Showing papers on "Rivalry published in 2002"

A Mind of Her Own: The Evolutionary Psychology of Women

Abstract: * A highly controversial book challenging current evolutionary thinking on women * A new book in the popular field of evolutionary psychology * Accessible and dynamic account of evolutionary theory Theories of human evolution portray ancestral men as active individuals who shaped future generations by testosterone-driven competition, creating a critical gulf between reproductive winners and losers. But what role is left for women within such evolutionary thinking? Their role has been constricted to mere consumers of the fruits of male competition accepting the winning male genes to pass to their children. Allegedly devoid of the need and capacity for competition amongst themselves, women could be neither winners nor losers in the reproductive stakes and so could contribute nothing to the genetic variability that drives selection. Is it any wonder that feminists are dismissive of such evolutionary approaches? That many have sought to ignore the contribution that evolutionary theory can make to our understanding of women? But have women really just been bit part actors in the whole story of evolution? Have they not played their own role in ensuring their reproductive success? In this highly accessible and thought provoking new book, Anne Campbell challenges this passive role of women in evolutionary theory, and redresses the current bias within evolutionary writing. Guiding us through the basics of evolutionary theory, she proposes that women have forged their own strategic way forward, acting through their own forms of competition, rivalry, aggression, and sexuality, to shape their own destiny. Throwing down a challenge to feminist theories, Campbell argues that evolutionary theory can indeed teach us plenty about the development of the female mind - we just need to get it right. This is an important book that will force others to re-evaluate their own assumptions about the evolution of the female mind.

An evolutionary perspective on strategic group emergence: a genetic algorithm-based model

Abstract: We develop a simulation model to examine conditions under which strategic groups emerge and their performance difference persists. In our model, mobility barriers, strategic interactions among high performers, dynamic capabilities (the mechanisms that allow winners to continue to survive), and boundary of rivalry are put together to derive their joint implications for the evolution of strategic groups. Not surprisingly, our model behavior shows that mobility barriers and strategic interactions play an important role in sustaining intergroup performance difference. However, the extremely high level of mobility barriers is shown to impede the emergence of strategic groups. We also find that dynamic capabilities and boundary of rivalry are as essential as mobility barriers in understanding the emergence and stability of strategic groups. When dynamic capabilities are absent or when rivalry is extended over firms with dissimilar strategies, strategic groups are less likely to exist. These findings can serve as a guideline for empirical research to probe why strategic groups exist sometimes and why they do not at other times. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

V1 activity is reduced during binocular rivalry.

Abstract: During binocular rivalry, one of two incompatible monocular stimuli is erased from perceptual awareness for seconds at a time. To examine whether this "rivalry suppression" occurs in V1, we measured functional magnetic resonance imaging activity during binocular rivalry and compared it with those in the two reference conditions: one representing complete suppression and the other representing no suppression. We found that the amplitude of V1 activity during rivalry fell midway between those in the two reference conditions; the amount of V1 activity associated with the nondominant pattern was reduced by 48% to 77% during rivalry. The same pattern of results was obtained with meaningful rival targets (i.e., a human face and a house). In this work, using a different experimental protocol, we confirmed the findings of earlier imaging studies that neuronal events associated with binocular rivalry occur as early as V1. Furthermore, our findings extend those earlier findings by demonstrating robust neural suppression during binocular rivalry regardless of the stimulus complexity of the rivaling targets.

Racial integration as an innovation: Empirical evidence from sports leagues

Abstract: This paper treats racial integration as an innovation in economic process in which economic entities find it advantageous to utilize potentially more productive inputs previously unavailable due to law, custom, or managerial discretion. Data on the racial integration of Major League Baseball and Atlantic Coast Conference basketball are employed to address this issue. The central question examined is which type of team integrated first—losers or winners? The results strongly support the idea that entrepreneurship trumps competitive rivalry; that is, winning teams led the process of racial integration. (JEL LI, J7) One of the watershed events in U.S. history is the struggle to achieve a racially integrated society. While the civil rights laws and court rulings in the 195O's, 196O's, and 197O's are among the major changes in public policy that gradually led to a breakdown of Jim Crow rule in the American South, other changes in law and custom also motivated the process of racial integration across time and place. Indeed, segregation was not limited to the South but was a prominent feature of many national organizations and markets. Despite the extensive commentary on these events from various perspectives, there has been very little economic analysis of the actual process of racial integration.' Economists have focused their efforts on the economics of discriminatio n while the actual process by which individuals, firms, and

Strategic Rivalries, Protracted Conflict, and Crisis Escalation:

Abstract: Underlying the emerging interest in the role of rivalry processes as antecedents to interstate conflict is the simple idea that conflict within the constraints of rivalry works differently than conflict outside of rivalry. In this article, we inspect the concepts of protracted conflict, as developed within the International Crisis Behavior (ICB) project, and rivalry, and discuss some of their applications to crisis escalation. The protracted conflict and rivalry concepts are not identical, but they do overlap in terms of their emphases on historical context, serious goal incompatibilities, and stakes that might be resolved coercively. Developing an argument for the concept of rivalry possessing fewer limitations than protracted conflict, we proceed to analyze and test the interaction between rivalry and other variables, again making use of an ICB escalation model, when predicting crisis escalation to war. Throughout, our basic question concerns what role interstate rivalry plays in crisis behavior. Are the crises of rivals more lethal than those of non-rivals? If so, can we pinpoint why that is the case? We find that rivalry not only makes escalation more likely, but also significantly interacts with more traditional predictors of conflict, such as capability ratios, the number of actors in a crisis, democracy, and the issues under contention.

How context influences predominance during binocular rivalry.

Abstract: Variations in the predominance of an object engaged in binocular rivalry may arise from variations in the durations of dominance phases, suppression phases, or both. Earlier work has shown that the predominance of a binocular rival target is enhanced if that target fits well—via common color, orientation, or motion—with its surrounding objects. In the present experiments, the global context outside of the region of rivalry was changed during rivalry, to learn whether contextual information alters the ability to detect changes in a suppressed target itself. Results indicate that context will maintain the dominance of a rival target, but will not encourage a suppressed target to escape from suppression. Evidently, the fate of the suppressed stimulus is determined by neural events distinct from those responsible for global organization during dominance. To reconcile diverse findings concerning rivalry, it may be important to distinguish between processes responsible for selection of one eye’s input for dominance from processes responsible for the implementation and maintenance of suppression.

Ethics, the Olympics and the Search for Global Values

Abstract: The backlash against the Olympic Games reflects the failure of the major global institutions in dealing with the social and ethical consequences of globalisation in areas such as the environment, poverty, terrorism and natural disasters. Disillusionment with the Olympic Games mirrors the disenchantment with the perceived values of globalisation, including winning at any price, commercial exploitation by MNCs, intense national rivalry, cronyism, cheating and corruption and the competitive advantage of advanced nations. How could the Olympic Movement reverse this perception? The most important change would be in the area of leadership. Revitalising the Olympic spirit will require a revolution at the IOC. Character, credibility and communication will be the critical success factors. Before appointing the next President of the IOC, there is an exciting opportunity to reconceptualise the Games as a platform for building a framework of global values to counter-balance the naked economic priorities currently dictating the pattern of globalisation. In reinventing the Olympic Games, it is important to recognise that the modern Games are based upon an anachronism. The idea that amateur sport is both the key to individual moral development and world harmony is largely an invention of the British aristocracy, whereas the original Greek Games not only celebrated the classical ideal of `a sound mind in a sound body', but also involved professional athletes and commercial activity. In making the Olympic Charter relevant to the 21st century, and in making the Olympics more than just a speculator sporting event, there is a strong case for the Games to include a wider spectrum of activities, including arts programs and policy forums, which address the well-being of all humanity in a competitive global economy.

Entry Regulation and the Influence of an Incumbent Special Interest Group

Abstract: The literature on both entry deterrence and the influence of special interest groups is extensive. In this paper we attempt to marry these strands of literature by developing a model of entry deterrence through interest group influence in an entry re-regulation context. In contrast to other entry deterrence models, we are able to investigate how product market rivalry affects the regulator's equilibrium entry decision, firms' output decisions, entry deterring activities and equilibrium welfare. We find that in equilibrium more collusive industries tend to lobby more but that the regulator attempts to compensate for weak price rivalry by allowing greater entry. The latter effect tends to offset the former, possibly entirely so that the overall welfare effect is ambiguous.

Hot Spots or Hot Hands? Serial Crisis Behavior, Escalating Risks, and Rivalry

Abstract: Recently, a debate has begun concerning the relationship between conflict events over time between the same disputants. While research on rivalries and recurrent conflict suggest that crises are related over time, others (Gartzke and Simon 1999) doubt the empirical and theoretical foundations of this research. We agree with the critics that the proposition that conflicts between adversaries are related over time remains only weakly substantiated. To fill this lacuna, we test four hypotheses relating past crisis behavior and sequences to subsequent conflict, using International Crisis Behavior (ICB) project data. Our results support the serial crisis hypothesis and suggest that the probability of subsequent crises and wars increase with each past crisis. Our findings also reinforce the inclination to give more emphasis to the analysis of rivalries.

International Production Networks in Asia: Rivalry or Riches?

Abstract: International Production Networks in Asia: Rivalry or Riches? Edited by Michael Borrus, Dieter Ernst, and Stephan Haggard. London: Routledge, 2000. Pp. 267. First, the title of this book is a little misleading. While it appears to concern itself with cross-- border international production networks (IPNs) in Asia in general, this book focuses almost entirely on IPNs in the electronics industry in the Pacific Asia region. That minor quibble aside, this volume provides an illuminating and valuable insight into the way IPNs have developed in what is arguably East Asia's single most important industrial sector. Indeed, as the editors point out, the electronics sector spans a wide spectrum of sub-industries, and this study is "thus able to capture a great variety of sectoral characteristics". For example, U.S. firms tend to be strong in industrial electronics, while Japanese and Korean firms are strong in consumer products, and Singapore and Taiwan firms tend to specialize in PC electronics. Further, the editors contend that they "expect the industrial practices characteristic of [the] electronics [industry] are likely to diffuse to other sectors". Commencing in the mid-1980s, cross-- border IPNs in the electronics industry are relatively new, compared with IPNs in the garments, footwear, furniture, and toy industries that date from more than a decade before. Nonetheless, by the 1990s, the electronics sector had become the most important sector for both U.S. and Japanese investment in Pacific Asia. The first two chapters of this edited volume provide a solid grounding in the development of IPNs in the region, and the extent to which they have become an integral part of the industrial integration of Pacific Asia, as well as the corporate strategies of electronics firms in the region. The six following chapters then provide specific case studies: the resurgence of U.S. electronics firms in the region; the IPNs of Japanese electronics firms; the "Taiwanese model" in the computer industry; the IPN network of Samsung Electronics; the growth of Singapore's electronics industry; and Japanese and U.S. electronics companies in Malaysia. A final chapter discusses the degrees to which the forces of globalization have reshaped IPNs in the region. Four main themes are identified in the book. The first is that IPNs tend to be created to "access locational advantages ... with the increasingly specialized technology, skills and know-how that are resident" at each network node. The second is that the variety of IPNs differs greatly, and that these differences are "ultimately rooted in national systems of production and innovation", as exemplified by the various case study chapters. The example of Cisco is illustrative, as a company that does not own its manufacturing capacity, nor even possess its own central corporate laboratory for conventional R&D. Instead, Cisco's products are "assembled entirely by independent 'turnkey' contract manufacturers in California and Asia from components and manufacturing services that flow from a variety of independent suppliers throughout Asia and the United States". While contractual arrangements between Cisco and these various suppliers exist, actual equity ownership links do not. And as a result, such IPNs have shifted organization foci "from the legal entity known as the firm to the contractual network of firms tied together by mutual long-term interest", to quote John Stopford. From an even wider perspective, Pacific Asia is "increasingly organized and integrated at the level of corporate organization", which has "important implications for both the political economy of the region and the trade and investment policies of particular countries". A third theme is that IPNs generate "important competitive consequences, particularly in technology-intensive sectors such as electronics". …

Who rides the beast? : prophetic rivalry and the rhetoric of crisis in the churches of the apocalypse

Abstract: The Book of Revelation presents the reader with a frightening narrative world in which the people of God are tormented, threatened, and sometimes killed by various agents of Satan. Throughout the work, the Apocalyse points to Rome as the predominant demonic agent. Scholars have traditionally thought that Revelation was written in order to encourage believers to stand fast in the face of the Roman persecutation of the early Church. More recently, however, it has been argued that no such crisis existed at the time the book was written. In this study, Paul Duff offers a different viewpoint on the origin of the Book of Revelation is a rhetorically sophisticated response to an internal leadership crisis within the churches. In support of this argument Duff marshals evidence from the social and economic context of the time, and from literary and rhetorical analyses of the text. The result is a work that substantially advances the implication of the current consensus and sheds new light on this influential yet enigmatic text.

Iran’s Rivalry with Saudi Arabia between the Gulf Wars

Abstract: Part I Bilateral Relations from the Islamic Revolution of 1978/9 to the Aftermath of the Second Gulf War: Iran's Islamic Revolution and Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia in the First Gulf War, 1980-1988 Detente during the Second Gulf Crisis, 1990-1991. Part II Main Areas of Rivalry: Centres of Rivalry Central Asia The Struggle for Religious and Economic Leadership. Conclusion - Major Events in Iranian-Saudi Arabian Relations.

Intertextual Biography in the Rivalry of Cratinus and Aristophanes

Abstract: MORE THAN A DECADE AGO, Malcolm Heath provided an influential explanation for charges of plagiarism between comic poets when he posited a growing store of ideas that were recycled as quickly as they were invented. As a result, “Anything put on stage in a comedy would become public property and be absorbed into the repertoire, so that all comic poets contributed to it; and all drew on it, although each would aim to give a new and original twist to the material which he borrowed, so that the repertoire constantly evolved. If this was so, then any poet could lay claim to originality . . . and any rival could make a counterclaim of plagiarism.” 1 These remarks have important implications for the study of Old Comedy, not least in exposing the irony of such assertions as that of Antiphanes (Poie\, fr. 189 K-A), which overstates generic distinctions between tragedy and comedy on the score of originality. Beyond merely acknowledging comedy’s essentially adaptive nature, Heath’s position suggests that a certain degree of allusiveness was, as it were, built into the genre. Unfortunately there are few opportunities to test the potential insights that follow from Heath’s general proposition since the corpus of comic fragments poses so many questions of plot, context, attribution, and—always important for this kind of study—chronology. There is one sequence of plays, however, that has attracted attention since antiquity as an example of comic poets responding to one another and for which valuable insights can still be gained by building on Heath’s thesis. In 423 Cratinus took the prize against Aristophanes’ Clouds with Pytine, a play in which Cratinus boldly portrayed himself as the hero while borrowing heavily from Aristophanes’ caricature of him in Knights the previous year. While interest in the relationship of these plays has been renewed in recent years, the convergence of issues pertaining to adaptation, intertextuality, and rivalry has not been fully explored. Besides discussing these ideas as they relate to Knights and

The Origins of Security Cooperation in the Southern Cone

Abstract: Argentine-Brazilian relations have undergone a remarkable transformation over the last two decades, from enduring rivalry to cooperation. Dating back to the late 1970s, security cooperation has been a byproduct of two different sets of factors, strategic and military organizational, that propelled the two countries independently but simultaneously toward peaceful settlement. The 1979–80 settlement of disputes over hydroelectric power and nuclear technology not only ended centuries of militarized competition but established the first institutional structures of what is today one of the world's most durable security regimes.

Justice Beliefs in School: Distinguishing Ultimate and Immanent Justice

Abstract: This paper combines two recent developments in just world research: the conception of belief in a just world (BJW) as a resource for coping and well-being in everyday life, and the distinction between two different facets of BJW, namely belief in immanent justice (BIJ) and belief in ultimate justice (BUJ) Moreover, these two aspects are adapted to the school context and educational psychology Scales for measuring ultimate and immanent justice in schools were developed within a German pilot reform project with a sample of 1274 pupils The two facets could be distinguished by means of factor analysis The reliability of the two scales is satisfactory, and their validity is confirmed by their differential correlational patterns Results show that not every form of BJW automatically functions as a coping resource In fact, only BUJ is able to protect pupils' mental well-being, whereas immanent justice can actually jeopardize well-being Similarly, BUJ is associated with the perception of solidarity and learning enjoyment in class, whereas BIJ is more closely associated with the experience of rivalry and competition in class Finally, the socialization of the two justice beliefs is considered The cross-sectional data provide some evidence to suggest that friendly and supportive parenting styles can promote BUJ, whereas strict parenting styles may further BIJ More longitudinal research is needed to obtain further insights into these phenomena

European Integration: The Market, the Political and Class

Abstract: The article argues that class is crucial for the understanding of European integration. Rivalry between member states presupposes their common interest in containing the European working class(es) ...

11 September and the future of Sino-American relations

Abstract: While there is certainly reason to hope that the events of 11 September will lead to an improvement in Sino-American relations, there are at least three substantial reasons to doubt that, in the end, relations will really improve. On closer inspection, the war on terrorism provides at best a very limited basis for US–PRC cooperation. Moreover, despite some superficial improvements in the diplomatic climate, none of the persistent, underlying sources of contention between the two powers has been significantly altered or alleviated by the current crisis. Finally, and most importantly, in ways that could not initially have been foreseen, the events of recent months may actually end up intensifying the ongoing Sino-American strategic rivalry. The forces impelling the United States and the PRC toward continuing suspicion and competition are powerful and deeply rooted in their very different domestic political regimes and in their positions in the international system. These competitive tendencies will not be e...

Ecuador Vs. Peru: Peacemaking Amid Rivalry

Abstract: Although the 1995 Cenepa War between Ecuador and Peru was the first military conflict in South America in more than five decades, the Ecuador-Peru relationship might be charcterized as one of enduring rivalry. This text analyzes the mediation process that followed the 1995 war.

R&D Networks

Abstract: We develop a model of strategic networks that captures two distinctive features of interfirm collaboration: bilateral agreements and nonexclusive relationships. Our analysis highlights the relationship between market competition, firms' incentives to invest in R&D, and the architecture of collaboration networks. In the absence of firm rivalry, the complete network, where each firm collaborates with all others, is uniquely stable, industry-profit maximizing, and efficient. By contrast, under strong market rivalry the complete network is stable, but intermediate levels of collaboration and asymmetric networks are more attractive from a collective viewpoint. This suggests that competing firms may have excessive incentives to form collaborative links.

Globalization or Imperialism

Abstract: In a general sense, the term "globalization" is a politically motivated concept of ideological rhetoric centered on the notion of the evolution of a harmonious and integrated world order to mitigate the tension and conflict that historically has disrupted the international political economy. This article examines various meanings of "globalization," compares and contrasts three dominant theories that have shaped thinking over the past century, and argues for a return to imperialism as a theoretical framework for understanding the impact of global capitalism on the contemporary world. The concept of globalization may have roots in earlier efforts to characterize the world economy as potentially orderly and harmoniously integrated. Although it is rarely conceptualized in historical theoretical debates, "globalization" is a way of describing a world that is reminiscent of the thought of such writers as Karl Kautsky, who argued that capitalism would eventually transcend the problems created long ago by the imperialist nations. Kautsky envisaged capital as being transformed into a single world entity, and he believed that an alliance of international finance capital would bring about a peaceful resolution of the conflict generated by the rivalry of national finance capitals. Joseph Schumpeter felt that the world of imperialism a century ago was essentially precapitalist and would eventually disappear in a rational and progressive capitalist era (see Chilcote, 2000b: 198-203). In fact, the idea of globalization is consistent with the way in which the diffusionist literature has characterized the interdependent world order of nations, which is based on the assumption that the spread of capitalism and technology outward from the developed capitalist part of the world would allow less developed regions to advance to the same level. The idea of globalization also implies that accumulation of capital, trade, and investment are no longer confined to the nation-state and thus enhances the idea that capital flows have created a new world order with its own institutions and network of power relationships.

Trust and Commerce in Open Source - a Contradiction?

Abstract: Open source software is a collective term for different software licenses that give users access to the source code of the programs and thus allow them to develop the programs according to their needs. Because nobody can be excluded and because there is no rivalry in consumption, the open source software code represents a public good. Our aim is to discuss the different motives of the developers to cooperate as well as the interplay between differently motivated developers. As a result we will show that three different motives, namely low cost situation, signalling and intrinsic motivation, coexist. The focus is especially on intrinsic motivation because this motive is always needed to sustain cooperation. Intrinsically motivated developers must have trust that they are not too much exploited by free riders. Because relationships in open source communities are rather institutional than personal, open source rests on swift trust. The decision to trust is then based on stereotypical social categories. Our arguments draw upon different empirical insights and upon three critical cases. We conclude that the successful innovation model open source may be in danger. The fragile balance between intrinsically and extrinsically motivated developers may be disturbed by the entrance of extrinsically motivated commercial firms into the world of open source.

Globalization in the Perspective of Imperialism

Abstract: A major aspect of economic globalization is the com- bination of free trade and free movement of capital. This appar- ently signifies a return to an international regime similar to that existing before World War I, the period generally characterized as imperialism. But globalization is not just a repetition of this previous period of capitalism. Important changes have taken place in the functioning of the world economy, most importantly increased cross-border links among capitals and international- ization of capital. There are, moreover, essential differences in the mechanisms of imperialist domination, which is expressed today mainly in economic and hardly in military rivalry between the main powers.