Showing papers on "User interface published in 2002"

User interface

Abstract: A user interface is that portion of an interactive computer system that communicates with the user. Design of the user interface includes any aspect of the system that is visible to the user. Once, all computer users were specialists in computing, and interfaces consisted of jumper wires in patch boards, punched cards (q.v.) prepared offline, and batch printouts. Today a wide range of nonspecialists use computers, and keyboards, mice, and graphical displays are the most common interface hardware. The user interface is becoming a larger and larger portion of the software in a computer system--and a more important portion, as broader groups of people use computers. As computers become more powerful, the critical bottleneck in applying computer-based systems to solve problems is more often in the user interface rather than in the computer hardware or software.

The human-computer interaction handbook: fundamentals, evolving technologies and emerging applications

Abstract: Foreword by Ben Shneiderman Introduction: A Moving Target: The Evolution of Human-Computer Interaction, Jonathan Grudin Humans in HCI Perceptual-Motor Interaction: Some Implications for Human-Computer Interaction, Timothy N. Welsh, Sanjay Chandrasekharan, Matthew Ray, Heather Neyedli, Romeo Chua, and Daniel J. Weeks Human Information Processing: An Overview for Human-Computer Interaction, Robert W. Proctor and Kim-Phuong L. Vu Mental Models in Human-Computer Interaction, Stephen J. Payne Task Loading and Stress in Human-Computer Interaction: Theoretical Frameworks and Mitigation Strategies, James L. Szalma, Gabriella M. Hancock, and Peter A. Hancock Choices and Decisions of Computer Users, Anthony Jameson Computers in HCI Input Technologies and Techniques, Ken Hinckley and Daniel Wigdor Sensor- and Recognition-Based Input for Interaction, Andrew D. Wilson Visual Displays, Christopher M. Schlick, Carsten Winkelholz, Martina Ziefle, and Alexander Mertens Haptic Interface, Hiroo Iwata Nonspeech Auditory and Crossmodal Output, Eve Hoggan and Stephen Brewster Network-Based Interaction, Alan Dix Wearable Computers, Daniel Siewiorek, Asim Smailagic, and Thad Starner Design of Fixed, Portable, and Mobile Information Devices, Michael J. Smith and Pascale Carayon Designing Human-Computer Interactions Visual Design Principles for Usable Interfaces: Everything Is Designed: Why We Should Think before Doing, Suzanne Watzman and Margaret Re Globalization, Localization, and Cross-Cultural User-Interface Design, Aaron Marcus and Emilie W. Gould Speech and Language Interfaces, Applications, and Technologies, Clare-Marie Karat, Jennifer Lai, Osamuyimen Stewart, and Nicole Yankelovich Multimedia User Interface Design, Alistair Sutcliffe Multimodal Interfaces, Sharon Oviatt Systems That Adapt to Their Users, Anthony Jameson and Krzysztof Z. Gajos Mobile Interaction Design in the Age of Experience Ecosystems, Marco Susani Tangible User Interfaces, Hiroshi Ishii and Brygg Ullmer Achieving Psychological Simplicity: Measures and Methods to Reduce Cognitive Complexity, John C. Thomas and John T. Richards Information Visualization, Stuart Card Collaboration Technologies, Gary M. Olson and Judith S. Olson Human-Computer Interaction and the Web, Helen Ashman, Declan Dagger, Tim Brailsford, James Goulding, Declan O'Sullivan, Jan-Felix Schmakeit, and Vincent Wade Human-Centered Design of Decision-Support Systems, Philip J. Smith, Roger Beatty, Caroline C. Hayes, Adam Larson, Norman D. Geddes, and Michael C. Dorneich Online Communities, Panayiotis Zaphiris, Chee Siang Ang, and Andrew Laghos Virtual Environments, Kay M. Stanney and Joseph V. Cohn Privacy, Security, and Trust: Human-Computer Interaction Challenges and Opportunities at Their Intersection, John Karat, Clare-Marie Karat, and Carolyn Brodie Application-/Domain-Specific Design Human-Computer Interaction in Health Care, Francois Sainfort, Julie A. Jacko, Molly A. McClellan, and Paula J. Edwards Why We Play: Affect and the Fun of Games-Designing Emotions for Games, Entertainment Interfaces, and Interactive Products, Nicole Lazzaro Motor Vehicle-Driver Interfaces, Paul A. Green Human-Computer Interaction in Aerospace, Steven J. Landry User-Centered Design in Games Randy J. Pagulayan, Kevin Keeker, Thomas Fuller, Dennis Wixon, Ramon L. Romero, and Daniel V. Gunn Designing for Diversity Older Adults and Information Technology: Opportunities and Challenges, Sara J. Czaja, and Chin Chin Lee Human-Computer Interaction for Kids, Amy Bruckman, Alisa Bandlow, Jill Dimond, and Andrea Forte Information Technology for Communication and Cognitive Support, Alan F. Newell, Alex Carmichael, Peter Gregor, Norman Alm, Annalu Waller, Vicki L. Hanson, Graham Pullin, and Jesse Hoey Perceptual Impairments: New Advancements Promoting Technological Access, Julie A. Jacko, V. Kathlene Leonard, Molly A. McClellan, and Ingrid U. Scott Universal Accessibility and Low-Literacy Populations: Implications for Human-Computer Interaction Design and Research Methods, William M. Gribbons Computing Technologies for Deaf and Hard of Hearing Users, Vicki L. Hanson The Development Process Section A Requirements Specification User Experience Requirements Analysis within the Usability Engineering Lifecycle, Deborah J. Mayhew and Todd J. Follansbee Task Analysis, Catherine Courage, Jhilmil Jain, Janice (Ginny) Redish, and Dennis Wixon Contextual Design, Karen Holtzblatt Grounded Theory Method in Human-Computer Interaction and Computer-Supported Cooperative Work, Michael J. Muller and Sandra Kogan An Ethnographic Approach to Design, Jeanette Blomberg and Mark Burrell Section B Design and Development Putting Personas to Work: Employing User Personas to Focus Product Planning, Design, and Development, John Pruitt and Tamara Adlin Prototyping Tools and Techniques, Michel Beaudouin-Lafon and Wendy E. Mackay Scenario-Based Design, Mary Beth Rosson and John M. Carroll Participatory Design: The Third Space in Human-Computer Interaction, Michael J. Muller and Allison Druin Unified User Interface Development: A Software Refactoring Perspective, Anthony Savidis and Constantine Stephanidis Usability + Persuasiveness + Graphic Design = eCommerce User Experience, Deborah J. Mayhew Human-Computer Interaction and Software Engineering for User Interface Plasticity, Joelle Coutaz and Gaelle Calvary Section C Testing, Evaluation, and Technology Transfer Usability Testing, Joseph S. Dumas and Jean E. Fox Usability for Engaged Users: The Naturalistic Approach to Evaluation, David Siegel Survey Design and Implementation in HCI, A. Ant Ozok Inspection-Based Evaluations, Gilbert Cockton, Alan Woolrych, Kasper Hornbaek, and Erik Frokjaer Model-Based Evaluation, David Kieras Spreadsheet Tool for Simple Cost-Benefit Analyses of User Experience Engineering, Deborah J. Mayhew Technology Transfer, Kevin M. Schofield Emerging Phenomena in HCI Augmenting Cognition in HCI: Twenty-First Century Adaptive System Science and Technology, Kelly S. Hale, Kay M. Stanney, and Dylan D. Schmorrow Social Networks and Social Media, Molly A. McClellan, Julie A. Jacko, Francois Sainfort, and Layne M. Johnson Human-Computer Interaction for Development: Changing Human-Computer Interaction to Change the World, Susan M. Dray, Ann Light, Andrew M. Dearden, Vanessa Evers, Melissa Densmore, Divya Ramachandran, Matthew Kam, Gary Marsden, Nithya Sambasivan, Thomas Smyth, Darelle van Greunen, and Niall Winters Author Index Subject Index

An object-oriented scripting interface to a legacy electronic structure code

Abstract: The authors have created an object-oriented scripting interface to a mature density functional theory code. The interface gives users a high-level, flexible handle on the code without rewriting the underlying number-crunching code. The authors also discuss the design issues and advantages of homogeneous interfaces.

Efficient high-interactivity user interface for client-server applications

Abstract: A facility for improving for performance of an initial user interface for a client-server application is described. The facility selects a proper subset of the user interface elements of the initial user interface. For each selected element, the facility generates a more efficient replacement for the selected element. The facility then generates a revised user interface that includes the unselected elements of the initial user interface, together with the generated replacements for the selected elements of the initial user interface.

Project Aura: toward distraction-free pervasive computing

Abstract: The most precious resource in a computer system is no longer its processor, memory, disk, or network, but rather human attention. Aura aims to minimize distractions on a user's attention, creating an environment that adapts to the user's context and needs. Aura is specifically intended for pervasive computing environments involving wireless communication, wearable or handheld computers, and smart spaces. Human attention is an especially scarce resource in such environments, because the user is often preoccupied with walking, driving, or other real-world interactions. In addition, mobile computing poses difficult challenges such as intermittent and variable-bandwidth connectivity, concern for battery life, and the client resource constraints that weight and size considerations impose. To accomplish its ambitious goals, research in Aura spans every system level: from the hardware, through the operating system, to applications and end users. Underlying this diversity of concerns, Aura applies two broad concepts. First, it uses proactivity, which is a system layer's ability to anticipate requests from a higher layer. In today's systems, each layer merely reacts to the layer above it. Second, Aura is self-tuning: layers adapt by observing the demands made on them and adjusting their performance and resource usage characteristics accordingly. Currently, system-layer behavior is relatively static. Both of these techniques will help lower demand for human attention.

Touch screen with user interface enhancement

Abstract: The present invention is a graphical user interface in a computing device having a processor running an operating system and a display. The graphical user interface comprises a touch screen and a driver coupling the touch screen to the operating system. The driver can display a plurality of icons on the touch screen, or a plurality of screen images having at least one icon, with each of the icons associated with operations on the display and/or the touch screen. Other embodiments include the touch screen having unactivated and activated states, as well as the presence of an application programming interface that enables an application to display at least one image on the touch screen.

The Interactive Workspaces project: experiences with ubiquitous computing rooms

Abstract: The Interactive Workspaces project explores new possibilities for people working together in technology-rich spaces. The project focuses on augmenting a dedicated meeting space with large displays, wireless or multimodal devices, and seamless mobile appliance integration.

User interface for a remote control application

Abstract: A hand-held electronic device having a remote control application user interface that functions to displays operational mode information to a user. The graphical user interface may be used, for example, to setup the remote control application to control appliances for one or more users in one or more rooms, to perform activities, and to access favorites. The remote control application is also adapted to be upgradeable. Furthermore, the remote control application provides for the sharing of operational mode information.

Method and apparatus for use of rotational user inputs

Abstract: Improved approaches for users of computing devices to interact with graphical user interfaces are described. According to one aspect, a rotational user action supplied by a user at a user input device is transformed into linear action with respect to a graphical user interface. According to another aspect, a portion of an extended list of items is displayed by a graphical user interface and, through rotational user actions at a user input device, the portion of the list being displayed can be varied with welcomed ease of use. Although the type of computing device can vary, the improved approaches are particularly well-suited for use with a portable media player.

Document Object Model

Abstract: From the Publisher: Here's a practical guide to using the W3C's standardized DOM interfaces to process XML and HTML documents Learn the concepts, design, theory, and origins of the DOM Use the DOM to inspect, navigate, and manipulate a document's nodes and content; then learn to build useful applications that can easily be ported to any DOM-compliant implementation without re-coding Get easy-to-follow advice on using the DOM in real-world scenarios such as manipulating document content, creating user interfaces, and offloading processing to the client side The Document Object Model: Processing Structured Documents will help you flatten your learning curve, standardize programming, reuse code, and reduce development time

Control system and user interface for network of input devices

Abstract: Apparatus, methods, and systems for centrally and uniformly controlling the operation of a variety of devices, such as communication, consumer electronic, audio-video, analog, digital, 1394, and the like, over a variety of protocols within a network system and, more particularly, a control system and uniform user interface for centrally controlling these devices in a manner that appears seamless and transparent to the user. In a preferred embodiment, a command center or hub of a network system includes a context and connection permutation sensitive control system that enables centralized and seamless integrated control of all types of input devices. The control system preferably includes a versatile icon based graphical user interface that provides a uniform, on-screen centralized control system for the network system. The user interface, which includes a visual recognition system, enables the user to transparently control multiple input devices over a variety of protocols while operating on a single control layer of an input command device. In an alternative embodiment, the control system also enables gated signal pass-through control while avoiding signal jamming.

The studierstube augmented reality project

Abstract: Our starting point for developing the Studierstube system was the belief that augmented reality, the less obtrusive cousin of virtual reality, has a better chance of becoming a viable user interface for applications requiring manipulation of complex three-dimensional information as a daily routine. In essence, we are searching for a 3-D user interface metaphor as powerful as the desktop metaphor for 2-D. At the heart of the Studierstube system, collaborative augmented reality is used to embed computer-generated images into the real work environment. In the first part of this paper, we review the user interface of the initial Studierstube system, in particular the implementation of collaborative augmented reality, and the Personal Interaction Panel, a two-handed interface for interaction with the system. In the second part, an extended Studierstube system based on a heterogeneous distributed architecture is presented. This system allows the user to combine multiple approaches-augmented reality, projection displays, and ubiquitous computing--to the interface as needed. The environment is controlled by the Personal Iteraction Panel, a two-handed, pen-and-pad interface that has versatile uses for interacting with the virtual environment. Studierstube also borrows elements from the desktop, such as multi-tasking and multi-windowing. The resulting software architecture is a user interface management system for complex augmented reality applications. The presentation is complemented by selected application examples.

CTTE: support for developing and analyzing task models for interactive system design

Abstract: While task modeling and task-based design are entering into current practice in the design of interactive software applications, there is still a lack of tools supporting the development and analysis of task models. Such tools should provide developers with ways to represent tasks, including their attributes and objects and their temporal and semantic relationships, to easily create, analyze, and modify such representations and to simulate their dynamic behavior. In this paper, we present a tool, CTTE, that provides thorough support for developing and analyzing task models of cooperative applications, which can then be used to improve the design and evaluation of interactive software applications. We discuss how we have designed this environment and report on trials of its use.

Geno3D: automatic comparative molecular modelling of protein

Abstract: Geno3D (http://geno3d-pbil.ibcp.fr) is an automatic web server for protein molecular modelling. Starting with a query protein sequence, the server performs the homology modelling in six successive steps: (i) identify homologous proteins with known 3D structures by using PSI-BLAST; (ii) provide the user all potential templates through a very convenient user interface for target selection; (iii) perform the alignment of both query and subject sequences; (iv) extract geometrical restraints (dihedral angles and distances) for corresponding atoms between the query and the template; (v) perform the 3D construction of the protein by using a distance geometry approach and (vi) finally send the results by e-mail to the user.

Ecological Interface Design: Progress and Challenges

Abstract: Ecological interface design (EID) is a theoretical framework for designing human-computer interfaces for complex sociotechnical systems. Its primary aim is to support knowledge workers in adapting to change and novelty. This literature review shows that in situations requiring problem solving, EID improves performance when compared with current design approaches in industry. EID has been applied to industry-scale problems in a broad variety of application domains (e.g., process control, aviation, computer network management, software engineering, medicine, command and control, and information retrieval) and has consistently led to the identification of new information requirements. An experimental evaluation of EID using a full-fidelity simulator with professional workers has yet to be conducted, although some are planned. Several significant challenges remain as obstacles to the confident use of EID in industry. Promising paths for addressing these outstanding issues are identified. Actual or potential applications of this research include improving the safety and productivity of complex sociotechnical systems.

Global speech user interface

Abstract: A global speech user interface (GSUI) comprises an input system to receive a user's spoken command, a feedback system along with a set of feedback overlays to give the user information on the progress of his spoken requests, a set of visual cues on the television screen to help the user understand what he can say, a help system, and a model for navigation among applications. The interface is extensible to make it easy to add new applications.

Comparison of four primary methods for coordinating the interruption of people in human-computer interaction

Abstract: Interruptions can cause people to make mistakes or errors during human-computer interaction (HCI). Interruptions occur as an unavoidable side-effect of some important kinds of human computer-based activities, for example, (a) constantly monitor for unscheduled changes in information environments, (b) supervise background autonomous services, and (c) intermittently collaborate and communicate with other people. Fortunately, people have powerful innate cognitive abilities that they can potentially leverage to manage multiple concurrent activities if they have specific kinds of control and interaction support. There is great opportunity, therefore, for user-interface design to increase people's ability to successfully handle interruptions, and prevent expensive errors. The literature contains very little concrete design wisdom about how to solve the interruption problems in user interfaces (UIs). Coordination support, however, is identified as a most important design topic. This article presents the results of an empirical investigation to compare basic design solutions for coordinating human interruption in computer-based multitasks. A theory-based taxonomy of human interruption is used to identify the four primary methods for coordinating human interruption. An experiment with 36 participants compares these four different design solutions within an abstracted common user multitasking context. The results show important design tradeoffs for coordinating the interruption of people in HCI and support some UI design guidelines. Negotiation support is the best overall solution except where small differences in the timeliness of handling interruptions is critical and then immediate is best.

E-mail messaging system

Abstract: A method for providing e-mail communication is provided in which an e-mail user interface is generated on a display device (4000). The e-mail user interface implements e-mail messaging for a root e-mail address that includes a domain name and a username. Upon receiving a request from a user, the method generates a first suffix e-mail address, and creates a first directory on the e-mail user interface for the first suffix e-mail address. The first suffix e-mail address includes the domain name, the username, and a first suffix name. Upon receiving an e-mail message having a destination address including the domain name and the username, the method stores the e-mail message in the first directory if the destination address includes the first suffix. In accordance with further aspects of this embodiment, a plurality of suffix e-mail addresses can be created, each having a corresponding directory on the e-mail user interface.

System and method for shared integrated online social interaction

Abstract: A novel application and user interface for facilitating group interactions over a network integrates messaging, file sharing, media playing, journaling, profiles, and gaming into a cohesive environment. The groups facilitated by the invention are persistent and mobile in that a user does not have to recollect and reconfigure the group each time he or she wants to interact with the group online and, while online, the group may be taken from one activity to another without having to disband and reconnect at the second activity. The application is modular so as to be extensible to include other activities and functionalities. In an embodiment, the group interaction application utilizes a peer-to-peer network environment to facilitate network communications between group members.

Method and apparatus for analyzing performance of data processing system

Abstract: A method and apparatus for analyzing the performance of a data processing system, particularly a distributed data processing system, provide a system user with tools for analyzing an application running thereon. Information about the flow and performance of the application can be specified, captured, and analyzed, without modifying it or degrading its performance or data security characteristics, even if it is distributed across multiple machines. The user interface permits the system user to filter the performance information, to set triggers which the performance analyzer is able to reduce and/or combine, to observe multiple time-synchronized displays of performance data either in real time or post mortem, and to play and re-play the operation of an automatically generated application model. The invention is implemented in part by providing suitable Application Program Interfaces (APIs) in the operating system of the data processing system.

Making sense of sensing systems: five questions for designers and researchers

Abstract: This paper borrows ideas from social science to inform the design of novel "sensing" user-interfaces for computing technology. Specifically, we present five design challenges inspired by analysis of human-human communication that are mundanely addressed by traditional graphical user interface designs (GUIs). Although classic GUI conventions allow us to finesse these questions, recent research into innovative interaction techniques such as 'Ubiquitous Computing' and 'Tangible Interfaces' has begun to expose the interaction challenges and problems they pose. By making them explicit we open a discourse on how an approach similar to that used by social scientists in studying human-human interaction might inform the design of novel interaction mechanisms that can be used to handle human-computer communication accomplishments

Context sensitive web services

Abstract: The context sensitive web services method enables a mobile phone or wireless device to use context inference techniques to sense the user's environment and in response, to provide useful information to the user that is appropriate to the user's perceived environment. The method includes the steps of receiving sensor signals characterizing a current environment of the wireless device; processing the sensor signals with a context inference engine; outputting a current context result from the processing by context inference engine; and providing useful information to the user in response to the current context result. A further aspect of the method provides user control of access by application programs to the user's private data, including private data in a server. Still further, this can also include providing user control of access by application programs in a web server, to the user's private data. Another aspect of the method is providing the current context result to an application program in response to the user control and receiving the useful information from the application program. The invention enables the user to grant access permission to the application program to access the current context result. This can be performed in the user's wireless device or in the network server. The network server can carry out the control of access by application programs in web servers, in response to a user privacy profile received from the user's wireless device.

Schemas for a notification platform and related information services

Abstract: Described is a schema-based notification platform that provides regularized notification handling including user control and normalization of the operation of policies across different information types and contexts. Information-service schemas and services are combined to build a content-sensitive and context-sensitive information service to communicate information to recipient devices of users that subscribe to those services. An information agent service collects the information, and based on various criteria, determines if, when, and how to send and render the information, and to which subscribing client device or devices. The set of schemas include a notification schema that represents the subscription of a service to an information source and details about that information, and a device schema that represents information about user devices. The information agent service accesses criteria including user preferences and user contextual information, including presence information, location information, and schedule information along with people and groups data and extended-context data. Preferences about subscriptions and information handling policies may be stored and used at notification sources or in more central preference encodings. Access to multiple preferences is maintained, and a user interface is provided that allows users to inspect and control multiple subscriptions in one conceptual place.

Data preparation for media browsing

Abstract: A media browsing system prepares various media content and synchronizes the content with a media player for playback. A user can specify the content and preconfigure the manner in which the content will be subsequently accessible through a common user interface on the media player. A variety of media players having configurable, common user interfaces promote a consistent media browsing experience across media players for users accessing a variety of preconfigured media content.

Layout of platform specific graphical user interface widgets migrated between heterogeneous device platforms

Abstract: A scaleable graphical user interface system utilizes a device platform independent model to provide dynamic layout of graphical user interface widgets migrated between any of a plurality of heterogeneous device platforms. The device platform independent model includes at least one platform independent graphical user interface widget. Based on the device platform independent model, platform specific graphical user interface widgets that correspond to each of the platform independent graphical user interface widgets may be laid out on a page and compared to the size of a display screen of a heterogeneous device platform. Where the page does not fit within the display screen, the platform independent graphical user interface widgets may be dynamically rearranged within the page to fit the display screen. In addition, where designated as splitable, the platform independent graphical user interface widgets may be split among multiple pages of a presentation to fit within the display screen.

User interface and method of viewing unified communications events on a mobile device

Abstract: A method for viewing communications events on a mobile device which includes a user interface, a communications event handler, and a communications event database is disclosed herein.The communications event handler interfaces with the database and the user interface to provide a user of the mobile device with a communications event history associated with the correspondent of an incoming communications event. Additionally the communications event handler interfaces with the database and the user interface to provide a user of the mobile device with a communications event history for a specified correspondent. When a communication event is received, the communication events history associated with the correspondent is presented on the user interface. This gives the advantage that the user of the mobile device is able to determine the context of the communicaion event.

Gestural and audio metaphors as a means of control for mobile devices

Abstract: This paper discusses the use of gesture and non-speech audio as ways to improve the user interface of a mobile music player. Their key advantages mean that users could use a player without having to look at its controls when on the move. Two very different evaluations of the player took place: one based on a standard usability experiment (comparing the new player to a standard design) and the other a video analysis of the player in use. Both of these showed significant usability improvements for the gesture/audio-based interface over a standard visual/pen-based display. The similarities and differences in the results produced by the two studies are discussed

A resource-adaptive mobile navigation system

Abstract: The design of mobile navigation systems adapting to limited resources will be an important future challenge. Since typically several different means of transportation have to be combined in order to reach a destination, the user interface of such a system has to adapt to the user's changing situation. This applies especially to the alternating use of different technologies to detect the user's position, which should be as seamless as possible. This article presents a hybrid navigation system that relies on different technologies to determine the user's location and that adapts the presentation of route directions to the limited technical resources of the output device and the limited cognitive resources of the user.

Navigation patterns and usability of zoomable user interfaces with and without an overview

Abstract: The literature on information visualization establishes the usability of interfaces with an overview of the information space, but for zoomable user interfaces, results are mixed. We compare zoomable user interfaces with and without an overview to understand the navigation patterns and usability of these interfaces. Thirty-two subjects solved navigation and browsing tasks on two maps. We found no difference between interfaces in subjects' ability to solve tasks correctly. Eighty percent of the subjects preferred the interface with an overview, stating that it supported navigation and helped keep track of their position on the map. However, subjects were faster with the interface without an overview when using one of the two maps. We conjecture that this difference was due to the organization of that map in multiple levels, which rendered the overview unnecessary by providing richer navigation cues through semantic zooming. The combination of that map and the interface without an overview also improved subjects' recall of objects on the map. Subjects who switched between the overview and the detail windows used more time, suggesting that integration of overview and detail windows adds complexity and requires additional mental and motor effort.