Showing papers on "Ternary operation published in 1973"

Thermodynamics and phase diagram calculations in II-VI and IV-VI ternary systems using an associated solution model

Abstract: 2014 The thermodynamic properties and the T-x phase diagrams for liquid-solid equilibrium in II-VI and IV-VI ternary systems are described by a regular associated liquid solution model derived from that used by Jordan for ZnTe and CdTe and by the regular approximation for the solid solution. For the pseudo-binary systems exhibiting miscibility in both phases and monotonic variation of the liquidus and solidus curves, a general expression is obtained. It is independent of the interactions in the liquid, and is the same as for ideal non associated liquids. In the calculation of the ternary T-x phase diagrams five parameters are needed : the two interaction parameters 03B11, 03B12, the two coefficients of dissociation, 03B21, 03B22, obtained from the respective binary liquidus, and the interaction parameter W in the solid, derived from the pseudo-binary phase diagrams. Good agreement with experimental data is obtained for the pseudo-binary systems : ZnTe-CdTe, ZnTe-HgTe, ZnSe-ZnTe, CdTe-HgTe, CdTe-CdSe, HgTe-HgSe, PbSe-PbTe, PbTe-SnTe, and for the ternary systems : Zn-Cd-Te and Pb-Sn-Te. The theory is especially suited for the case 03B2 ~ 0 and 03B1 is small. It is applied to the calculation of the chalcogen-rich part of the ternary systems : Cd-Hg-Te and Cd-Se-Te. REVUE DE PHYSIQUE APPLIQUÉE TOME 8, SEPTEMBRE 1973, PAGE

Ternary diffusion in the α and γ phases of the Fe-Ni-P system

Abstract: Ternary diffusion coefficients have been determined in the α-bcc and γ-fcc phases of the Fe-Ni-P system and at four temperatures 1200, 1100, 1000, and 900°C. At 1100°C the ratio ofD NiNi Fe /D PP Fe in the α phase is 0.3 to 0.4 and the ratio of the cross coefficientD PNi Fe /D PP Fe is 0.03 to 0.05. m the γ phase the corresponding ratios are 0.01 to 0,02 and 0.0015 to 0.0025. The other cross coefficientD NiP Fe could not be evaluated because of experimental uncertainties. Estimates of the ratioD NiP Fe /D NiNi Fe using the interaction parameter e12 are 0.004 to 0.01 in the α phase and 0.02 to 0.04 in the γ phase. The addition of P in both the α and γ phase increases the major ternary coefficients up to as much as a factor of ten at one temperature. This is consistent with the fact that P lowers the melting point of FeNi in the ternary system, up to 500°C. Isodiffusion coefficient contours obtained at 1100°C plot approximately parallel to the α and γ solidus boundaries and are similar in shape to the α and γ solidus boundaries as a function of temperature. Activation energies andD 0 values were computed at selected compositions in both α and γ phases forD PP Fe andD NiNi Fe and are given below:

Semiconductor chip to substrate solder bond using a locally dispersed, ternary intermetallic compound

Abstract: A solder bond between a semiconductor chip and a substrate is improved by the addition of a region of solder which is dispersion hardened with a ternary intermetallic. In the preferred embodiment the solder is constituted by a solid solution of tin in lead and a uniformly dispersed copper/tin/palladium ternary intermetallic. One of the constituents of the ternary intermetallic is a constituent of the solder.

Solid–Liquid Phase Equilibria for the Ternary Systems V2O5–Na2O–Fe2O3, V2O5–Na2O–Cr2O3, and V2O5–Na2O–MgO

Abstract: The phase equilibrium relationships of several vanadate systems have been studied by a combination of differential thermal analysis (DTA) and X-ray powder diffraction methods. All systems studied w...

Phase equilibria in the system Al–Ga–As–Sn and electrical properties of Sn‐doped liquid phase epitaxial AlxGa1−xAs

Abstract: Experimental and calculated phase data for the Al–Ga–As–Sn system are presented. A ``simple solution'' treatment adequately predicts the quaternary from data available from the bounding binary and ternary systems. The distribution coefficient for Al between the solid and liquid increases with increasing Sn concentration in the liquid. For constant Sn concentration in the growth solution, the net electron concentration in solution‐grown AlxGa1−xAs decreases with increasing x, particularly near the direct‐indirect crossover composition. This occurs primarily because of the deepening of the donor level from ∼ 6 meV in GaAs to at least 66 meV in the indirect gap composition region of AlxGa1−xAs.

Constitution of ternary titanium-tungsten-carbon alloys☆

Abstract: The ternary alloy system Ti-W-C was investigated by means of melting point, differential-thermoanalytical, X-ray diffraction, and metallographic techniques on hot-pressed and heat-treated, as well as melted, alloy specimens and a phase diagram from 1500 °C through the melting range established. Above 2530 °C, titanium monocarbide and the isomorphous cubic high temperature phase in the W-C binary system are completely miscible and the solid solution has a congruent (maximum-type) melting point of 3130 °C at the approximate composition (Ti0.54W0.44)C0.75. Below 2530 °C, the tungsten exchange in the cubic monocarbide is temperature-dependent and decreases to about 50 at.% at 1400 °C. The titanium exchange in W2C is less than 3 at.% at 1500 °C and reaches a maximum of 8 at.% at 2680 °C. In addition to the ternary congruent melting point, four reaction isotherms occur in the system: Two are pseudobinary eutectics, monocarbide + graphite at 3030 °C, and monocarbide + tungsten-rich metal alloy at 2700 °C; peritectic melting of the binary WC results in a class II reaction L + C⇄cubic monocarbide + WC(hex) at 2760 °C, and a fourth isotherm at 2680 °C is associated with a ternary eutectic between metal, monocarbide (B1), and W2C. Pseudobinary eutectic melting between the monocarbide and the metal phase is directly attributable to the large stability difference between titanium and tungsten carbide, and the measured tie line distribution in the two-phase range metal + monocarbide is in accordance with estimates from known thermodynamic values for the binary boundary phases. The phase behavior in pseudobinary monocarbide solutions is largely determined by the relative lattice size of the boundary carbides, except for systems (M, W)C1 − x (M = Ti, Zr, Hf, V). which show extra stabilization due to bonding effects.

Ruthenium-99 Mössbauer studies of the magnetic properties of ternary and quaternary ruthenium(IV) oxides

Abstract: Ruthenium-99 Mossbauer spectra have been obtained for the ternary oxides SrRuO3, CaRuO3, BaRuO3, and Y2Ru2O7 and for the quaternary oxides Sr(Ru1–xIrx)O3(x= 0·1 and 0·2) and Sr(Ru0·7Mn0·3)O3. The spectrum of SrRuO3 reveals the first example of a hyperfine magnetic field in a ruthenium compound; the internal field of 352 kG at 4·2 K is compatible with the ferromagnetic moment derived from neutron-diffraction data, and confirms the collective-electron magnetism model for this perovskite. A more precise value for the E2/M1 mixing ratio of 2·72 ± 0·17 has been obtained for the 99Ru Mossbauer γ transition. The oxide CaRuO3 shows only a single line and hence no magnetic ordering even at 4·2 K; it is not antiferromagnetic as previously reported but is Curie-Weiss paramagnetic. The oxide BaRuO3 also gives a singlet; there is no long-range antiferromagnetic ordering, but within each cluster of three face-sharing RuO6 units localised pairing of the 4d electrons takes place. The oxide Y2Ru2O7 is magnetically ordered at 4·2 K, with a hyperfine field of 126 kG. Substitution of ruthenium by iridium in the oxide SrRuO3 reduces the field at ruthenium by approximately 60 kG for each iridium nearest neighbour, whereas in the case of manganese substitution the reduction for each manganese neighbour is only 22 kG.

The use of ternary complexes to study ionizations and isomerizations during catalysis by lactate dehydrogenase.

Abstract: 1. The binding of oxamate to pig heart and pig muscle isoenzymes of lactate dehydrogenase in the presence of NADH was studied by fluorescence titration. The dissociation constant of oxamate from the heart enzyme complex is 3μm and from the muscle isoenzyme 25μm at pH5. These values quantitatively increase with pH as predicted if oxamate can bind only to the enzyme–NADH complex if a group with pK6.9 is protonated. There are four non-interacting oxamate-binding sites per tetramer. 2. o-Nitrophenylpyruvate is a poor substrate for both isoenzymes but has a reasonable affinity to the heart isoenzyme. Initially, it forms an enzyme–NADH–substrate complex, which can be detected either by protein-fluorescence quenching or by NADH-fluorescence quenching. The pH-dependence of the dissociation constant of nitrophenylpyruvate also shows that this ternary complex can only form if a group with pK6.8 is protonated. Taken with the results of chemical-modification experiments, these results allow the pK of 6.8 to be assigned to a system probably involving the imidazole side chain of histidine-195. Formation of a ternary complex from a binary one at pH8 is predicted to result in a proton being taken up from solution. 3. Isotope-effect studies with NADH and its deuterium analogue show that the rapidly formed ternary complex with o-nitrophenylpyruvate slowly isomerizes to give an active ternary complex, which then rapidly decomposes to NAD+. The isomerization is pH-independent, and it is suggested that histidine-195 is still protonated in the activated ternary complex, which is present before hydride transfer. 4. All four subunits of the enzyme are kinetically equivalent with respect to the oxidation of bound NADH by o-nitrophenylpyruvate. 5. A partial mechanism for the enzyme is described which emphasizes the isomerizations and ionizations involved in forming the reduced ternary complex at pH6 and 8.

The Preparation and Crystal Structure of Ternary Rare Earth Borides, RCo3B2

Abstract: In the ternary system of rare earth-cobalt-boron, RCo3B2 compounds (R=rare earth elements) were prepared by arc-melting methods. Their crystal structure was investigated by X-ray diffraction methods. These ternary borides, RCo3B2, crystallize in a hexagonal lattice. The lattice parameters are a=5.020±0.002 A and c=3.027±0.002 A for YCo3B2 and a=5.066±0.003 A and c=3.022±0.002 A for GdCo3B2. The good agreement between the X-ray diffraction intensities observed and calculated shows that the ternary borides, YCo3B2 and GdCo3B2, crystallize in the CaZn5-type structure. The space group and atomic positions are as follows: P6/mmm (D6h1), 1R in 1(a), 3Co in 3(g), and 2B in 2(c). It can be seen from these results that the ternary borides, RCo3B2, have a superstructure in which two Co atoms in the 2(c) site of intermetallic compounds, RCo5, with the CaZn5-type structure are replaced by two B atoms. The B atoms in this structure are situated at the center of a trigonal prism formed by six Co atoms. The interatomic ...

The Crystal Data of Ternary Rare Earth Borides, RCo2B2

Abstract: Compounds with the composition of RCo2B2 (R=La, Nd, Sm, Gd, Tb, Dy, and Y) were prepared by arcmelting methods. Their crystal structure was investigated by means of X-ray diffraction. These ternary rare earth borides crystallize in the tetragonal lattice. The lattice parameters are a=3.616±0.003 A and c=10.215±0.005 A for LaCo2B2 and a=3.561±0.002 A and c=9.358±0.005 A for YCo2B2. The good agreement between the X-ray diffraction intensities observed and those calculated shows that the ternary borides, LaCo2B2 and YCo2-B2, crystallize in the ThCr2Si2-type structure. The crystallographic data obtained for LaCo2B2 and YCo2B2 are as follows: space group 14/mmm(D4h17); 2R in 2(a), 4Co in 4(d), and 4B in 4(e) with z∼3⁄8. The boron atoms in this structure are situated at the center of a trigonal prism formed by four rare earth atoms and two cobalt atoms. We also found the RCo2B2 compounds to be isostructural with LaCo2B2 and YCo2B2, where R=Nd, Sm, Gd, Tb, and Dy. However, efforts to prepare CeCo2B2 and ErCo2B2 ...

Atomic ordering and structural transformation in the V-Co-Ni ternary alloys

Abstract: The transformation behavior of the close-packed ordered nine-layered hexagonal structure (κ phase) existing in the V-Co-Ni ternary alloys was investigated by various metallurgical methods. Both neutron and X-ray diffraction indicate that atomic ordering and structural transformation take place separately. The isothermal aging at subcritical temperatures resulted first in the formation of cubic long-range-ordered α' from the fcc α matrix and subsequently transformation of the α' to hexagonal κ. The α' to κ transformation proceeds by nucleation and growth; however, both mode and morphology of transition vary with reaction temperature. These observation have been discussed in terms of the temperature dependence of nucleation and growth processes. The structural transformation produces massive substructures, which harden the alloy substantially.

Ternary Coordination Complexes Between Copper(II) and Amino Acids, and an Appraisal of the Enhancement of Ternary Complex Stability

Abstract: The equilibria involved in the ternary systems Cu(II)–A–B′ and Cu(II)–A–B″ (A = L-histidine, B′ = L-serine, B″ = L-glutamine) have been investigated by potentiometry in aqueous solution (0.15 M NaCl, 25°). In the ternary system Cu(II)–A–B′, three mixed complexes (MHAB′, MAB′, and MH−1AB′) were detected in addition to the binary complex species (MHA, MA, MH2A2, MHA2, MA2, MH−1A2, MB′, MB′2). The results observed in the Cu(II)–A–B″ system were quite similar to the system Cu(II)–A–B′ except that it did not show the presence of the species MH−1AB″. The stability constants were refined with a general least squares treatment. In the case of an equimolecular mixture of the constituents, a maximum of about 75% of Cu(II) is present as MAB′ at pH 5.5–9 and about 60% of Cu(II) as MAB″ at pH 5–10 when the concentration of each constituent is set equal to 10−2 M. A theoretical analysis and derivations of the expected stability constants of the complexes are presented on the basis of successive formation constants of t...

Balanced correlated ternary coding system

Abstract: A balanced correlated ternary coding system including a modulator, a demodulator and an error detector. The modulator is designed so as to code a binary signal of level 0 or 1 into a ternary signal of level +, 0, or - according to any of the following truth tables:

Vapor phase growth of groups iii-v compounds by hydrogen chloride transport of the elements

Abstract: A method of forming binary, ternary, and quaternary compounds derived from elements of Groups III-V wherein a hydrogen chloride-hydrogen carrier gas is separately contacted with the desired elements at elevated temperatures to provide the corresponding sub-chlorides, which are then transported to a reaction zone for final deposition of the respective elements on a single crystal substrate derived from one or more elements of Groups III-V, with the rate of flow of the carrier gas over each element being adjusted such that the elements are deposited on the substrate in sufficient amounts to provide the desired binary, ternary, or quaternary compound.

A General Method of Calculating the Water Activity of Supersaturated Aqueous Solutions from Ternary Data

Abstract: Recently developed methods of predicting water activities of multicomponent aqueous solutions use binary data. At high concentrations these methods are limited inasmuch as they require binary data ...

Depolymerization of GeO2 and B2O3‐GeO2 Network Glasses by Sb2O3

Abstract: Binary Sb2O3-GeO2 glasses containing 45 mol% Sb2O3 and ternary Sb2O3-B2O3-GeO2 glasses containing 50 mol% GeO2 were prepared. Their densities (volumes), refractive indices, and infrared spectra were determined, and their colors and high-temperature viscosities were estimated visually. Small amounts of Sb2O3 (∼10 mol%) appear to perturb neither the Ge-O-Ge network nor those B-O-Ge networks with small B/Ge ratios (∼0.2). The B-O-Ge networks with larger B/Ge ratios (∼1.0) depolymerize in the presence of even less Sb2O3. Amounts of Sb2O3 >10 mol% appear to depolymerize the Ge-O-Ge and Ge-O-B networks progressively, possibly with the formation of chains. A structurally sensitive ir isofrequency contour technique developed for ternary glass systems was applied successfully to these Sb2O3-B2O3-GeO2 glasses. These contours can thus readily detect significant network depolymerization in the absence of the usual network modifiers.