Showing papers on "Virus published in 1972"
TL;DR: Virazole is a synthetic nucleoside active in tissue culture against at least 16 DNA and RNA viruses and applied topically, it inhibits herpetic keratitis in rabbits and tail lesions induced by herpes, vaccinia, and vesicular stomatitis viruses in mice.
Abstract: Virazole is a synthetic nucleoside active in tissue culture against at least 16 DNA and RNA viruses. Applied topically, it inhibits herpetic keratitis in rabbits and tail lesions induced by herpes, vaccinia, and vesicular stomatitis viruses in mice. Injected intraperitoneally into mice, it inhibits splenomegaly and hepatomegaly induced by Friend leukemia virus and respiratory infections caused by influenza A(O), A(2), and B viruses and parainfluenza 1 virus. infections is also effective.
935 citations
TL;DR: The intranasal inoculation of volunteers with living partially attenuated strains of influenza A and B viruses offers a new opportunity to determine the protective effect of serum haemagglutin-inhibiting antibody against a strictly homologous virus.
Abstract: The intranasal inoculation of volunteers with living partially attenuated strains of influenza A and B viruses offers a new opportunity to determine the protective effect of serum haemagglutin-inhibiting antibody against a strictly homologous virus, under conditions where the time and dosage of the infective challenge can be controlled, the scoring of proven infections can be more precise and higher rates of infection can be achieved than in most natural epidemics.In 1032 adult volunteers, whose serum HI antibody titre was determined immediately before virus challenge, there was a consistent inverse quantitative relationship between the HI titre and the likelihood of infection. The PD 50 (50% protective dose) of HI antibody was 1/18-1/36, but an unusual finding was that volunteers with no detectable pre-challenge antibody often seem to be less susceptible to infection than those with pre-challenge antibody in low titre.In one group of volunteers challenged with an influenza B strain there was no evidence that pre-challenge antibody titres against viral neuraminidase had any significant protective effect against challenge infection.
866 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Clinical and epidemiological information on a patient with smallpox-like disease, from whom a monkeypox- like virus was isolated, is presented, which was the first recognized human monkeypox case in medical history.
Abstract: This paper presents clinical and epidemiological information on a patient with smallpox-like disease, from whom a monkeypox-like virus was isolated. The patient was the first recognized human monkeypox case in medical history.
447 citations
TL;DR: Blood leukocytes of two species of new world primates, other than human, transform following exposure to Epstein-Barr virus, and reveal intranuclear inclusions; in both species, a large proportion of giant cells contain Epstein-Bs virus antigen detectable by immunofluorescence.
Abstract: Blood leukocytes of two species of new world primates, other than human, transform following exposure to Epstein-Barr virus. The transformed simian cells produce Epstein-Barr virus antigens and infectious (transforming) virus. The simian lymphoblastoid cells form multinucleate giant cells that appear to be selective sites for the production of Epstein-Barr virus. Multinucleate cells reveal intranuclear inclusions; in both species, a large proportion of giant cells contain Epstein-Barr virus antigen detectable by immunofluorescence.
414 citations
TL;DR: Observations support the concept that latent infection of sensory ganglia may be the source of virus in recurrent herpetic disease in man.
Abstract: Herpesvirus hominis was isolated from the trigeminal ganglion obtained at autopsy from 1 of 22 patients with no clinical evidence of active herpetic disease, and from one patient with malignant lymphoma who died with herpes zoster on the abdomen, pulmonary cytomegalic inclusion disease, and possible oral herpes simplex. Virus was isolated by cocultivation of explants of ganglion with monolayers of Vero green monkey kidney cells and required 3 weeks of culture before viral cytopathic effects were evident. These observations support the concept that latent infection of sensory ganglia may be the source of virus in recurrent herpetic disease in man.
376 citations
TL;DR: A Marek's disease virus of low pathogenicity was isolated from a flock of chickens and was designated strain CVI 988 and gave excellent protection on subsequent challenge with a virulent virus, even if this challenge was performed shortly after vaccination.
Abstract: A Marek's disease virus of low pathogenicity was isolated from a flock of chickens and was designated strain CVI 988. On primary isolation, this virus did not cause disease in susceptible chicks and gave excellent protection on subsequent challenge with a virulent virus, even if this challenge was performed shortly after vaccination. The virus occasionally caused minor microscopic lesions in antibody-free MD susceptible chicks but on further passage in DEF cultures the virus became completely avirulent while retaining its A antigen, spreading capacity and immunizing potentials. Chicks vaccinated by contact exposure developed a high degree of MD resistance after the 5th week but immunity was induced more rapidly when 3-week-old seeder chicks, which were actively shedding vaccine virus, were used as the source of exposure. However, by any procedure, contact-vaccinated chicks required several weeks for the development of solid immunity. High passage virus did not become virulent after 5 subsequent passages in antibody-free MD susceptible chicks. Vaccinated birds produced antibody which remained at a high level through observation periods of 2 years. Viremia and virus-shedding persisted throughout this period in a considerable number of birds. Rhesus monkeys inoculated with the virus did not develop any lesions during a one year observation period and no seroconversion could be detected.
335 citations
TL;DR: The role of serum anti-neuraminidase antibody in resistance to influenzal illness was investigated by administration of wild-type influenza A/Hong Kong/1968 (H3N2) virus to volunteers who had shown resistance to Influenza A.
Abstract: The role of serum anti-neuraminidase antibody in resistance to influenzal illness was investigated by administration of wild-type influenza A/Hong Kong/1968 (H3N2) virus to volunteers who possessed varying levels of this antibody but who lacked antibody for the hemagglutinin surface antigen of the virus. Clinical response to the wild-type virus was related to the level of serum anti-neuraminidase antibody. Volunteers in whom influenzal disease with fever developed possessed low levels of serum antibody prior to challenge, whereas men who underwent inapparent infection had a significantly higher mean level of antibody for neuraminidase. Those with afebrile illness had an intermediate level of anti-neuraminidase antibody. Duration of virus excretion and maximal level of virus shed were also inversely related to the titer of serum anti-neuraminidase antibody. These findings provide evidence that antibody directed against influenzal neuraminidase is associated with resistance to clinical expression o...
314 citations
TL;DR: Virus-like particles resembling papovaviruses in the brain of one patient and in monkey-kidney cell cultures infected with both virus isolates indicate a close relation between the isolated viruses and SV40.
Abstract: Virus related to simian-virus 40 (SV40) was isolated from brains of two patients with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, a human demyelinating disease. Virus was grown in cell cultures of primary African green-monkey kidney inoculated with cultures of cells derived from patients' brains. Electron microscopy showed virus-like particles resembling papovaviruses in the brain of one patient and in monkey-kidney cell cultures infected with both virus isolates. Immunologic studies using fluorescent and neutralizing antibodies indicate a close relation between the isolated viruses and SV40.
284 citations
TL;DR: RD-114 virus, released from human rhabdomyosarcoma cells, has all the characteristics of a mammalian C-type virus and is the most likely candidate for a human C-types yet described.
Abstract: RD-114 virus, released from human rhabdomyosarcoma cells, has all the characteristics of a mammalian C-type virus. Immunological tests indicate that it differs from all known C-type viruses and is the most likely candidate for a human C-type virus yet described.
277 citations
TL;DR: Acute infectious nonbacterial gastroenteritis was induced in adult volunteers through three serial passages by oral administration of bacteria-free stool filtrates, suggesting that a replicating agent of subbacterial size was responsible for the observed disease.
Abstract: SummaryAcute infectious nonbacterial gastroenteritis was induced in adult volunteers through three serial passages by oral administration of bacteria-free stool filtrates. This suggested that a replicating agent of subbacterial size was responsible for the observed disease. The biophysical properties of the agent, as assayed in volunteers, were consistent with those of a small virus, most closely related to the parvovirus group among known animal viruses. The agent appeared to have a diameter less than 66 nm and likely less than 36 nm. It appeared to lack a lipid containing envelope and was acid stable. It was stable to heating at 60° for 30 min. The agent appeared to be relatively host specific for man and conferred at least short-term immunity. Because of the high frequency of disease induced in unselected volunteers, widespread natural immunity to this agent may be absent or perhaps incomplete. Preliminary evidence suggested that the Norwalk agent replicated in an in vitro system, human fetal intestina...
269 citations
TL;DR: Cells producing Rous sarcoma virus contain virus-specific ribonucleic acid (RNA) which can be identified by hybridization to single-stranded deoxyribonucleics acid (DNA) synthesized with RNA-directed DNA polymerase, and the hybrids formed have a high order of thermal stability.
Abstract: Cells producing Rous sarcoma virus contain virus-specific ribonucleic acid (RNA) which can be identified by hybridization to single-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesized with RNA-directed DNA polymerase. Hybridization was detected by either fractionation on hydroxyapatite or hydrolysis with single strand-specific nucleases. Similar results were obtained with both procedures. The hybrids formed between enzymatically synthesized DNA and viral RNA have a high order of thermal stability, with only minor evidence of mismatched nucleotide sequences. Virus-specific RNA is present in both nuclei and cytoplasm of infected cells. This RNA is remarkably heterogeneous in size, including molecules which are probably restricted to the nucleus and which sediment in their native state more rapidly than the viral genome. The nature of the RNA found in cytoplasmic fractions varies from preparation to preparation, but heterogeneous RNA (ca. 4-50S), smaller than the viral genome, is always present in substantial amounts.
TL;DR: It is found that throat washings obtained from patients with infectious mononucleosis and from healthy subjects with histories of previous inapparent infections with Epstein-Barr (E.B.) virus contain an agent capable of transforming human umbilical-cord leucocytes into lymphoblasts with unlimited growth potential in culture.
TL;DR: A variety of immuno-suppressive treatments, given to adult mice inoculated intracerebrally with a potentially lethal dose of virus, produce a transient or permanent ablation of both the histological and clinical correlates of LCM.
Abstract: THE immunopathological basis of the acutely fatal convulsive central nervous system (CNS) disease produced in adult mice following cerebral infection with lymphocytic Choriomeningitis (LCM) virus is well established1. Thus, a variety of immuno-suppressive treatments, given to adult mice inoculated intracerebrally with a potentially lethal dose of virus, produce a transient or permanent ablation of both the histological and clinical correlates of LCM. Permanently protected mice usually maintain high virus concentrations in their brains and blood for life2,3, presenting a picture which, on virological grounds, is strikingly similar to the lifelong virus carrier state arising in mice inoculated with LCM virus shortly after birth3,4.
TL;DR: Evidence is provided that the virus-inducing loci of AKR contain MLV genetic determinants, although the low-virus Fv-1b parents carry the genome of a different host range type.
Abstract: The transmission of murine leukemia virus (MLV) to hybrids between AKR and Fv-1b mice was studied in order to evaluate the effect of the Fv-1 gene on endogenous MLV infection and to attempt to determine if the genetic loci contributed by AKR carry viral genetic determinants. Fv-1 was shown to have a marked suppressive effect on time of appearance of detectable infectious virus and on the titers attained in vivo, but did not affect the ability of the cells to produce virus in vitro after induction with 5-iododeoxyuridine. The host range type of the virus detected in the hybrid mice was almost always of the type carried by AKR, although the low-virus Fv-1b parents carry the genome of a different host range type. This finding provides strong, but not conclusive, evidence that the virus-inducing loci of AKR contain MLV genetic determinants.
TL;DR: This article showed that the entire Epstein-Barr virus genome may persist in at least a portion of the lymphoid cells and that the induction of infectious virus could be demonstrated by cocultivation experiments with peripheral leukocytes.
Abstract: Treatment of three human lymphoid cell lines, free of detectable Epstein-Barr virus, with 5-bromodeoxyuridine resulted in activation of virus synthesis in up to 8% of the cells. The induction of infectious virus could be demonstrated by cocultivation experiments with peripheral leukocytes. These studies demonstrated that the entire viral genome may persist in at least a portion of the lymphoid cells.
TL;DR: The glycoprotein, but no other virion protein, of vesicular stomatitis virus was solubilized by the nonionic detergent Triton X-100 in low ionic strength buffer and induced the synthesis of antibody that formed a single precipitin line with the glycop protein and neutralized the infectivity of the virus.
Abstract: The glycoprotein, but no other virion protein, of vesicular stomatitis virus was solubilized by the nonionic detergent Triton X-100 in low ionic strength buffer. The solubilized viral glycoprotein induced the synthesis of antibody that formed a single precipitin line with the glycoprotein and that neutralized the infectivity of the virus. The neutralizing activity of the antibody was efficiently blocked by purified glycoprotein.
TL;DR: Virus titers in normal thymus were relatively low, but increased significantly with the development of thymic lymphoma, and the level of viremia decreased after the 1st month of life, but increase sharply in lymphomatous mice.
Abstract: Quantitative studies were made of the organ distribution of murine leukemia virus in AKR mice of various ages. Infectious virus first appeared shortly before or after birth and was continuously present in all mice thereafter. Highest infectivity titers were found in uterus and bone, with spleen slightly lower. Virus titers in normal thymus were relatively low, but increased significantly with the development of thymic lymphoma. The level of viremia decreased after the 1st month of life, but increased sharply in lymphomatous mice.
TL;DR: Molecular hybridization with radioactive polyuridylic acid has been used to detect regions of polyadenylic acid in virus RNA to make a qualitative distinction between RNA preparations from the two virus classes.
Abstract: Molecular hybridization with radioactive polyuridylic acid has been used to detect regions of polyadenylic acid in virus RNA. On the average, RNA from tumour viruses is twenty-five to fifty-fold richer in polyadenylic acid than RNA from non-oncogenic viruses. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis permitted a qualitative distinction between RNA preparations from the two virus classes.
TL;DR: ADENYLIC ACID (A)-rich sequences have been found in some mRNAs of animal cells1,2 and DNA viruses3 but not in the RNAs of cytocidal or oncogenic RNA viruses.
Abstract: ADENYLIC ACID (A)-rich sequences have been found in some mRNAs of animal cells1,2 and DNA viruses3 but not in the RNAs of cytocidal or oncogenic RNA viruses These sequences have been proposed to be involved in the transport of mRNA to the cytoplasm from the nucleus or vaccinia virus core2,3, or in the association of mRNA with proteins necessary for translation1
TL;DR: A human cervical tumor, free of detectable infectious herpes simplex 2 virus, contained a fragment comprising 39% of herpes viral DNA, which is considerably less than that transcribed in productively infected cells.
Abstract: A human cervical tumor, free of detectable infectious herpes simplex 2 virus, contained a fragment comprising 39% of herpes viral DNA. Renaturation kinetics indicate that an average of 1 to 3.5 DNA fragments of herpes simplex virus are present per cell, depending on the ploidy of the cells in this particular tumor. Virus-specific sequences were found linked to highly repetitive sequences of host DNA, which reassociated under conditions designed to preclude reassociation of viral sequences. The tumor also contained RNA transcripts complementary to 5% of the viral DNA. The fraction of viral DNA template transcribed in the cervical tumor is considerably less than that transcribed in productively infected cells (50%).
TL;DR: All of the infected cell specific polypeptides with the exception of the haemagglutinin components were translated from monocistronic messenger RNA molecules.
TL;DR: Typical herpes-type virus particles were observed in 5 of 8 selected tissue culture lines derived from different cases of Kaposi's sarcoma from 2 equatorial African regions, Congo and Uganda.
Abstract: Typical herpes-type virus particles were observed in 5 of 8 selected tissue culture lines derived from different cases of Kaposi's sarcoma from 2 equatorial African regions, Congo and Uganda. Common and different traits of cellular morphology related to viral involvement were found. In one line, morphologic aspects and preliminary immunologic characterization suggested a virus resembling cytomegalovirus. The other 4 cases presented one important trait in common: The appearance of viruses (at an early stage in lines 13, 16, 19) in undifferentiated cells that resembled fibroblastoid or macrophage elements.-J Natl Cancer Inst 49: 1509-1526, 1972.
TL;DR: Cell cultures were established from the brain tissues of two cases of multiple sclerosis, finding the presence of nucleocapsids of paramyxoviruses in the cells of one culture series obtained from the white matter of one of the patients.
TL;DR: It is suggested that the EBV DNA in Raji cells is not covalently linked to the large chromosomal DNA, although the number of viral genomes per cell remains constant during passage, and that small fragments of cell DNA are bonded to the viral DNA.
Abstract: AT least four established human lymphocyte cell lines, one that originates from a Burkitt's lymphoma and the others from normal persons, contain Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) genome1. These cells show no viral antigens by immunofluorescence tests nor do they produce virus particles. We are examining one of the four cell lines, Raji (cells from a Burkitt's lymphoma), in more detail. The DNA isolated from purified Raji chromosomes contains as much virus genome as the DNA extracted from whole cells (65 genome equivalents per cell)1. The viral DNA therefore seems to be in the chromosomes. This result, however, does not necessarily indicate that the viral DNA is physically integrated into chromosomal DNA. The following experiments suggest that the EBV DNA in Raji cells is not covalently linked to the large chromosomal DNA, although the number of viral genomes per cell remains constant during passage. The results do not, however, exclude the possibility that small fragments of cell DNA are bonded to the viral DNA. The data also indicate that EBV DNA in Raji cells exists in strands of complete or nearly complete size.
TL;DR: The degradation of reovirions by chymotrypsin was affected by the ionic strength of the suspending medium, and strongly influenced by virus concentration, suggesting that particle-particle interactions may play a role.
TL;DR: The Raji line of human lymphoblastoid cells, which does not show expression of Epstein-Barr virus, was made resistant to 5-bromodeoxyuridine, and within several weeks after removal of the drug, Epstein- Barr virus particles were detected in the cells.
Abstract: The Raji line of human lymphoblastoid cells, which does not show expression of Epstein-Barr virus, was made resistant to 5-bromodeoxyuridine. Within several weeks after removal of the drug, Epstein-Barr virus particles were detected in the cells. The sequence of virus appearance in the 5-bromodeoxyuridine-resistant cells indicated drug-induced activation of a repressed Epstein-Barr virus genome.
TL;DR: This study prepared purified plasma membrane identified by its 5' nucleotidase, fucose, and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-diaphorase content, and analysis of the membrane proteins and glycoproteins by electrophoresis in acrylamide gels indicated the following.
Abstract: Previous papers in the series have shown that the surface membranes of herpesvirus-infected cells acquire new immunological specificities and that purified infected cell membrane preparations, characterized by their physical properties rather than topology in the cell, contain new glycoproteins genetically determined by the virus. In this study, we prepared purified plasma membrane identified by its 5' nucleotidase, fucose, and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-diaphorase content. Analysis of the membrane proteins and glycoproteins by electrophoresis in acrylamide gels indicated the following. (i) Purified plasma membranes from infected cells contained two sets of proteins, i.e., host proteins were present both before and after infection and viral proteins were present only after infection. (ii) After infection, no appreciable selective or nonselective loss of host proteins from membranes was demonstrable. However, no new host proteins were made. (iii) Electropherograms of plasma membrane proteins from infected cells indicated the presence of at least 12 virus-specific proteins ranging in molecular weight from 25 x 10(3) to 126 x 10(3) daltons. Of these, at least nine were glycosylated. Proteins and glycoproteins with similar electrophoretic mobilities but in somewhat different ratios were also present in preparations of highly purified virions.
TL;DR: Skin, the first division of the trigeminal nerve and the trigEMinal ganglion of a woman who died 4 days after the onset of ophthalmic herpes zoster were examined by conventional histological methods and by immunofluorescence, electron microscopy and virus culture.
TL;DR: It is reported that herpes simplex virus does indeed induce latent infection in trigeminal ganglia of rabbits presenting recurrent eye infection, and infectious virus could not be recovered directly when ganglia were established as organ cultures in vitro.
Abstract: LATENTLY infected sensory ganglia have been thought to be the source of virus for various clinical manifestations of recurrent herpetic disease in man1,2. In direct support of this concept, we recently showed that herpes simplex virus can induce a latent infection in the spinal ganglia of mice3. This murine infection has not, however, been shown to be accompanied by recurrent disease. Recurrent herpetic eye infection can be produced in the rabbit4. If sensory ganglia are involved in recurrent disease, then trigeminal ganglia from rabbits undergoing such recurrent infection would be expected to harbour latent virus. We now report that herpes simplex virus does indeed induce latent infection in trigeminal ganglia of rabbits presenting recurrent eye infection. As in the experiments with mice, infectious virus could not be recovered directly; it was only found when ganglia were established as organ cultures in vitro.
TL;DR: The rate of attachment of type 2 virions to suspensions of HeLa cells is much greater than that of type 14, but the number of receptor sites per cell is similar for each type, indicating that their receptor sites are separate on the cell surface.
Abstract: The rate of attachment of type 2 virions to suspensions of HeLa cells is much greater than that of type 14, but the number of receptor sites per cell is similar for each type. The receptor sites may be partly saturated with excess virions; attachment is greatly reduced after about 104 particles have been taken up per cell. A lack of saturation of type 14 receptors by excess type 2 indicates that their receptor sites are separate on the cell surface. Excess of type 2 blocks attachment of type 1A, however, and excess of type 14 blocks type 51. Attachment of the human rhinoviruses is temperature-dependent with a Q10 of 2.7. The eclipse reaction is also temperature-dependent. At 34.5 C, the irreversible eclipse of cell-associated rhinovirus type 2 requires only a few minutes, whereas the rate of eclipse of cell-associated type 14 is considerably slower. The eclipse product of type 2 rhinovirus has been recovered from infected cells. It sediments at about 90% of the rate of the infective virions and is missing virus polypeptide 4 (the smallest of the capsid polypeptides). Upon being subjected to CsCl gradient centrifugation, virus polypeptide 2 is also lost but the product still contains ribonucleic acid and bands at about 1.45 g/cc.