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[서평]「Computer Organization and Design, The Hardware/Software Interface」

The fifth generation (5G) wireless network technology is to be standardized by 2020, where main goals are to improve capacity, reliability, and energy efficiency, while reducing latency and massively increasing connection density. An integral part of 5G is the capability to transmit touch perception type real-time communication empowered by applicable robotics and haptics equipment at the network edge. In this regard, we need drastic changes in network architecture including core and radio access network (RAN) for achieving end-to-end latency on the order of 1 ms. In this paper, we present a detailed survey on the emerging technologies to achieve low latency communications considering three different solution domains: 1) RAN; 2) core network; and 3) caching. We also present a general overview of major 5G cellular network elements such as software defined network, network function virtualization, caching, and mobile edge computing capable of meeting latency and other 5G requirements.

A Survey on Low Latency Towards 5G: RAN, Core Network and Caching Solutions

We present a single-chip fully compliant Bluetooth radio fabricated in a digital 130-nm CMOS process. The transceiver is architectured from the ground up to be compatible with digital deep-submicron CMOS processes and be readily integrated with a digital baseband and application processor. The conventional RF frequency synthesizer architecture, based on the voltage-controlled oscillator and the phase/frequency detector and charge-pump combination, has been replaced with a digitally controlled oscillator and a time-to-digital converter, respectively. The transmitter architecture takes advantage of the wideband frequency modulation capability of the all-digital phase-locked loop with built-in automatic compensation to ensure modulation accuracy. The receiver employs a discrete-time architecture in which the RF signal is directly sampled and processed using analog and digital signal processing techniques. The complete chip also integrates power management functions and a digital baseband processor. Application of the presented ideas has resulted in significant area and power savings while producing structures that are amenable to migration to more advanced deep-submicron processes, as they become available. The entire IC occupies 10 mm/sup 2/ and consumes 28 mA during transmit and 41 mA during receive at 1.5-V supply.

https://users.ece.utexas.edu/~adnan/comm-08/bluetooth-jssc-04.pdf

All-digital TX frequency synthesizer and discrete-time receiver for Bluetooth radio in 130-nm CMOS

The concept of concurrent multiband low-noise-amplifiers (LNAs) is introduced. A systematic way to design concurrent multiband integrated LNAs in general is developed. Applications of concurrent multiband LNAs in concurrent multiband receivers together with receiver architecture are discussed. Experimental results of a dual-band LNA implemented in a 0.35-/spl mu/m CMOS technology as a demonstration of the concept and theory is presented.

/pdf/concurrent-multiband-low-noise-amplifiers-theory-design-and-1iy48rdapl.pdf

Concurrent multiband low-noise amplifiers-theory, design, and applications

As of today, the fifth generation (5G) mobile communication system has been rolled out in many countries and the number of 5G subscribers already reaches a very large scale. It is time for academia and industry to shift their attention towards the next generation. At this crossroad, an overview of the current state of the art and a vision of future communications are definitely of interest. This article thus aims to provide a comprehensive survey to draw a picture of the sixth generation (6G) system in terms of drivers, use cases, usage scenarios, requirements, key performance indicators (KPIs), architecture, and enabling technologies. First, we attempt to answer the question of "Is there any need for 6G?" by shedding light on its key driving factors, in which we predict the explosive growth of mobile traffic until 2030, and envision potential use cases and usage scenarios. Second, the technical requirements of 6G are discussed and compared with those of 5G with respect to a set of KPIs in a quantitative manner. Third, the state-of-the-art 6G research efforts and activities from representative institutions and countries are summarized, and a tentative roadmap of definition, specification, standardization, and regulation is projected. Then, we identify a dozen of potential technologies and introduce their principles, advantages, challenges, and open research issues. Finally, the conclusions are drawn to paint a picture of "What 6G may look like?". This survey is intended to serve as an enlightening guideline to spur interests and further investigations for subsequent research and development of 6G communications systems.

The Road Towards 6G: A Comprehensive Survey

Next generation communication systems will use millimeter wave communication to enable higher data rates compared to Long Term Evolution (LTE) system. The coming 5G system will use antennas antenna arrays and multiple radio transceivers to compensate an excess radio signal path loss and conductive testing of an antenna array will be a challenge. Overthe-air (OTA) testing provides solution to cabling and connection problems. This paper provides an analysis of accuracy of OTA measurement at 28 GHz frequency band. A statistical measurement system analysis is used and results show that ± 0.89 dB measurement accuracy is achieved in a typical laboratory environment without an anechoic RF chamber.

/pdf/statistical-measurement-system-analysis-of-over-the-air-55he5es7dx.pdf

Statistical measurement system analysis of over-the-air measurements of antenna array at 28 GHz

This paper describes the design and post-layout simulations of a 2/3/4- modulus frequency divider circuit, accompanied with an accumulator that controls the division count. The circuit is capable of operating as an integer or as a fractional divider. Key topic of this paper is the merging of div-2/3 and div-3/4 circuits into a single compact circuit that solves an issue of a forbidden state in fractional-division operation. The circuit is designed with 28-nm CMOS technology and the post-layout simulations indicate an operating input frequency range of 0.3 – 5.4 GHz with 13-bit fractional frequency resolution between division ratios of 2-4. The divider occupies only 40 pm × 30 pm while consuming 2.0 mW at 5.4 GHz input frequency.

/pdf/a-5-4-ghz-2-3-4-modulus-fractional-frequency-divider-circuit-1jqhemofi9.pdf

A 5.4-GHz 2/3/4-Modulus Fractional Frequency Divider Circuit in 28-nm CMOS

The performance of multi-user millimeter-wave (mmW) systems is limited by relatively high sidelobe levels (SLLs) of antenna arrays. Per-antenna amplitude control can be used to adjust the amplitudes to reduce the SLL, but the reduction is often achieved at the cost of reduced transmitted power. Large two-dimensional (2D) antenna panels used in mmW phased arrays, however, allow the 2D antenna configuration to be reconfigured to reduce the SLL. In this paper, we present a simplified approach for sidelobe reduction by stacking multiple uniform linear arrays of different size to reduce the sidelobes across the horizontal plane. The approach is based on the relation between the number of antenna elements and the directions of null and sidelobe maxima. The sidelobe reduction is demonstrated by both simulations and measurements. The measurements are carried out in an anechoic chamber at 28 GHz center frequency using a 100 MHz wide modulated 5GNR waveform.

/pdf/sidelobe-reduction-by-subarray-stacking-for-uniformly-39ahdyxdj8.pdf

Sidelobe Reduction by Subarray Stacking for Uniformly Excited mmW Phased Arrays

A Dual Circular Polarized (CP) reception method is proposed to simultaneously record direct and reflected signals in GNSS reflectometry. The purpose of using a dual CP antenna system is to exploit incident wave’s polarization variation after reflection. This paper presents the theoretical background for dual CP reception system and the advantage of using dual CP system over a single polarization. Theoretical multipath propagation is validated by measurements performed at frozen Baltic sea. The Right-Hand Circular Polarization (RHCP) and Left-Hand Circular Polarization (LHCP) received signals are post-processed to retrieve information about the measurement environment. The analysis method gives the evidence of penetration of GNSS signal into the layered media and the possibility to characterize ice-thickness or layered media using only C/N0 data.

A Method For Ice Thickness Characterization Using GNSS C/N0 data

5G system design is a complex process due to a great variety of applications and their diverse requirements. This article describes our experiences in developing a centimeter waves mobile broadband concept satisfying future capacity requirements. The first step in the process was the radio channel measurement campaign and statistical modeling. Then the link level design was performed tightly together with the radio frequency (RF) implementation requirements to allow as large scalability of the air interface as possible. We started the concept development at 10 GHz frequency band and during the project World Radiocommunication Conference 2015 selected somewhat higher frequencies as new candidates for 5G. Thus, the main learning was to gain insight of interdependencies of different phenomena and find feasible combinations of techniques and parameter combinations that might actually work in practice, not only in theory.

/pdf/rf-driven-5g-system-design-for-centimeter-waves-42apwf3vl5.pdf

Aarno Parssinen

Papers

Statistical measurement system analysis of over-the-air measurements of antenna array at 28 GHz

A 5.4-GHz 2/3/4-Modulus Fractional Frequency Divider Circuit in 28-nm CMOS

Sidelobe Reduction by Subarray Stacking for Uniformly Excited mmW Phased Arrays

A Method For Ice Thickness Characterization Using GNSS C/N0 data

RF Driven 5G System Design for Centimeter Waves