed useful in the determination of dispersion characteristics of those circuits such as effective dielectric constant, phase velocity and normalized wavelength.