Showing papers on "Reverse osmosis published in 2002"
Book•
20 Mar 2002
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present the resources and need for water desalination, and present an economic analysis of the desalinization process, including factors affecting product cost and economic calculations.
Abstract: Introduction - Resources and need for water desalination, Composition of seawater Single Effect Evaporation - Single effect evaporation, Evaporators Single Effect Evaporation - Vapor Compression, Single effect thermal vapor compression, Single effect mechanical vapor compression Multiple Effect Evaporation - Developments in multiple effect evaporation, Forward feed multiple effect evaporation Multiple Effect Evaporation - Vapor Compression, Parallel feed multiple effect evaporation, Forward feed multiple effect evaporation with thermal vapor compression Multi Stage Flash Distillation - Developments in MSF, MSF flashing stage Reverse Osmosis - Historical background, Elements of membrane separation Reverse Osmosis Feed Treatment, Biofouling, and Membrane Cleaning - Nee for pretreatment processes in RO, Testing methods Associated Processes - Venting of non-condensable gases, Steam jet ejectors Economic Analysis of Desalination Processes - Factors affecting product cost, Elements of economic calculations. Appendices: Thermodynamic Properties Thermodynamic Losses Heat Transfer Coefficients Computer Package.
790 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors evaluated conventional drinking water treatment processes under typical water treatment plant conditions to determine their effectiveness in the removal of seven common antibiotics: carbadox, sulfachlorpyridazine, sulfadimethoxine, sulfamerazine, sul-famethazine and trimethoprim.
Abstract: Conventional drinking water treatment processes were evaluated under typical water treatment plant conditions to determine their effectiveness in the removal of seven common antibiotics: carbadox, sulfachlorpyridazine, sulfadimethoxine, sulfamerazine, sul- famethazine, sulfathiazole, and trimethoprim. Experiments were conducted using synthetic solutions prepared by spiking both distilled/ deionized water and Missouri River water with the studied compounds. Sorption on Calgon WPH powdered activated carbon, reverse osmosis, and oxidation with chlorine and ozone under typical plant conditions were all shown to be effective in removing the studied antibiotics. Conversely, coagulation/flocculation/sedimentation with alum and iron salts, excess lime/soda ash softening, ultraviolet irra- diation at disinfection dosages, and ion exchange were all relatively ineffective methods of antibiotic removal. This study shows that the studied antibiotics could be effectively removed using processes already in use in many water treatment plants. Additional work is needed on by-product formation and the removal of other classes of antibiotics.
602 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors provide an overview of recent process improvements in seawater desalination using reverse osmosis (RO), multi stage flash (MSF), multi effect distillation (MED), electrodialysis (ED), and hybrid processes.
388 citations
TL;DR: In this article, an experimental investigation was conducted to study the performance of an aromatic polyamide (ES 20) ultra-low-pressure reverse osmosis membrane (ULPROM) for separating divalent (Cu 2+, Ni 2+ ) and hexavalent (Cr 6+ ) heavy metals from bulk solution.
300 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the ULPRO membrane chemistry can provide a high water flux at low operating pressure, while maintaining a very good salt and organics rejection, but neither molecular weight nor molecular width can be considered as an absolute factor for rejection.
263 citations
TL;DR: Results obtained here show that flocculation prior to microfiltration leads to significant arsenic removal in the permeate, and the addition of small amounts of cationic polymeric flocculants lead to significantly improved permeate fluxes duringmicrofiltration.
199 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the potential of ultra-filtration (UF) pre-treatment prior to reverse osmosis (RO) for desalting seawater with high-fouling tendency was assessed.
167 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the influence of feed temperature, salinity and flow rate on permeate flow and salinity was evaluated and a combined Spiegler-Kedem/film theory model described the experimental results.
164 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the Spiegler-Kedem model was used to obtain the convective and diffusive contributions, however, the model does not have specific parameters for solute-membrane interactions.
145 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the application of reverse osmosis (RO) to the global effluent from the electroplating industry has been studied and the results obtained show that there is 75-95% recovery of water and nearly total removal of metals in the permeate.
139 citations
TL;DR: RO and XAD-8 are two of the most common techniques used to isolate natural organic matter (NOM) for studies of composition and reactivity; therefore, it is important to understand how the isolates differ from bulk (unisolated) samples and from one another.
TL;DR: In this article, a program of research was initiated to study the treatment of spent rinse water from metal plating using reverse osmosis (RO) to meet the requirements for reuse as an alkaline rinse water.
TL;DR: In this article, reverse osmosis (RO) membranes were tested at three different treatment plants in southern California, using either aluminum sulfate (alum) or ferric chloride coagulants and chloramines.
TL;DR: In this paper, an exergy analysis of a 7250 m3/d reverse osmosis (RO) desalination plant in California was conducted by using actual plant operation data, and an alternative design was investigated to improve its performance.
TL;DR: In this paper a process for the treatment of landfill leachate involving evaporation and reverse osmosis was proposed and comparable reductions of over 97% were registered for both types of membrane in the optimal conditions of pH = 6.4.
TL;DR: In this article, the integration of different membrane units represents an interesting way for reaching the process intensification goals due to the possibility of overcoming the limits of the single units and, thus, to improve the performance of the overall operation.
TL;DR: In this paper, three feed pretreatments for a spiral wound reverse osmosis (RO) membrane filtration were evaluated, including: (i) membrane ultrafiltration (System I); (ii) dual media filter and granular activated carbon (GAC) adsorption (System II); (iii) dual medium filter and GAC with dosage of organic flocculant (15 mg/l to form filterable flocs).
TL;DR: In this paper, a feasibility study of water desalination in remote areas of Egypt using photovoltaic energy as the primary source of energy is presented, where the availability of water resources and solar energy in these areas has been investigated.
TL;DR: In this article, the influence of cross-flow rate and continuous water addition on flux was evaluated, where the sensible heat from this stream was used to remove water as vapour through a hydrophobic polypropylene membrane.
TL;DR: In this article, a systematic experimental design based on Taguchi's method has been employed for discussing the relationship between the rejection rate coefficient, permeation rate and the dry-wet spinning conditions for making cellulose acetate hollow fibers for reverse osmosis (RO).
TL;DR: In this article, the performance of nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO) membranes was compared with dead-end filtration, and the results showed that one single membrane operation allowed the milk constituents to be concentrated in the retentate but reusable water complying with the standard of purified water from process water was not reached.
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of silica fouling of reverse osmosis membranes in the presence of minute amounts of various inorganic cations such as iron, manganese, nickel and barium that are present in industrial and mineral processing wastewaters was investigated.
TL;DR: The use of microfiltration membrane-based sorbents containing multiple polymeric functional groups is a novel technique to achieve high metal sorption capacity under convective flow conditions.
TL;DR: In this article, reverse osmosis (RO) and nanofiltration (NF) were used to purify industrial phosphoric acid solutions up to a concentration of 2 M. The performance of membrane was better by applying a simple pretreatment with a solution of phosphoric acids/ethanol/water.
TL;DR: In this paper, a prototype wind-powered reverse osmosis desalination system was constructed and tested on Coconut Island off the northern coast of Oahu, Hawaii, for brackish water desalinization.
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of application of ultrafiltration (UF), nanofiltration (NF), reverse osmosis (RO) and membrane distillation (MD) processes on the quality of treated water was investigated.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe some applications of membrane separation, e.g. reverse osmosis in the treatment of sugar beat press water, recovery of salt from waste brine at a sugar decolorization plant or microfiltration and ultrafiltration of raw sugar juice, as an alternative to chemical purification process.
TL;DR: In this paper, a combination of the reverse osmosis treatment with the oxidation of organic substances by hydrogen peroxide in the presence of FeCl2 salt as a catalyst was shown to lead to the effective removal of phenol and its derivatives from aqueous solutions.
Patent•
01 Nov 2002
TL;DR: A process is provided to produce water that will meet the specifications of the United States Pharmacopeia Inc for Purified Water and Water for Injection, and water for dialysis as circumscribed by the American Association for Advancement of Medical Instrumentation (AAMI).
Abstract: A process is provided to produce water that will meet the specifications of the United States Pharmacopeia Inc for Purified Water and Water for Injection, and water for dialysis as circumscribed by the American Association for Advancement of Medical Instrumentation (AAMI) The system has no storage tanks where stagnant water will be fouled by biofilm colonizing the tank surface Water is circulated throughout the purification system and drawn as required, on demand The water is purified and used immediately or recycled and repurified to ensure quality Sanitation of the purification system, maintaining microbiological purity and cleaning is done by controlling the pH so that it is normally acidic by maintaining a high carbon dioxide concentration in solution, the carbon dioxide being allowed to pass into the permeate from a reverse osmosis membrane assembly used to purify the water
Patent•
17 Dec 2002TL;DR: In this article, a reverse osmosis membrane separation device is used to back-wash a separation membrane under a back pressure higher than 0.05 MPa but not higher than 3 MPa.
Abstract: At the time of back washing of a treatment system, filtrate 2 is reverse-osmosis-filtrated by a reverse osmosis membrane separation device 51 so as to be separated into permeate 3 and concentrate 4. The concentrate 4 obtained from the reverse osmosis membrane separation device 51 is supplied as washing water into a spiral membrane element 10 through pipes 21 and 21a. On this occasion, the concentrate 4 is pressurized by a supply pump 104, so that a separation membrane is back-washed under a back pressure higher than 0.05 MPa but not higher than 0.3 MPa.