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[서평]「Computer Organization and Design, The Hardware/Software Interface」

The fifth generation (5G) wireless network technology is to be standardized by 2020, where main goals are to improve capacity, reliability, and energy efficiency, while reducing latency and massively increasing connection density. An integral part of 5G is the capability to transmit touch perception type real-time communication empowered by applicable robotics and haptics equipment at the network edge. In this regard, we need drastic changes in network architecture including core and radio access network (RAN) for achieving end-to-end latency on the order of 1 ms. In this paper, we present a detailed survey on the emerging technologies to achieve low latency communications considering three different solution domains: 1) RAN; 2) core network; and 3) caching. We also present a general overview of major 5G cellular network elements such as software defined network, network function virtualization, caching, and mobile edge computing capable of meeting latency and other 5G requirements.

A Survey on Low Latency Towards 5G: RAN, Core Network and Caching Solutions

We present a single-chip fully compliant Bluetooth radio fabricated in a digital 130-nm CMOS process. The transceiver is architectured from the ground up to be compatible with digital deep-submicron CMOS processes and be readily integrated with a digital baseband and application processor. The conventional RF frequency synthesizer architecture, based on the voltage-controlled oscillator and the phase/frequency detector and charge-pump combination, has been replaced with a digitally controlled oscillator and a time-to-digital converter, respectively. The transmitter architecture takes advantage of the wideband frequency modulation capability of the all-digital phase-locked loop with built-in automatic compensation to ensure modulation accuracy. The receiver employs a discrete-time architecture in which the RF signal is directly sampled and processed using analog and digital signal processing techniques. The complete chip also integrates power management functions and a digital baseband processor. Application of the presented ideas has resulted in significant area and power savings while producing structures that are amenable to migration to more advanced deep-submicron processes, as they become available. The entire IC occupies 10 mm/sup 2/ and consumes 28 mA during transmit and 41 mA during receive at 1.5-V supply.

https://users.ece.utexas.edu/~adnan/comm-08/bluetooth-jssc-04.pdf

All-digital TX frequency synthesizer and discrete-time receiver for Bluetooth radio in 130-nm CMOS

The concept of concurrent multiband low-noise-amplifiers (LNAs) is introduced. A systematic way to design concurrent multiband integrated LNAs in general is developed. Applications of concurrent multiband LNAs in concurrent multiband receivers together with receiver architecture are discussed. Experimental results of a dual-band LNA implemented in a 0.35-/spl mu/m CMOS technology as a demonstration of the concept and theory is presented.

/pdf/concurrent-multiband-low-noise-amplifiers-theory-design-and-1iy48rdapl.pdf

Concurrent multiband low-noise amplifiers-theory, design, and applications

As of today, the fifth generation (5G) mobile communication system has been rolled out in many countries and the number of 5G subscribers already reaches a very large scale. It is time for academia and industry to shift their attention towards the next generation. At this crossroad, an overview of the current state of the art and a vision of future communications are definitely of interest. This article thus aims to provide a comprehensive survey to draw a picture of the sixth generation (6G) system in terms of drivers, use cases, usage scenarios, requirements, key performance indicators (KPIs), architecture, and enabling technologies. First, we attempt to answer the question of "Is there any need for 6G?" by shedding light on its key driving factors, in which we predict the explosive growth of mobile traffic until 2030, and envision potential use cases and usage scenarios. Second, the technical requirements of 6G are discussed and compared with those of 5G with respect to a set of KPIs in a quantitative manner. Third, the state-of-the-art 6G research efforts and activities from representative institutions and countries are summarized, and a tentative roadmap of definition, specification, standardization, and regulation is projected. Then, we identify a dozen of potential technologies and introduce their principles, advantages, challenges, and open research issues. Finally, the conclusions are drawn to paint a picture of "What 6G may look like?". This survey is intended to serve as an enlightening guideline to spur interests and further investigations for subsequent research and development of 6G communications systems.

The Road Towards 6G: A Comprehensive Survey

Cognitive Radio built on top of spectrum sensing is promised to provide more capacity for users wherever and whenever needed and improve radio spectrum utilization in clever and fair manner. However, practical spectrum sensors have to be implemented and they should provide sufficient protection to legacy users of radio spectrum. This leads to trade-offs between primary user protection ratio, device form factor, cost and power consumption. In this research we have derived requirements for antenna efficiency, sensitivity and linearity of practical spectrum sensors. These are verified by field measurements using spectrum sensor embedded to a mobile phone.

/pdf/trade-offs-in-primary-detection-using-a-mobile-phone-as-a-1ch71ua6l5.pdf

Trade-offs in primary detection using a mobile phone as a sensing device

The present invention provides an innovative versatile system, which allows delivery of one or several antigens or biologically active molecules into or onto targeted subset of cells. The invention is in particular directed to a combination of compounds and in particular to a composition, which comprises : (i) a fusion polypeptide comprising a streptavidin (SA) or avidin polypeptide and one or several effector molecule(s), wherein said fusion polypeptide retains the property of SA and avidin polypeptides to bind biotin; (ii) biotinylated targeting molecule(s), which are capable of targeting subset(s) of cells and/or cell surface molecule(s), and in particular dendritic cells (DC), subsets of DC and/or surface molecule(s) (including surface receptor(s)) of DC. The combination of the invention is suitable for use for targeting, in vivo, in vitro or ex vivo, of one or several effector molecule(s) to subset(s) of cells and/or cell surface molecule(s), and in particular for diagnosing or immunomonitoring a disease in a mammal or in prophylactic treatment and especially in vaccination and in therapy including in immunotherapy. The combination of the invention is also intended for use in vivo or ex vivo, for inducing a T cell immune response in bone marrow of naive donors before transplantation, or for activation and/or expansion of a T cell immune response in bone marrow of already immunized donors. The invention also relates to a method for the production of a fusion polypeptide of the invention and to a kit for a diagnostic test of a disease in a mammal, for immunomonitoring a disease in a mammal or for the prevention or treatment of a disease in a mammal.

Method and apparatus for implementing a dynamically switching duplex mode

Large antenna arrays used for compensating the millimeter wave (mmW) path loss gives interesting perspectives for considering out-of-band emissions and reception signals to be direction dependent. In addition, co-existence of lower frequency and mm W systems set special requirements for both conventional cellular and mm W systems. This paper presents discussion on these two cases as the most important out-of-band interference scenarios in fifth generation systems. Effects of inter modulation and adjacent channel leakage are discussed in both mm W beamforming transceiver and receiver, respectively. It is concluded that distortion is behaving differently in multi-antenna transmitter that at the receiver. Over-the-Air (OTA) measured and simulated examples of the nonlinear behavior of an array are given for receiver and transmitter, respectively. Furthermore, smart array linearization scheme given as a reference provides new perspective to consider the direction dependent out-of-band distortion as a part of the future cellular standards.

/pdf/out-of-band-interference-in-5g-mmw-multi-antenna-17rrqpbo2c.pdf

Out-of-Band Interference in 5G mmW Multi-Antenna Transceivers: Co-Existence Scenarios

Digital predistortion (DPD) of a phased array requires that multiple transmit paths must be measured by a feedback (FB) receiver (Rx), This paper proposes a simplified FB architecture to be used for phased array DPD. A single FB line collects the waveform samples from the parallel paths to the FB Rx. The gain and phase of the common FB line is obtained by comparing the FB outputs to over-the-air (OTA) measurements. The overall DPD training is done by collecting the PA outputs with the common FB line, post-equalizing them to model the main lobe waveform and combining them to create the object used for array DPD. The DPD performance was verified by OTA measurements with 5GNR waveform and 28 GHz 8-path phased array transmitter. The DPD trained through the local FB line with the proposed calibration method achieved < -45dB ACPR which was close to OTA DPD performance.

/pdf/digital-predistortion-of-millimeter-wave-phased-array-4pry5oe58y.pdf

Digital Predistortion of Millimeter-Wave Phased Array Transmitter With Over-the-air Calibrated Simplified Conductive Feedback Architecture

An apparatus for controlling at least one radio module, wherein the apparatus is configured to generate at least one service request for a first radio mode, determine at least one logical architecture model dependent on each service request, select at least one of the plurality of radio modules to form a physical architecture structure dependent on each logical architecture model, and generate at least one configuration data set dependent on the selected one of the plurality of radio modules.

Aarno Parssinen

Papers

Trade-offs in primary detection using a mobile phone as a sensing device

Method and apparatus for implementing a dynamically switching duplex mode

Out-of-Band Interference in 5G mmW Multi-Antenna Transceivers: Co-Existence Scenarios

Digital Predistortion of Millimeter-Wave Phased Array Transmitter With Over-the-air Calibrated Simplified Conductive Feedback Architecture

A radio frequency apparatus