Showing papers on "Neglect published in 1998"

Immune neglect: A source of durability bias in affective forecasting.

Abstract: People are generally unaware of the operation of the system of cognitive mechanisms that ameliorate their experience of negative affect (the psychological immune system), and thus they tend to overestimate the duration of their affective reactions to negative events. This tendency was demonstrated in 6 studies in which participants overestimated the duration of their affective reactions to the dissolution of a romantic relationship, the failure to achieve tenure, an electoral defeat, negative personality feedback, an account of a child's death, and rejection by a prospective employer. Participants failed to distinguish between situations in which their psychological immune systems would and would not be likely to operate and mistakenly predicted overly and equally enduring affective reactions in both instances. The present experiments suggest that people neglect the psychological immune system when making affective forecasts.

Long-term effects of home visitation on maternal life course and child abuse and neglect : fifteen-year follow-up of a randomized trial

Abstract: omen's use of welfare and number of subsequent children were based on self-report; their arrests and convictions were based on self-report and archived data from New York State. Verified reports of child abuse and neglect were abstracted from state records. Main Results.\p=m-\Du ring the 15-year period after the birth of their first child, in contrast to women in the comparison group, women who were visited by nurses during pregnancy and infancy were identified as perpetrators of child abuse and neglect in 0.29 vs 0.54 verified reports (P<.001). Among women who were unmarried and from households of low socioeconomic status at initial enrollment, in contrast to those in the comparison group, nurse-visited women had 1.3 vs 1.6 subsequent births (P=.02), 65 vs 37 months between the birth of the first and a second child (P=.001), 60 vs 90 months' receiving Aid to Families With Dependent Children (P=.005), 0.41 vs 0.73 behavioral impairments due to use of alcohol and other drugs (P=.03), 0.18 vs 0.58 arrests by self-report (P<.001), and 0.16 vs 0.90 arrests disclosed by New York State records (P<.001). Conclusions.\p=m

Prism adaptation to a rightward optical deviation rehabilitates left hemispatial neglect

Abstract: A large proportion of right-hemisphere stroke patients show hemispatial neglect-a neurological deficit of perception, attention, representation, and/or performing actions within their left-sided space, inducing many functional debilitating effects on everyday life, and responsible for poor functional recovery and ability to benefit from treatment. The frequent parietal locus of the lesion producing neglect reflects the impairment of coordinate transformation used by the nervous system to represent extrapersonal space. Given that adaptation to a visual distortion can provide an efficient way to stimulate neural structures responsible for the transformation of sensorimotor coordinates, the aim of our study was to investigate the effect of prism adaptation on various neglect symptoms, including the pathological shift of the subjective midline to the right. All patients exposed to the optical shift of the visual field to the right were improved on their manual body-midline demonstration and on classical neuropsychological tests. Unlike other physiological manipulations used to improve neglect, this improvement lasted for at least two hours after prism removal and thus could be useful in rehabilitation programmes. The positive effect found for both sensorimotor and more cognitive spatial functions suggests that they share or depend on a common level of space representation linked to multisensory integration.

An ecological-transactional analysis of children and contexts: The longitudinal interplay among child maltreatment, community violence, and children's symptomatology

Abstract: Cicchetti and Lynch have conceptualized ecological contexts as consisting of nested levels with varying degrees of proximity to the individual. These levels of the environment interact and transact with each other over time in shaping individual development and adaptation. With a sample of maltreated (n = 188) and nonmaltreated (n = 134) children between the ages of 7 and 12 years, this investigation employed a 1-year longitudinal design to conduct an ecological-transactional analysis of the mutual relationships among community violence, child maltreatment, and children's functioning over time. Indicators of children's functioning were externalizing and internalizing behavior problems and self-rated traumatic stress reactions, depressive symptomatology, and self-esteem. Either full or partial support was obtained for the study's primary hypotheses. Rates of maltreatment, particularly physical abuse, were related to levels of child-reported violence in the community. In addition, child maltreatment and exposure to community violence were related to different aspects of children's functioning. Specific effects were observed for neglect and sexual abuse and for witnessing and being victimized by violence in the community. Finally, there was evidence that children and their contexts mutually influence each other over time. Results were discussed within the framework of an ecological-transactional model of development.

Phasic alerting of neglect patients overcomes their spatial deficit in visual awareness

Abstract: Patients with extensive damage to the right hemisphere of their brain often exhibit unilateral neglect of the left side of space. The spatial attention of these patients is strongly biased towards the right(1), so their awareness of visual events on the left is impaired(2). Extensive right-hemisphere lesions also impair tonic alertness (the ability to maintain arousal)(3-5). This nonspatial deficit in alertness is often considered to be a different problem from spatial neglect(5,6), but the two impairments may be linked(7,8). If so, then phasically increasing the patients' alertness should temporarily ameliorate their spatial bias in awareness. Here we provide evidence to support this theory. Right-hemisphere-neglect patients judged whether a visual event on the left preceded or followed a comparable event on the right. They became aware of left events half a second later than right events on average. This spatial imbalance in the time course of visual awareness was corrected when a warning sound alerted the patients phasically. Even a warning sound on the right accelerated the perception of left visual events in this way. Nonspatial phasic alerting can thus overcome disabling spatial biases in perceptual awareness after brain injury.

Parietal neglect and visual awareness.

Abstract: The last decade has seen a resurgence of interest in the neural correlates of conscious vision, with most discussion focused on the 'blindsight' that can follow damage to primary visual cortex, in the occipital lobe. We suggest that new insights into the neural basis of visual awareness may be gleaned from a different neuropsychological phenomenon, namely visual 'neglect' after injury to regions in the parietal lobe. Neglect provides several revealing contrasts with occipital blindsight. Here we summarise four key findings. First, unlike the deficits caused by damage to primary visual cortex, the loss of awareness in parietal neglect is characteristically not strictly retinotopic. Second, visual segmentation processes are preserved in neglect, and can influence what will reach the patient's awareness. Third, extensive unconscious processing takes place for those stimuli on the neglected side which escape awareness, including some degree of object identification. Finally, parietal damage affects initial stages of motor planning as well as perception. These findings are consistent with recent data on single-cell activity in the monkey brain. They also suggest why areas in the inferior parietal lobe may play a prominent role in visual awareness.

Parietal neglect and visual awareness

Abstract: The last decade has seen a resurgence of interest in the neural correlates of conscious vision, with most discussion focused on the 'blindsight' that can follow damage to primary visual cortex, in the occipital lobe. We suggest that new insights into the neural basis of visual awareness may be gleaned from a different neuropsychological phenomenon, namely visual 'neglect' after injury to regions in the parietal lobe. Neglect provides several revealing contrasts with occipital blindsight. Here we summarise four key findings. First, unlike the deficits caused by damage to primary visual cortex, the loss of awareness in parietal neglect is characteristically not strictly retinotopic. Second, visual segmentation processes are preserved in neglect, and can influence what will reach the patient's awareness. Third, extensive unconscious processing takes place for those stimuli on the neglected side which escape awareness, including some degree of object identification. Finally, parietal damage affects initial stages of motor planning as well as perception. These findings are consistent with recent data on single-cell activity in the monkey brain. They also suggest why areas in the inferior parietal lobe may play a prominent role in visual awareness.

Early childhood victimization among incarcerated adult male felons.

Abstract: Using carefully developed methods for eliciting retrospective reports of childhood abuse and neglect, a new study of inmates in a New York prison found that 68 percent of the sample reported some form of childhood victimization and 23 percent reported experiencing multiple forms of abuse and neglect, including physical and sexual abuse. These findings provide support for the belief that the majority of incarcerated offenders have likely experienced some type of childhood abuse or neglect.

Elder abuse in the community: Prevalence and consequences

Abstract: OBJECTIVES: (1) To assess the prevalence and the consequences of chronic verbal aggression, physical aggression, financial mistreatment, and neglect in a community-based sample; (2) to investigate the circumstances that led to the abuse and the ways in which the victims handled the problem. DESIGN: Prevalence was assessed in a population-based sample of 1797 older people living independently in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. In a follow-up study 1 year later, the victims were questioned again about the background and consequences of the abuse. RESULTS: The 1-year prevalence of elder abuse was 5.6%. The prevalence of the various types of elder abuse was: verbal aggression 3.2%, physical aggression 1.2%, financial mistreatment 1.4%, and neglect 0.2%. Most victims reported emotional reactions immediately after the abuse. Seven of 36 victims experienced physical or financial damage as a consequence of the abuse. More than 70% of the victims were able to stop the abuse, either by themselves or with the help of others. CONCLUSION: The rate of occurrence and the consequences of elder abuse in the Netherlands was established. Elder abuse is more widely spread if not only close relatives or people with whom the older person lives are considered as possible perpetrators but other familiar and trusted people are considered as well. Intervention should be focused on the roughly 40% of victims who were not able to stop the abuse.

Self-Reports of Early Childhood Victimization Among Incarcerated Adult Male Felons

Abstract: The extent of childhood victimization (physical abuse, sexual abuse, and neglect) was assessed retrospectively through self-reports in a sample of 301 convicted adult male felons randomly selected from a New York State medium-correctional facility using a structured interview with known psychometric properties. Overall, 68% of the sample of incarcerated adult male felons reported some form of childhood victimization, although the percentage varied depending on the measure used to assess the childhood abuse experiences. Violent offenders reported significantly more childhood neglect than nonviolent offenders but not more physical abuse. On an overall index of childhood sexual abuse, sex offenders reported higher rates of childhood sexual abuse than other offenders (26.3% vs.12.5%). Implications of these findings are discussed.

Near and far visual space in unilateral neglect

Abstract: A 24-year-old right-handed woman with a right temporal hematoma showed marked left visual neglect for far but not near space in a variety of tasks systematically given in near and far distance conditions. This case thus provides the dissociation opposite to Halligan and Marshall's patient, who had neglect for near but not far space after a right parietal stroke. Furthermore, although she made rightward errors in bisecting far-distant lines, our patient made smaller opposite leftward errors for near-distant lines. The evidence that unilateral neglect of far and near visual space may exist independently supports a division in the neural systems subserving attention to different compartments of the extrapersonal space in humans.

Brain-behavior correlations in hemispatial neglect using CT and SPECT The Sunnybrook Stroke Study

Abstract: Objective: Structural and functional lesion localization in patients with hemispatial neglect. Design: Location and severity of brain damage on CT and SPECT correlated with neglect performance as assessed with a battery of drawings, line bisection, and line and shape cancellation subtests. Patients: Participants included 120 consecutive stroke patients with a single right-hemisphere-damaged lesion on CT who were admitted to the Acute Stroke Care Unit at Sunnybrook Health Science Centre. Of these, 88 also had a SPECT. Results: On CT, 82 patients with neglect (compared with 38 without neglect) had more extensive damage in the parietal and sensorimotor cortex and white matter fiber bundles, including the posterior-superior longitudinal and inferior-frontal fasciculi ( p p p Conclusions: Damage in the parietal and anterior cingulate cortex and posterior white matter fiber bundles correlated with hemispatial neglect. Combining structural- and functional-imaging techniques with neurobehavioral analysis can elucidate brain-behavior relationships.

The extent and consequences of child maltreatment.

Abstract: Specific, accurate understanding of the extent of maltreatment in American society, the nature of the maltreatment that occurs, and the consequences it has for children are crucial to inform policies regarding child protection and to guide the design of prevention and treatment programs. This article examines how child abuse and neglect are defined and discusses the controversies that surround that definition, which attracts attention because it justifies government intervention to stop actions by parents or caregivers that seriously harm children. The article also presents statistics indicating how widespread maltreatment is, reviews research on the characteristics of families that are more prone to abuse or neglect, and summarizes knowledge about the impact of maltreatment on children. Finally, it mentions the efforts of public child protective services agencies to responsibly ration calls on their limited resources by using risk-assessment approaches to target scarce services to the children who need them the most.

Handbook of child abuse research and treatment

Abstract: Section One: The Current Status of Etiological Theories in Intrafamilial Child Maltreatment ST Azar, et al Balancing Rights and Responsibilities: Legal Perspectives on Child Maltreatment SG Portwood, et al Section Two: Assessment Issues in Child Abuse Evaluation JS Milner, et al Methodological Issues in Child Maltreatment Research RT Ammerman Section Three: Community-Based Partnership-Directed Research: Actualizing Community Strengths to Treat Child Victims of Physical Abuse and Neglect J Fantuzzo, et al An Ecobehavioral Model for the Prevention and Treatment of Child Abuse and Neglect: History and Applications JR Lutzker, et al Section Four: Sexual Abuse of Children: Assessment, Research, and Treatment CC Swenson, RF Hanson School-Based Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Programs: Questions, Answers, and More Questions SK Wurtele Section Five: Implications for Child Abuse and Neglect Interventions from Early Educational Interventions BH Wasik Addressing Current and Planning for Future Ethical Issues in Child Maltreatment Research: Professional and Policy Ethical Decision Making AJ Tymchuk Conclusions: Child Abuse and Neglect: Weaving Theory, Research and Treatment in the Twenty-First Century JR Lutzker 13 Additional Chapters Index

Relationship between reason for placement and medical findings among children in foster care

Abstract: Objective. To determine the reasons for placement of children in foster care, the prevalence of medical findings during initial placement, and the relationship between reason for placement and medical findings. The association between placement reasons and parental substance abuse also was explored. Methods. Population-based analysis of medical records of 749 children examined at the Child Protection Center in San Francisco from October 1, 1991, to December 31, 1992. Health evaluations consisted of a clearance examination of children during entry into foster care and a comprehensive examination 3 weeks later. Reasons for foster placement included abandonment, neglect, no available caretaker, physical abuse, sexual abuse, and failed placement. Results. Nearly 50% of children in our study were Conclusions. Specific medical findings associated with reasons for placement provide health professionals with additional information to assess more accurately the health care needs of children entering foster care. As important, screening tests revealed high rates of vision problems and exposures to tuberculosis, warranting earlier and more comprehensive screening. Finally, children who have endured variations of neglect or failed placement may have more health problems than anticipated previously.

Child Fatalities From Religion-motivated Medical Neglect

Abstract: Objective To evaluate deaths of children from families in which faith healing was practiced in lieu of medical care and to determine if such deaths were preventable Design Cases of child fatality in faith-healing sects were reviewed Probability of survival for each was then estimated based on expected survival rates for children with similar disorders who receive medical care Participants One hundred seventy-two children who died between 1975 and 1995 and were identified by referral or record search Criteria for inclusion were evidence that parents withheld medical care because of reliance on religious rituals and documentation sufficient to determine the cause of death Results One hundred forty fatalities were from conditions for which survival rates with medical care would have exceeded 90% Eighteen more had expected survival rates of >50% All but 3 of the remainder would likely have had some benefit from clinical help Conclusions When faith healing is used to the exclusion of medical treatment, the number of preventable child fatalities and the associated suffering are substantial and warrant public concern Existing laws may be inadequate to protect children from this form of medical neglect

Right Hemisphere Damage: Disorders of Communication and Cognition

Abstract: Preface. Acknowledgements. Dedication. Introduction To The Right Hemisphere. Neglect. Attention Deficits. Prosodic Deficits. Linguistic Deficits. Discourse Deficits. Affective Deficits. Assessment. Treatment. Conclusion. References. Index.

Bias in child maltreatment reporting: revisiting the myth of classlessness.

Abstract: Data on the degree of class bias in child protective services databases are reviewed, along with recent empirical findings on the class distribution of child maltreatment. The evidence suggests high levels of child abuse and neglect among the poor and, despite debate on the question, there is no body of empirical data suggesting that these findings are a product of bias predisposing toward overestimates of child maltreatment among the poor. Implications for research, practice, and policy are offered.

Dissociation of sensory-attentional from motor-intentional neglect

Abstract: Objectives—Spatial neglect may result from disruption of sensory-attentional systems that spatially allocate perceptual resources and the motor-intentional systems that direct exploration and action. Previous studies have suggested that the line bisection task is more sensitive to sensory-attentional disorders and the cancellation task to motor-intentional disorders. A new technique was developed that allows the dissociation of sensoryattentional and motor-intentional deficits in both tasks and thereby allows comparison of these tasks. Methods—Ten patients with right hemispheric injury and hemispatial neglect performed line bisection and cancellation tasks while viewing stimuli on closed circuit TV. Direct view of the exploring hand and the target was precluded; the TV monitor guided performance. The direct condition made the direction of hand movement on the table (workspace) congruent with that on the monitor. Inverting the camera produced the indirect condition wherein the lateral movement in the workspace occurred in the opposite direction on the monitor. Results—On the cancellation task, five patients marked targets in the right workspace in the direct condition but the left workspace in the indirect condition, indicating sensory-attentional neglect. However, four other patients cancelled targets only in the right workspace in both conditions, failing to explore the left workspace, suggesting motor-intentional neglect. A patient who performed ambiguously may have elements of both types of neglect. Only two out of five patients designated as sensory-attentional in cancellation tasks showed sensory neglect on line bisection. The other three patients, as well as patients defined as motor-intentional by cancellation performance, exhibited motor-intentional neglect on line bisection. Conclusion—The designation of sensoryattentional versus motor-intentional neglect therefore, in part, depends on task specific demands. (J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1998;64:331‐338)

A multisite examination of youth gang membership: does gender matter?*

Abstract: The nature and extent of female involvement in gangs has been a relatively neglected area of criminological inquiry. Even more rare have been investigations of explanations of female gang participation. This neglect can be attributed, in large part, to a perception that the phenomenon is statistically rare and the behavior substantively unimportant. Our objectives in this research are twofold: to describe gang membership in a general survey of eighth-grade students in a cross section of the United States and to examine differences between boys' and girls' attitudes associated with gang membership

The Tender Years : Toward Developmentally Sensitive Child Welfare Services for Very Young Children

Abstract: Preface 1. Child Development and Child Welfare 2. Child Abuse and Neglect of Very Young Children 3. From Child Maltreatment to Placement 4. Foster Care, Reunification, and Adoption 5. Group Care 6. Focus on Infants 7. Understanding Children and Families Served by the Child Welfare Systems 8. Public Child Welfare Practice 9. Reconceptualizing the Child Welfare System for Very Young Children Appendix: Study Methods References Index

The importance of schools and teachers in child welfare

Abstract: The article begins by challenging what is considered to be the relative neglect by child and family social work of the importance for children of school and teachers. Key roles of school in children's lives are conceptualized. School is argued to have potential as an ally for children, a guarantor of basic protection, a capacity builder, a secure base from which to explore the self and the world, an integrator into community and culture, a gateway to adult opportunities and a resource for parents and communities. It is suggested that school can have a special supportive value for children experiencing adversity, including those in state care or under supervision, those whose parents have divorced, and those recovering from abuse or neglect. The implications of the central importance of schools and teachers for child and family social work are discussed with reference to the child as client, work with teachers, work with the wider school and community, and policies in social work agencies and in education and training programmes for social workers and teachers.

Recovery from visuospatial neglect in stroke patients.

Abstract: OBJECTIVES To describe the natural recovery of visuospatial neglect in stroke patients and the distribution of errors made on cancellation tests using a standardised neuropsychological test battery. METHOD A prospective study of acute ( RESULTS There were 66 patients with acute right hemispheric stroke assessed of whom 27 (40.9%) had evidence of visuospatial neglect. Patients with neglect, on admission, had a mean behavioural inattention test (BIT) score of 56.3, range 10–126 (normal>129). Three of the subtests identified errors being made in both the right and left hemispaces. During follow up, recovery occurred across both hemispaces, maximal in the right hemispace. Recovery from visuospatial neglect was associated with improvement in function as assessed by the Barthel score. At the end of the study period only six (31.5%) patients had persisting evidence of neglect. On admission the best predictor of recovery of visuospatial neglect was the line cancellation test (Spearman’s rank correlation r =−0.4217, p=0.028). CONCLUSION The demonstration of errors in both hemispaces has implications for the theory that neglect is a lateralised attentional problem and is important to recognise in planning the rehabilitation of stroke patients.