Showing papers on "Snacking published in 2008"
TL;DR: The results showed daily hassles were associated with increased consumption of high fat/sugar snacks and with a reduction in main meals and vegetable consumption, indicating an important indirect pathway through which stress influences health risk.
Abstract: Objective This study investigated the daily hassles-eating behavior relationship and its moderators in a naturalistic setting. Design A multilevel diary design was used to examine day-to-day within-person effects of daily hassles on eating behavior (N = 422), together with the individual and simultaneous influence of potential moderating variables. Main outcome measures Daily diary reports of between-meal snacking, fruit and vegetable consumption and perceived variations in daily food intake. Results The results showed daily hassles were associated with increased consumption of high fat/sugar snacks and with a reduction in main meals and vegetable consumption. Ego-threatening, interpersonal and work-related hassles were associated with increased snacking, whereas, physical stressors were associated with decreased snacking. The overall hassles-snacking relationship was significantly stronger and more positive at high compared to low levels of restraint, emotional eating, disinhibition, external eating and in females and obese participants. Simultaneous consideration of these moderators indicated that emotional eating was the pre-eminent moderator of the hassles-snacking relationship. Conclusion Daily hassles were associated with an increase in unhealthy eating behavior. These changes may indicate an important indirect pathway through which stress influences health risk.
447 citations
TL;DR: Perceived stress was associated with haphazard planning and emotional eating, but not related to other high fat eating domains in the overall sample, and held for overweight and obese participants with the addition of snacking on sweets.
151 citations
TL;DR: From a public health perspective, the combinations of identifiable dietary and physical activity behaviors may be useful as a basis for recommendations on preventing OW.
Abstract: Sedentary behavior (SED) has already been identified as a risk factor of childhood overweight (OW) but less is known about the dietary patterns related to adiposity. Our objective was to investigate if lifestyle patterns combining overall diet and physical activity were associated with childhood OW and if they were involved in the reverse association between socioeconomic status (SES) and OW. Dietary intake was assessed using a 7-d food record in 748 French children aged 3-11 y from the 1998-1999 cross-sectional French Enquete Individuelle et Nationale sur les Consommations Alimentaires national food consumption survey. Weight and height, leisure time physical activity, SED (television viewing), and SES were reported by parents or children by answering questionnaires. Scores for lifestyle patterns were assessed with factor analysis and their relationship with OW was explored by logistic regression analysis. Two similar lifestyle patterns were identified in children aged 3-6 y and 7-11 y: "snacking and sedentary" and "varied food and physically active." The snacking and sedentary pattern was positively associated with OW in the youngest children (P-trend - 0.0161) and partly mediated the negative association of SES to OW. The varied food and physically active pattern was inversely correlated with OW in the eldest children only (P-trend = 0.0401). A third pattern called "big eaters at main meals" was derived in children aged 7-11 y and was positively correlated with OW (P-trend = 0.0165). From a public health perspective, the combinations of identifiable dietary and physical activity behaviors may be useful as a basis for recommendations on preventing OW.
148 citations
TL;DR: Findings may provide scope for policy interventions to place particular emphasis on reducing typical portion sizes consumed of popular snack choices, in particular high-energy carbonated and soft drinks, among UK adolescents.
Abstract: Despite the potential link between snack food intake and obesity and the reportedly high prevalence of snacking among adolescents, adolescent snack food patterns (types of foods consumed, frequency and portion size) have not been extensively examined. This study examines these issues using data on the snacking patterns of adolescents aged 13– 16 years who took part in the 1997 National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS) and that from a Northern Irish (NI) cohort of adolescents collected 8 years later, in 2005. Overall energy intake was significantly higher in the NI adolescents in 2005 compared with the NDNS adolescents in 1997 (P, 0·01). Consequently, energy intake from snacks was significantly higher in the NI cohort (P, 0·01) and a trend for a higher % energy intake from snacks compared with the NDNS group was observed (median 32·5 % v. 29·8 %, respectively). Sugar-sweetened carbonated and soft drinks remained the most popular choice of snack over this 8-year period; however, both the portion size consumed and frequency of consumption were significantly higher among the adolescents in 2005 compared with those in 1997 (P¼ 0·022 and P¼0·014, respectively). Despite the lower popularity, and correspondingly lower frequency of milks and beverages, the portion size of both food groups was significantly higher among the adolescents in 2005 compared with those in 1997 (P, 0·001 and P¼ 0·007, respectively). These findings may provide scope for policy interventions to place particular emphasis on reducing typical portion sizes consumed of popular snack choices, in particular high-energy carbonated and soft drinks, among UK adolescents. Snacking: Portion size: Energy intake: Adolescents
135 citations
TL;DR: Increasing snacking frequency was associated with a greater likelihood of meeting milk and oil recommendations for boys and meeting fruit recommendations for both genders, and top food choices for snacks provide an excess of discretionary calories in the form of added sugars and fats.
125 citations
TL;DR: Students reporting medium or high TV viewership snacked more frequently while watching TV and recognized more advertising than students who were considered low viewers, and associations were found among TV viewing, energy-dense snack consumption, and snacking behavior, and between TV viewing and body weight status.
Abstract: Purpose Investigate whether TV viewing and recognition of snack food advertisements were associated with snack food consumption and the odds of being overweight or obese. Design Cross-sectional internet-based survey. Setting University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada. Subjects Undergraduate university students aged 18 to 25 years (N = 613). Measures Self-reported TV viewing, energy-dense snack consumption, snacking while viewing TV, and body weight. Analysis Hypothesis testing was completed using multiple analysis of variance, analysis of covariance, and logistic regression. Results Students reporting medium or high TV viewership snacked more frequently while watching TV and recognized more advertising than students who were considered low viewers. High viewers also reported more consumption of energy-dense snacks than low viewers. Snacking frequency appeared to be related to TV viewing and place of residence, but the association between snacking frequency and TV viewing was not accounted for by a...
125 citations
TL;DR: Wang et al. as mentioned in this paper examined the dynamic eating behaviors of Chinese people, focusing on snacking and the choice of cooking methods, and identified the influences of socioeconomic factors on these eating behaviors.
Abstract: The purpose of the study is to examine the dynamic eating behaviors of the Chinese people, focusing on snacking and the choice of cooking methods, and to identify the influences of socioeconomic factors on these eating behaviors. Data for this study were from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS). There were 12808 subjects, older than two years (y), from the 1991 and 11527 from the 2004 surveys respectively. Logistic regressions of pooled data were performed to evaluate how socioeconomic status (SES) was associated with two eating behaviors: snacking and consuming excessive amounts of fried foods. Simulation techniques were used to clarify the effects of the results that included significant interaction terms. Results showed that the rapid shift in the food and nutrient profile of the Chinese population is accompanied by equally profound changes in meal and cooking patterns. Snacking behavior is beginning to emerge and there are shifts away from the steaming and boiling of food to the, less healthy, frying of food. Income is positively associated with the consumption of both snacks and excessive fried food. Urban residents are also more likely to snack and to consume excessive amounts of fried foods than rural residents. These findings indicate that eating behaviors are beginning to change rapidly toward less healthy options in China. SES plays a vital role in the early stages of the eating behavior transition in China. Future health promotion programs targeting the higher-SES population will exert far-reaching effects on the improvement of health status in this group.
119 citations
TL;DR: Overweight and obese adolescents had more approximal caries than normal-weight individuals, and the frequent consumption of snacking products during early childhood appears to be a risk indicator for caries at 15 years.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: The prevalence of overweight and obesity in children is steadily increasing in many countries. Dental caries and obesity are both multifactorial diseases and are associated with dietary ...
111 citations
TL;DR: It is shown that skipping breakfast and eating frequency were associated with obesity, and the lack of association between eating away from home and obesity is in contrast to most previous research conducted in Anglo-Saxon countries.
Abstract: To examine the association between several eating behaviours and obesity, data were taken from a cross-sectional study conducted with 34,974 individuals aged 25-64 years, representative of the non-institutionalised Spanish population. Obesity was defined as BMI >or= 30 kg/m2. Study associations were summarised with OR obtained from logistic regression, with adjustment for socio-demographic and lifestyle factors. The results showed that those skipping breakfast were more likely to be obese, both in men (OR 1.58; 95 % CI 1.29, 1.93) and women (OR 1.53; 95 % CI 1.15, 2.03). Moreover, obesity was more prevalent in those having only two meals per day than in those having three or four meals in men (OR 1.63; 95 % CI 1.37, 1.95) and women (OR 1.30; 95 % CI 1.05, 1.62). Also, snacking was associated with obesity in women (OR 1.51; 95 % CI 1.17, 1.95). However, no association was observed between obesity and having one or more of the main meals away from home, in either sex. In conclusion, skipping breakfast and eating frequency were associated with obesity. The lack of association between eating away from home and obesity is in contrast to most previous research conducted in Anglo-Saxon countries. Differences in the type of establishment frequented when eating out or in the characteristics of restaurant customers in a Mediterranean population might explain these conflicting results.
94 citations
TL;DR: Women who were food insecure without hunger (FIWOH) and food insecure with hunger ( FIWH) had significantly fewer meals than food secure (FS) women and the energy contribution of each meal and the total energy contributed from snacking were both significantly greater for FIWOH women than for FS women.
Abstract: We examined the association between food insecurity and total daily energy intakes in American men and women. We estimated the number of daily snacks and meals consumed by individuals in different food security categories. Also, we calculated the energy contribution, energy density, and food group sources of those snacks and meals. Using the 1999–2002 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), we examined the Food Security Survey Module (FSSM) and dietary information from the 24-h recall. Differences in energy intakes between groups were not significant. Women who were food insecure without hunger (FIWOH) and food insecure with hunger (FIWH) had significantly fewer meals than food secure (FS) women. The energy contribution of each meal and the total energy contributed from snacking were both significantly greater for FIWOH women than for FS women. The number of meals was significantly lower whereas the daily number of snacking occasions and the total energy from snacking were significantly increased for FIWOH men relative to FS men. FIWOH men consumed snack foods that had significantly lower energy density than those consumed by FS men. Among men and women, the major sources of meal energy were the grain group, the meat, poultry, and fish group, and the sugar, sweets, and beverages group whereas the major source of snacking energy was the sugar, sweets, and beverages group. Total energy intakes were not different for FI individuals; however, their meal and snack behaviors were different. Focusing solely on total energy intake would miss important consequences of food insecurity.
86 citations
TL;DR: No significant changes were observed in the diets of students who continued to live at home after starting university, but significant changes observed only in the students living in Glasgow were decreases in consumption frequency of fresh fruits, meat and cheese, and increases in consumption of snack foods.
TL;DR: Pediatricians can play a role individually in educating their patients and parents or collectively in raising awareness and/or advocating for local, state or federal policies to limit children's exposure to television and to restrict marketing and advertising of high-fat, high sugar, high calorie foods to children and adolescents.
TL;DR: Overweight and abdominal obesity in late adolescence have become a true public health problem in Tunisia with the combined effects of cultural tradition for girls in rural areas, and of rapid economic development for boys and girls in cities.
Abstract: ObjectiveTo assess the nutritional status of Tunisian adolescents and associated factors.DesignA cross-sectional study based on a national stratified random cluster sample.Subjects and methodsIn all, 1295 boys and 1577 girls aged 15–19 years, of whom 28·4 % had already left school. Socio-economic characteristics of the parents, anthropometric measurements, food behaviours and physical activity of the adolescents were recorded during home visits.ResultsPrevalence of underweight, overweight and obesity (WHO/National Center for Health Statistics reference) were, respectively, 8·1 %, 17·4 % and 4·1 % among boys and 1·3 %, 20·7 % and 4·4 % among girls; abdominal obesity was highly prevalent among both sexes. Prevalence of overweight differed by region (from 11·5 % to 22·2 %) and was higher in urban v. rural areas for males (21·7 % v. 10·4 %) but not for females (21·7 % v. 19·2 %). These differences were partially mediated by socio-economic and lifestyle factors for males. For females, influence of cultural factors is hypothesised. In rural areas, overweight was more prevalent among boys of higher economic level households, having a working mother or a sedentary lifestyle; for girls, prevalence increased with the level of education of the mother. In urban areas, prevalence of overweight was related to eating habits: it was higher for boys with irregular snacking habits and for girls skipping daily meals. Urban girls having left school were also more overweight.ConclusionOverweight and abdominal obesity in late adolescence have become a true public health problem in Tunisia with the combined effects of cultural tradition for girls in rural areas, and of rapid economic development for boys and girls in cities.
TL;DR: The evidence suggests that the physical demands of eating and drinking while driving can increase the risk of a crash.
TL;DR: Data suggest that a combination of more frequent intake occasions and lower contribution of the main meals to total daily EI is associated with a smaller risk of OW in children, and eating frequency was the only eating behavior that played a slight mediation role in the inverse relationship between SES and OW.
Abstract: The objectives of this study were: (i) to assess the relationships between childhood overweight (OW) and four eating behaviors: daily eating frequency, and the relative contribution of breakfast, main meals (lunch and dinner), and snacks to total daily energy intake (EI); (ii) to explore whether these eating behaviors are involved in the negative association between socioeconomic status (SES) and OW. A representative sample of French children aged 3-11 years (n = 748) was taken from the 1998-1999 cross-sectional French INCA1 (Enquete Individuelle et Nationale sur les Consommations Alimentaires) food consumption survey. Food intake was reported in a 7-day food record, and SES, physical activity, sedentary behavior (SED), weight, and height were reported by answering face-to-face questionnaires. After adjusting for EI, physical activity, and SED, OW was positively associated with the contribution of the main meals to EI (P = 0.03), not significantly associated with the contribution of breakfast to EI, and inversely correlated to the number of eating episodes (P = 0.009) and to the contribution of snacking episodes to EI (P = 0.007). Our data suggest that a combination of more frequent intake occasions and lower contribution of the main meals to total daily EI is associated with a smaller risk of OW in children. However, eating frequency was the only eating behavior that played a slight mediation role (contributing approximately 8%) in the inverse relationship between SES and OW.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Cies experience was significantly inversely related to socio-economic status whereas strongly correlated with frequency of sugar intake and frequency of snacking in between meals, and no relationship was found between OHI-S and DMFT.
Abstract: Background Dental caries is a lifetime disease, with highest priority risk group between 11-14 years of age group. Environmental factors such as culture, socioeconomic status, life style and dietary pattern can have a greater impact on caries-resistance or development. The present study was performed to evaluate the relationship between dental caries, oral hygiene status and risk factors among students. Methods Oral examination was performed in 242 adolescent between 11 and 14 years to check decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMFT) index and simplified oral hygiene (OHI-S) score. A questionnaire was distributed to gather data concerning external modifying risk factors such as socioeconomic status, oral hygiene practices and snacking habits. Results Average DMFT was found, 3.27 and OHI-S score was fair in majority of students. DMFT in 67.77% of students fell between 0 and 3. The prevalence of caries is significantly higher in female students as compared to their male counterparts. The major component of the DMFT was the untreated decay (D) in both genders. Half of the students claimed to be familiar with the benefits of fluoride and use toothbrush before bedtime. 16.1% of the subjects were aware of a bad-breath problem. Conclusion Caries experience was significantly inversely related to socio-economic status whereas strongly correlated with frequency of sugar intake and frequency of snacking in between meals. No relationship was found between OHI-S and DMFT.
TL;DR: Examination of the association between skipping meals and snacking events and dietary and clinical characteristics in children and adolescents using modern insulin treatment finds no clear link between these events and obesity.
Abstract: Aim: To examine the association between skipping meals and snacking events and dietary and clinical characteristics in children and adolescents using modern insulin treatment.
Methods: Dietary intake was recorded for 4 d in food diaries in 655 young diabetic patients. Number of meals and snacking events was recorded in a separated questionnaire, while clinical data were obtained from case record forms. Skipping meals refer to consuming a main meal (e.g., breakfast) five times a week or less.
Results: Modern insulin treatment may favor a more flexible lifestyle. This study shows that there are fewer young diabetic patients who skip meals than non-diabetic controls (p < 0.001) even when using modern intensified insulin treatment. However, skipping meals among young diabetic patients was associated with negative characteristics such as having suboptimal hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) (OR 4.7, p = 0.02), higher low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels (OR 4.0, p < 0.001), watching more TV (OR 3.6, p < 0.001), being overweight (OR 2.8, p = 0.03), as well as having a higher intake of added sugar (OR 2.1, p = 0.01) and lower intake of fiber (OR 0.2, p = 0.04) compared with those not skipping meals. Having more than two snacking events during the day was associated with higher HbA1c, higher intake of added sugar and sweets, and spending more hours in front of the TV or personal computer.
Conclusions: In general, fewer children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes skip meals compared with healthy peers. Those who skip meals and have more snacking events have poorer glycemic control and less healthy dietary and leisure habits.
TL;DR: It is suggested that adults regulate energy intake over a 24-h period more closely than they do at individual eating occasions, similar to the pattern previously observed in children.
TL;DR: Delivery of energy and caffeine in a manner that promotes snacking behavior is advantageous for increasing self-selected physical activity during arduous labor.
Abstract: Repeated carbohydrate feedings and caffeine have been shown to increase self-paced physical activity. Whether a field ration pack that promotes snacking of these items would enhance physical activity remains unclear.
Purpose: Evaluate the effectiveness of a ration pack consisting of eat-on-move items to promote snacking, as well as caffeine items, as a nutritional strategy to improve performance.
Methods: Twenty-eight wildland firefighters consumed both an eat-on-move ration (first strike ration (FSR): 13.2 MJ, 420 g CHO, 665 mg caffeine daily) and entree-based ration (meals, ready-to-eat (MRE): 11.9 MJ, 373 g CHO, 100 mg caffeine daily) for 2 d separated by 1 d. Diet order was counterbalanced. Outcome measurements included self-paced physical activity determined by actimetry, reaction time, number of eating occasions using dietary recall, and dietary intake from food wrapper collection.
Results: Total eating episodes were higher with FSR compared with MRE (P = 0.013; mean +/- SD: 8.2 +/- 1.3 vs 7.6 +/- 1.1 episodes[middle dot]2 d-1), as were 2-d energy intake (22.0 +/- 2.4 vs 18.4 +/- 2.5 MJ; P 1000 counts[middle dot]min-1 (21 +/- 8% vs 18 +/- 6%; P = 0.01) and less percent of work shift <50 counts[middle dot]min-1 (33 +/- 10% vs 38 +/- 10%; P = 0.01).
Conclusions: Delivery of energy and caffeine in a manner that promotes snacking behavior is advantageous for increasing self-selected physical activity during arduous labor
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Results indicate necessities of multi-dimensional efforts at home, school, media and government level considering adolescents' age and gender for their healthy snacking behavior.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate snacking behavior in adolescents. We selected one middle school and one high school in 11 school districts in Seoul. The subjects were 1,813 students (904 boys and 909 girls) in 21 schools (11 middle schools and 10 high schools). Subjects reported their snacking behavior: snack frequency, snack type, snack time, with whom to eat snack, place to purchase snack. The subjects were classified into four groups by gender and schooling. The mean snack frequency was 2.8. Girls ate snacks more frequently than boys (p < 0.001). More than half of subjects ate 1 to 3 snacks a day. Only 9.3% of them did not eat any snack. Tangerine was highly ranked in snack type. Each subject groups had different snack time (p < 0.01) and type of snack (p < 0.001). Most snack was consumed alone (46.6%), however they mainly ate fruits and other foods with family. 46.9% of snacks were purchased outside. A typical snack time was 'before dinner' for most snacks except fruits. Unhealthy foods like soft drinks, cookies, chips, candies, chocolates, ice creams had relatively high proportion in snack consumption with friends. In conclusion, adolescents had different snacking behaviors by their age and gender. These results indicate necessities of multi-dimensional efforts at home, school, media and government level considering adolescents' age and gender for their healthy snacking behavior. (Korean J Community Nutrition 13(2) : 199~206, 2008)
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Information on eating habits of middle school students is provided and suggests that nutrition education or counseling can improve food habits and develop positive behaviors toward healthy diets.
Abstract: This study has been carried out to obtain information related to food habits and snacking behaviors including health related behaviors. The subjects were 300 middle school students (144 boys and 156 girls). The results were as follows: Average height and weight of boys were 162.3 cm and 54.1 kg respectively. Those of girls were 159.8 cm and 49.0 kg respectively. 59.0% of the subjects of the subjects had 10,000-30,000 won as monthly allowances and their subjective health condition was good (55.7%). In the regularity of meal, 47.0% of the subjects had twice a day, the main reason for skipping meal was insufficient time to eat due to oversleep (54.3%). Most of the subjects (75.0%) had a prejudice in food selection because of a bad taste. 62.0% of the subjects ate snack between meals more than three times a week, because they were hungry, good taste and habitual. The criteria of choosing snack were taste, nutrition and quality of food. Food as snacks they frequently had fruits, milk and milk products, cookies, chocolate in order. Boys had more french fries than girls, girls had more fruits, cookies and chocolate than boys. Average food habit score of boys (49.27 ± 7.53) was higher than that of girls (48.54 ± 7.81). The group who had a higher food habit score, they had more fruits and less soft drink as snacks, lower BMI, and also less monthly allowance than the group who had a lower food habit score. This study may provide basic information on eating habits of middle school students, suggests that nutrition education or counseling can improve food habits and develop positive behaviors toward healthy diets.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Advice, including importance of regularity of main meals, decrease in snacking frequency, regular brushing twice a day and the use of other oral hygiene aids for the elimination of dental plaque would be helpful to enhance the dietary habits and oral health related behaviors of young adult Turkish patients.
Abstract: Objectives: The aim of the present study was to investigate the dietary habits and oral health related behaviors in relation to the dental health status in terms of decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMFT index) of a group of young adults attending to a dental school located in a major city in Turkey. Study Design: A total of 416 young adults (247 females and 169 males) with an age range of 18-25 (Mean 23.2 sd 0.97) attending the Oral Diagnosis department participated in the study. The patients completed a questionnaire including questions about demographic factors, dietary habits and oral health related behaviors. Subsequently, the DMFT index and plaque index was calculated. Descriptive statistics, Mann Whitney U/ Kruskal Wallis Variance analysis, Chi-square/ Fisher’s Exact tests and multiple linear regression analysis were used for statistical analysis of the data when applicable. Results: According to the results of the study, approximately 70% of the patients had regular main meals and a very high snacking rate (76.9%) was present. Although not at a high rate, most of the patients brushed their teeth regularly twice a day (44.2%) and approximately half used other hygiene aids in addition to brushing (43.8%). The median of the DMFT index was 5 and a majority of the patients had moderate plaque accumulation which could be seen with the naked eye (45.0%). Dental plaque had the most significant effect on the DMFT index. Conclusion: In conclusion, advice, including importance of regularity of main meals, decrease in snacking frequency, regular brushing twice a day and the use of other oral hygiene aids for the elimination of dental plaque would be helpful to enhance the dietary habits and oral health related behaviors of young adult Turkish patients.
TL;DR: Eating breakfast everyday, not snacking frequently, and sleeping 6 hours or more did not relate to the occurrence of any components of the metabolic syndrome, as defined by the modified International Diabetes Federation criteria for Japanese people.
Abstract: The aim of this study was to examine the relation of lifestyles to components of the metabolic syndrome in Japanese male workers. The associations of six lifestyle factors with each of the components of the metabolic syndrome, as defined by the modified International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria for Japanese people, were evaluated in 4941 men at a workplace participating in the annual health examination; the subjects ranged in age from 36 to 60 years. The overall prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in the male workers was 9.1%. The odds ratios (ORs; 95% confidence interval) of three components of the metabolic syndrome such as high blood pressure, dyslipidemia, and glucose intolerance in body mass index (BMI) less than 25 were 0.51 (0.44, 0.59), 0.40 (0.35, 0.46), and 0.55 (0.45, 0.66), respectively. In contrast, eating breakfast everyday, not snacking frequently, and sleeping 6 hours or more did not relate to the occurrence of any components of the metabolic syndrome.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Obesity prevention programs targeting American Indian adolescents should focus on reducing time spent watching television/videos, screening for unhealthy weight-control behaviors, improving body satisfaction, and providing support for families to integrate healthy eating into their busy lifestyles.
Abstract: OBJECTIVES To determine the prevalence of overweight in a sample of urban American Indian adolescents and identify associated behavioral, personal, and socioenvironmental factors. DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS Participants were 246 American Indian boys and girls from the Saint Paul-Minneapolis metropolitan area of Minnesota who completed classroom surveys and anthropometric measurements as part of Project EAT (Eating Among Teens), a population-based study of adolescent nutrition and weight. MEASURES Survey items assessed behavioral factors (physical activity, television/video viewing, snacking and meal patterns, weight control behaviors), personal factors (body satisfaction, nutrition knowledge, nutrition/fitness attitudes, self-efficacy to make healthy food choices, perceived benefits/barriers to healthy eating), and socioenvironmental factors (family meal routines, family connectedness, parental attitudes regarding nutrition/fitness, availability of household foods, peer attitudes about weight and fitness). RESULTS Overweight prevalence (body mass index > or =85th percentile) was 43% and 39% for American Indian boys and girls. Compared to nonoverweight American Indian youth, overweight American Indian youth reported watching more hours of television/videos, greater use of weight control behaviors, less frequent snacking, caring less about fitness, lower body satisfaction, and greater parental concern about weight. CONCLUSION Obesity prevention programs targeting American Indian adolescents should focus on reducing time spent watching television/videos, screening for unhealthy weight-control behaviors, improving body satisfaction, and providing support for families to integrate healthy eating into their busy lifestyles.
01 Jan 2008
TL;DR: Family food environment and dietary behaviors were considered modifiable determinants and included: consumption of unhealthy foods, portion sizes, snacking, and number of family meals.
Abstract: The purpose of this article was to identify psychosocial determinants of childhood and adolescent obesity. Some of the determinants were considered non-modifiable such as genetics, sex, age, and race. The risk of developing obesity started early on in life, with high birth weight, rapid growth in infancy, maternal smoking during pregnancy, and lack of breastfeeding indicated as positive predictors. Family food environment and dietary behaviors were considered modifiable determinants and included: consumption of unhealthy foods, portion sizes, snacking, and number of family meals. Physical activity was also considered a protective factor against the development of obesity, with overweight children significantly less active than those who were non-overweight. Recommendations for successful interventions and future research were discussed.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Obese children have different daily behaviors or routines from normal weight children, and it is recommended that altering these behavioral patterns to match those of normal weightChildren should be encouraged.
Abstract: Since obesity has been a crucial issue regarding children’s health in Korea, numerous studies have been conducted. However, it is difficult to locate studies that can help researchers and/or medical professionals who want to study behavioral differences between obese and normal weight (non-obese) children. The collected literature about obese childrens behaviors were accumulated by performing ‘key word’ searches from several web engines: ‘obesity’ ‘children obesity’ ‘behavior’ ‘habit’ ‘eating behavior or habit’ ‘exercise’ ‘physical activity’ and ‘daily behavior’. The information was extracted and the behaviors were reviewed utilizing 30 papers that revealed any differences from normal weight children with at least p .05 level of significance. According to those studies, the obese children tended to skip meals more often as a method of losing weight. They also have an increased appetite, eat larger portions and rarely leave food on their plates. The obese children prefer to eat high fat, high calorie foods and eat faster than their normal weight counterparts. Also, the children usually eat alone and eat at irregular meal times. Beside the behaviors related to the standard three meals a day, obese children have high preferences for snacking. The children reported that with pocket money they usually eat certain types of snacks without parent approval. The children stated that they exercise more on a regular basis. However, when asked about their participation they were not likely to engage actively. Meanwhile, they tend to spend free time doing sedentary activities such as watching TV or playing on the computer. Since these studies used self -reported questionnaires with a small sample, size there may be difficulty in forming a basis about obese children’s behaviors. Nevertheless, these findings are in accordance with other studies conducted in local as well as western countries. In conclusion, obese children have different daily behaviors or routines from normal weight children. It is recommended that altering these behavioral patterns to match those of normal weight children should be encouraged. (Korean J Community Nutrition 13(3) : 386~395, 2008)
Journal Article•
TL;DR: It was important to supervise snacks selection and consumption in Chinese children and adolescents at the ages of 3-17 years and the limitations of snacks consumption data perhaps lowed underestimate the effects of snacks to dietary intake.
Abstract: Objective To describe the status of snacks consumption, the characteristics, and the contribution to their diet and nutrients intake in Chinese children and adolescents at the ages of 3-17 years. Methods Chinese health and nutritional survey (1991-2004), Chinese National nutrition and health survey (2002), and 2007 typical survey on snacks in Chinese residents were used in this report. The incidence of snacks consumption and snacking contribution were calculated by consecutive day 3 dietary recalls of the first 2 surveys. At least 1 snacks intake in 3 days was snacking consumption. Results The incidences of snacks consumption in Chinese population at the ages of 3-17 years were increased from 1991 (13.2%) to 2004 (19.3%). There were 35.1% of Chinese children and adolescents consuming snacks, 55.7% in urban and 29.6% in rural. Snacks provided 7.7% of total daily energy, 18.2% of fiber, 17.9% of VC, 9.9% of calcium, 9.7% of VE, 6.9% of iron and 6.3% of zinc. The snacks were mainly consumed in the evening. The main reasons were not nutrition of food but good taste, thirsty or hungry and food advertisement. The location of snacking was mainly at home and school. The snacks came from parents or other family members. They also buy snacks themselves. The consumption of candies and chocolate, jelly more than 4-6 day a week had a certain proportion. Conclusion It was important to supervise snacks selection and consumption in Chinese children and adolescents at the ages of 3-17 years. The limitations of snacks consumption data perhaps lowed underestimate the effects of snacks to dietary intake.
TL;DR: It is revealed that a thorough needs assessment of schoolchildren's snacking habits provides a foundation for behaviourally focused counselling.
Abstract: Objectives. This study examined counselling communication activities that were used for assessing schoolchildren's need for change of snacking habits. In addition, the schoolchildren's assessment of their need for change was explored after a follow-up year (2002–2003).
Material and methods. The follow-up research data included 66 counselling sessions in 2002 and 31 counselling sessions in 2003, with 31 schoolchildren. The sessions were conducted by four dental hygienists. The audio-taped data were analysed qualitatively by using content analysis.
Results. In 2002, the needs assessment was realized in three ways. Infrequently, the schoolchildren either disclosed their need for change or the counsellor explicitly determined the schoolchildren's need for change. Usually, however, the schoolchildren's needs assessment for change occurred through the counsellors’ communication activities of assessment, advice, and change-inducing questions. In one-third of the cases, the schoolchildren's need for change remained ambiguous during the sessions in 2002. With respect to positive changes in 2003, the schoolchildren themselves were aware of the need for change. Alternatively, the sessions included change discussion that addressed readiness for change and making changes during the counselling in 2002.
Conclusion. Our results revealed that a thorough needs assessment of schoolchildren's snacking habits provides a foundation for behaviourally focused counselling.
01 Jan 2008