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[서평]「Computer Organization and Design, The Hardware/Software Interface」

The fifth generation (5G) wireless network technology is to be standardized by 2020, where main goals are to improve capacity, reliability, and energy efficiency, while reducing latency and massively increasing connection density. An integral part of 5G is the capability to transmit touch perception type real-time communication empowered by applicable robotics and haptics equipment at the network edge. In this regard, we need drastic changes in network architecture including core and radio access network (RAN) for achieving end-to-end latency on the order of 1 ms. In this paper, we present a detailed survey on the emerging technologies to achieve low latency communications considering three different solution domains: 1) RAN; 2) core network; and 3) caching. We also present a general overview of major 5G cellular network elements such as software defined network, network function virtualization, caching, and mobile edge computing capable of meeting latency and other 5G requirements.

A Survey on Low Latency Towards 5G: RAN, Core Network and Caching Solutions

We present a single-chip fully compliant Bluetooth radio fabricated in a digital 130-nm CMOS process. The transceiver is architectured from the ground up to be compatible with digital deep-submicron CMOS processes and be readily integrated with a digital baseband and application processor. The conventional RF frequency synthesizer architecture, based on the voltage-controlled oscillator and the phase/frequency detector and charge-pump combination, has been replaced with a digitally controlled oscillator and a time-to-digital converter, respectively. The transmitter architecture takes advantage of the wideband frequency modulation capability of the all-digital phase-locked loop with built-in automatic compensation to ensure modulation accuracy. The receiver employs a discrete-time architecture in which the RF signal is directly sampled and processed using analog and digital signal processing techniques. The complete chip also integrates power management functions and a digital baseband processor. Application of the presented ideas has resulted in significant area and power savings while producing structures that are amenable to migration to more advanced deep-submicron processes, as they become available. The entire IC occupies 10 mm/sup 2/ and consumes 28 mA during transmit and 41 mA during receive at 1.5-V supply.

https://users.ece.utexas.edu/~adnan/comm-08/bluetooth-jssc-04.pdf

All-digital TX frequency synthesizer and discrete-time receiver for Bluetooth radio in 130-nm CMOS

The concept of concurrent multiband low-noise-amplifiers (LNAs) is introduced. A systematic way to design concurrent multiband integrated LNAs in general is developed. Applications of concurrent multiband LNAs in concurrent multiband receivers together with receiver architecture are discussed. Experimental results of a dual-band LNA implemented in a 0.35-/spl mu/m CMOS technology as a demonstration of the concept and theory is presented.

/pdf/concurrent-multiband-low-noise-amplifiers-theory-design-and-1iy48rdapl.pdf

Concurrent multiband low-noise amplifiers-theory, design, and applications

As of today, the fifth generation (5G) mobile communication system has been rolled out in many countries and the number of 5G subscribers already reaches a very large scale. It is time for academia and industry to shift their attention towards the next generation. At this crossroad, an overview of the current state of the art and a vision of future communications are definitely of interest. This article thus aims to provide a comprehensive survey to draw a picture of the sixth generation (6G) system in terms of drivers, use cases, usage scenarios, requirements, key performance indicators (KPIs), architecture, and enabling technologies. First, we attempt to answer the question of "Is there any need for 6G?" by shedding light on its key driving factors, in which we predict the explosive growth of mobile traffic until 2030, and envision potential use cases and usage scenarios. Second, the technical requirements of 6G are discussed and compared with those of 5G with respect to a set of KPIs in a quantitative manner. Third, the state-of-the-art 6G research efforts and activities from representative institutions and countries are summarized, and a tentative roadmap of definition, specification, standardization, and regulation is projected. Then, we identify a dozen of potential technologies and introduce their principles, advantages, challenges, and open research issues. Finally, the conclusions are drawn to paint a picture of "What 6G may look like?". This survey is intended to serve as an enlightening guideline to spur interests and further investigations for subsequent research and development of 6G communications systems.

The Road Towards 6G: A Comprehensive Survey

Embodiments provide a receiver and a method for receiving data transmitted via a combination of a first signal modulated at a first carrier frequency, and a second signal modulated at a second carrier frequency, different to the first carrier frequency. In one embodiment the receiver comprises a local oscillator and is configured to adaptively configure the local oscillator to operate at a first local oscillator frequency and a second local oscillator frequency, different to the first frequency, in dependence on a signal strength of the first signal relative to a signal strength of the second signal.

Direct conversion receiver for contiguous carrier aggregation schemes

This paper presents a dual-polarized filtering antenna designed for a 5G mm-Wave base station phased array. The out-of-band radiation of a stacked patch antenna is suppressed by embedding filtering structures along with radiating patches and feed network. Four radiation nulls can be tuned by introducing a combination of open-loop and hairpin resonators at appropriate locations, and a bandpass filtering response can be achieved. The antenna design principles and simulated performance are discussed. The antenna operates in n257 and n258 mm-Wave bands, demonstrating -10 dB impedance bandwidth at 24.25-29.5 GHz. The realized gain remains stable between 5 and 6 dBi at all the operating frequencies. The isolation between the ports and cross-polar discrimination remain better than 20 dB in all the covered frequency range.

/pdf/dual-polarized-filtering-antenna-for-mm-wave-5g-base-station-1mtjwl57vz.pdf

Dual-Polarized Filtering Antenna for mm-Wave 5G Base Station Antenna Array

A single-chip, multi-mode direct conversion receiver designed for GSM900, DCS 1800, PCS 1900, and UTRA/FDD WCDMA, applications is described. The low-noise amplifier uses only four on-chip inductors. The downconversion mixers include a method to improve the receiver IIP2 to over +40dBm. The baseband circuit achieves over +90dBV IIP2. The noise figure of the SiGe BiCMOS receiver is less than 4.8dB in all GSM modes, and 3.5dB in WCDMA. The power consumption in all GSM modes is 42mW and in WCDMA 50mW. The silicon area is 10mm/sup 2/.

Direct conversion receiver for GSM900, DCS1800, PCS1900, and WCDMA

In this paper we present the measurement results for time-to-fix, position accuracy, and carrier-to-noise ratio of mass-market Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers under the in-device interference from an LTE-M transmitter. The laboratory measurement set-up is built using software-defined radio (SDR) platforms to conductively feed emulated GPS L1 signals and LTE-M interference signals to the antenna input of the GPS receivers. The LTE-M interference from second harmonics is accurately modelled taking into account the transmitter activity patterns in different coverage enhancement modes. According to measurements, there are large variations in interference tolerance between different GPS receivers. REC01 was able to tolerate high level of interference during tracking and also in acquisition as long as the interference pulse duration is not too long (tens of milliseconds). REC02 performed clearly worse and tolerated only low levels of LTE-M interference during both acquisition and tracking. The same measurement set-up can be used with any GPS receiver for designing proper isolation and filtering levels for co-existing LTE-M transmitters.

/pdf/measured-gps-performance-under-lte-m-in-device-interference-2hq8kv99mc.pdf

Measured GPS performance under LTE-M in-device interference

This paper discusses methods to implement a sub-THz transceiver for 300 GHz band with minimal LO frequency. An existing sub-harmonic mixer, used previously in direct conversion transceiver, is applied in a sliding-IF mixer architecture. Sub-harmonic mixer with sliding IF architecture is envisioned to further reduce the need of higher LO frequency for upconversion. In this aspect, two architectures are studied by spectral analysis and further verified through circuit simulator. The first has a problem with overlapping sidebands, making it unsuitable for non-symmetrical double sideband modulations. On the other hand, the second architecture manages to up-convert signals up to fo, using a single LO frequency of fo/3.

/pdf/on-the-use-of-sub-harmonic-mixer-in-sliding-if-architecture-5cxunl08im.pdf

Aarno Parssinen

Papers

Direct conversion receiver for contiguous carrier aggregation schemes

Dual-Polarized Filtering Antenna for mm-Wave 5G Base Station Antenna Array

Direct conversion receiver for GSM900, DCS1800, PCS1900, and WCDMA

Measured GPS performance under LTE-M in-device interference

On the use of sub-harmonic mixer in sliding-IF architecture for mm-Wave/THz transceivers