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[서평]「Computer Organization and Design, The Hardware/Software Interface」

The fifth generation (5G) wireless network technology is to be standardized by 2020, where main goals are to improve capacity, reliability, and energy efficiency, while reducing latency and massively increasing connection density. An integral part of 5G is the capability to transmit touch perception type real-time communication empowered by applicable robotics and haptics equipment at the network edge. In this regard, we need drastic changes in network architecture including core and radio access network (RAN) for achieving end-to-end latency on the order of 1 ms. In this paper, we present a detailed survey on the emerging technologies to achieve low latency communications considering three different solution domains: 1) RAN; 2) core network; and 3) caching. We also present a general overview of major 5G cellular network elements such as software defined network, network function virtualization, caching, and mobile edge computing capable of meeting latency and other 5G requirements.

A Survey on Low Latency Towards 5G: RAN, Core Network and Caching Solutions

We present a single-chip fully compliant Bluetooth radio fabricated in a digital 130-nm CMOS process. The transceiver is architectured from the ground up to be compatible with digital deep-submicron CMOS processes and be readily integrated with a digital baseband and application processor. The conventional RF frequency synthesizer architecture, based on the voltage-controlled oscillator and the phase/frequency detector and charge-pump combination, has been replaced with a digitally controlled oscillator and a time-to-digital converter, respectively. The transmitter architecture takes advantage of the wideband frequency modulation capability of the all-digital phase-locked loop with built-in automatic compensation to ensure modulation accuracy. The receiver employs a discrete-time architecture in which the RF signal is directly sampled and processed using analog and digital signal processing techniques. The complete chip also integrates power management functions and a digital baseband processor. Application of the presented ideas has resulted in significant area and power savings while producing structures that are amenable to migration to more advanced deep-submicron processes, as they become available. The entire IC occupies 10 mm/sup 2/ and consumes 28 mA during transmit and 41 mA during receive at 1.5-V supply.

https://users.ece.utexas.edu/~adnan/comm-08/bluetooth-jssc-04.pdf

All-digital TX frequency synthesizer and discrete-time receiver for Bluetooth radio in 130-nm CMOS

The concept of concurrent multiband low-noise-amplifiers (LNAs) is introduced. A systematic way to design concurrent multiband integrated LNAs in general is developed. Applications of concurrent multiband LNAs in concurrent multiband receivers together with receiver architecture are discussed. Experimental results of a dual-band LNA implemented in a 0.35-/spl mu/m CMOS technology as a demonstration of the concept and theory is presented.

/pdf/concurrent-multiband-low-noise-amplifiers-theory-design-and-1iy48rdapl.pdf

Concurrent multiband low-noise amplifiers-theory, design, and applications

As of today, the fifth generation (5G) mobile communication system has been rolled out in many countries and the number of 5G subscribers already reaches a very large scale. It is time for academia and industry to shift their attention towards the next generation. At this crossroad, an overview of the current state of the art and a vision of future communications are definitely of interest. This article thus aims to provide a comprehensive survey to draw a picture of the sixth generation (6G) system in terms of drivers, use cases, usage scenarios, requirements, key performance indicators (KPIs), architecture, and enabling technologies. First, we attempt to answer the question of "Is there any need for 6G?" by shedding light on its key driving factors, in which we predict the explosive growth of mobile traffic until 2030, and envision potential use cases and usage scenarios. Second, the technical requirements of 6G are discussed and compared with those of 5G with respect to a set of KPIs in a quantitative manner. Third, the state-of-the-art 6G research efforts and activities from representative institutions and countries are summarized, and a tentative roadmap of definition, specification, standardization, and regulation is projected. Then, we identify a dozen of potential technologies and introduce their principles, advantages, challenges, and open research issues. Finally, the conclusions are drawn to paint a picture of "What 6G may look like?". This survey is intended to serve as an enlightening guideline to spur interests and further investigations for subsequent research and development of 6G communications systems.

The Road Towards 6G: A Comprehensive Survey

New interoperability problems will arise, when 5G millimeter wave (mmW) radios will be integrated into mobile devices and small cell base stations with other radios. Current LTE (Long Term Evolution) and Wi-Fi radio transceivers have not been designed, verified or specified for simultaneous operation with 5G mmW radios. Wi-Fi or LTE-LAA (Licensed Assisted Access) may introduce co-channel interference due to the harmonics falling over 5G mmW frequencies. Alternatively, the fundamental LTE or Wi-Fi transmission may block the 5G mmW receiver. This paper studies requirements for RF filtering in the LTE and Wi-Fi radios, which operate in conjunction with a 5G mmW system. Antenna isolation measurements of 5G proof-of-concept (PoC) antenna array show that mmW antenna array resonates with multiple lower frequencies due to the antenna array physical dimensions, e.g. overall module dimensions, sub-array dimensions and sub-array locations from the edges of the antenna module. Thus, lower frequency interoperability is a new optimization criterion for dimensions of mmW antenna module. Measurement results verify that a previously developed 5G mmW PoC radio and antenna module operating at 28 GHz and LTE-LAA/Wi-Fi operating at 5 GHz as well as LTE at 2.7 GHz can operate simultaneously without interference problems within the same radio unit.

/pdf/5g-mmw-receiver-interoperability-with-wi-fi-and-lte-4l759cgo54.pdf

5G mmW Receiver Interoperability with Wi-Fi and LTE transmissions

This paper describes a frequency generator supporting over-an-octave tuning range for 5G receiver front-end. Generator is built by composition of smaller-range oscillators multiplexed to the common output that drives a downconversion mixer. Simulated in 28nm CMOS with full physical device models the composite oscillator exhibits a frequency tuning range from 21.5 to 60.7GHz (95.3%) dissipating less then 25.8mW from a 0.9V supply. As a result, it achieves −184dBc/Hz FOM TR .

/pdf/a-20-60ghz-digitally-controlled-composite-oscillator-for-5g-39805hxwi9.pdf

A 20-60GHz Digitally Controlled Composite Oscillator for 5G

In this paper, a differentially-driven wideband multiple-feed on-chip antenna design in $0.13\ \mu \mathrm{m}$ SiGe technology is proposed for millimeter-wave power combining applications. The in-antenna power combining concept is achieved by combining parallel amplifiers in the multi-port radiator where each port corresponds directly to a differential power amplifier (PA) stage. Specifically, the radiator is composed of a leaky slot with multiple set of differential microstrip feed lines. A wideband Marchand balun with 1.5 dB insertion loss is applied to convert the differential output to the single-ended input of microstrip feed line. In addition, the proposed differential PA has a combined output power of 10 dBm and its output is directly connected with the balun. As a result, the proposed multiple-feed antenna has four differential microstrip feed lines connected with four Marchand baluns which are driven by four parallel differential PAs respectively. Also, to compensate for the loss along the signal route such as power splitters and baluns, pre-amplification PA stage is a necessity at the input of each PA stage. In order to suppress the surface waves in the high permittivity substrate, an extended hemispherical silicon lens is integrated with the chip. Simulation results show that the antenna can cover more than 50 % fractional bandwidth at 250 GHz and calculated EIRP is 19.3 dBm.

/pdf/a-multiple-feed-connected-leaky-slot-antenna-for-in-antenna-5b2asrre9m.pdf

A Multiple-Feed Connected Leaky Slot Antenna for In-Antenna Power Combining in 0.13 μm SiGe BiCMOS Technology

A receiver circuit comprising a connection portion (20) for guiding each one of a first predefined number of carrier signals of multiple carriers to one of a number of receive branches, each receive branch comprising at least one amplifier load structure, the number of receive branches being equal to the first predefined number. The receiver circuit also comprises a mixing portion (30) for generating a second predefined number of mixed carrier signals on each receive branch by mixing a carrier signal on each one of the receive branches with a number of local oscillator frequencies equal to the second predefined number, and a selection portion (40) for selecting one of the second predefined number of mixed carrier signals on each receive branch to be output via a number of output paths equal to the first predetermined number to a digital data path.

Receiver circuit for multiple carriers

New long range wireless standards, such as LTE-NB, for Internet-of-Things (IoT) devices have very challenging requirements for power consumption, however, relax, somewhat, linearity requirements of the receiver. Efforts to make low power, low cost and compact devices rise new challenges in the whole level of design including antenna interface which is the entry block of each transceiver chain. High system efficiency and selectivity as close as possible to antenna interface are key design criteria. This issue, demands the designer to ensure the optimality of the antenna interface. This paper presents a precise method for designing two-port impedance matching filters loaded by arbitrary frequency dependent loads. Above mentioned strict constraints favour using fewer number of elements and thus reduce potential losses. A design technique to quickly evaluate all possible topologies from a limited set of elements is presented. The idea is implemented in MATLAB and verified by a design example including lossy elements and practical terminations.

/pdf/an-investigation-on-frequency-selective-antenna-interface-5ckr3geezu.pdf

Aarno Parssinen

Papers

5G mmW Receiver Interoperability with Wi-Fi and LTE transmissions

A 20-60GHz Digitally Controlled Composite Oscillator for 5G

A Multiple-Feed Connected Leaky Slot Antenna for In-Antenna Power Combining in 0.13 μm SiGe BiCMOS Technology

Receiver circuit for multiple carriers

An investigation on frequency selective antenna interface based on optimization approach