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[서평]「Computer Organization and Design, The Hardware/Software Interface」

The fifth generation (5G) wireless network technology is to be standardized by 2020, where main goals are to improve capacity, reliability, and energy efficiency, while reducing latency and massively increasing connection density. An integral part of 5G is the capability to transmit touch perception type real-time communication empowered by applicable robotics and haptics equipment at the network edge. In this regard, we need drastic changes in network architecture including core and radio access network (RAN) for achieving end-to-end latency on the order of 1 ms. In this paper, we present a detailed survey on the emerging technologies to achieve low latency communications considering three different solution domains: 1) RAN; 2) core network; and 3) caching. We also present a general overview of major 5G cellular network elements such as software defined network, network function virtualization, caching, and mobile edge computing capable of meeting latency and other 5G requirements.

A Survey on Low Latency Towards 5G: RAN, Core Network and Caching Solutions

We present a single-chip fully compliant Bluetooth radio fabricated in a digital 130-nm CMOS process. The transceiver is architectured from the ground up to be compatible with digital deep-submicron CMOS processes and be readily integrated with a digital baseband and application processor. The conventional RF frequency synthesizer architecture, based on the voltage-controlled oscillator and the phase/frequency detector and charge-pump combination, has been replaced with a digitally controlled oscillator and a time-to-digital converter, respectively. The transmitter architecture takes advantage of the wideband frequency modulation capability of the all-digital phase-locked loop with built-in automatic compensation to ensure modulation accuracy. The receiver employs a discrete-time architecture in which the RF signal is directly sampled and processed using analog and digital signal processing techniques. The complete chip also integrates power management functions and a digital baseband processor. Application of the presented ideas has resulted in significant area and power savings while producing structures that are amenable to migration to more advanced deep-submicron processes, as they become available. The entire IC occupies 10 mm/sup 2/ and consumes 28 mA during transmit and 41 mA during receive at 1.5-V supply.

https://users.ece.utexas.edu/~adnan/comm-08/bluetooth-jssc-04.pdf

All-digital TX frequency synthesizer and discrete-time receiver for Bluetooth radio in 130-nm CMOS

The concept of concurrent multiband low-noise-amplifiers (LNAs) is introduced. A systematic way to design concurrent multiband integrated LNAs in general is developed. Applications of concurrent multiband LNAs in concurrent multiband receivers together with receiver architecture are discussed. Experimental results of a dual-band LNA implemented in a 0.35-/spl mu/m CMOS technology as a demonstration of the concept and theory is presented.

/pdf/concurrent-multiband-low-noise-amplifiers-theory-design-and-1iy48rdapl.pdf

Concurrent multiband low-noise amplifiers-theory, design, and applications

As of today, the fifth generation (5G) mobile communication system has been rolled out in many countries and the number of 5G subscribers already reaches a very large scale. It is time for academia and industry to shift their attention towards the next generation. At this crossroad, an overview of the current state of the art and a vision of future communications are definitely of interest. This article thus aims to provide a comprehensive survey to draw a picture of the sixth generation (6G) system in terms of drivers, use cases, usage scenarios, requirements, key performance indicators (KPIs), architecture, and enabling technologies. First, we attempt to answer the question of "Is there any need for 6G?" by shedding light on its key driving factors, in which we predict the explosive growth of mobile traffic until 2030, and envision potential use cases and usage scenarios. Second, the technical requirements of 6G are discussed and compared with those of 5G with respect to a set of KPIs in a quantitative manner. Third, the state-of-the-art 6G research efforts and activities from representative institutions and countries are summarized, and a tentative roadmap of definition, specification, standardization, and regulation is projected. Then, we identify a dozen of potential technologies and introduce their principles, advantages, challenges, and open research issues. Finally, the conclusions are drawn to paint a picture of "What 6G may look like?". This survey is intended to serve as an enlightening guideline to spur interests and further investigations for subsequent research and development of 6G communications systems.

The Road Towards 6G: A Comprehensive Survey

The paper presents simulated and measured results of a large millimeter-wave antenna array, designed by keeping mind the particular interests for proof of concepts in 5G demonstrations in South-Korean Winter Olympics 2018. The array consist of 16 (2x8) unit cells, each having four (2x2) linearly polarized patch elements exited with the same amplitude and phase. The desired -10 dB impedance bandwidth for the array is from 25.65 GHz to 27.50 GHz, and the proposed structure achieves lower than -30 dB mutual coupling between the unit cells. The presented simulation and measurement results show good match with each other, as well as with the specifications. The radiation pattern is measured element by element at 27 GHz, and the results are summed in post-processing to perform the array factor. Sidelobe levels are 15 dB below the maximum gain, whereas the measured maximum gain is around 20 dB as the numerical results predicted 21.5 dB.

/pdf/linearly-polarized-64-element-antenna-array-for-mm-wave-1eaq3m6zox.pdf

Linearly Polarized 64-element Antenna Array for mm-Wave Mobile Backhaul Application

In this brief, designs of two millimeter wave (mmWave) reconfigurable multi band low noise amplifiers (LNA) are presented targeted for fifth generation (5G) communications. A reconfigurable tunable load based on electrical and magnetic tuning is proposed to cover three mmWave frequency bands for 5G, i.e., 24 GHz, 28 GHz and 39 GHz. Two LNA structures are designed and fabricated using 45nm CMOS SOI technology. The first toplogy (LNA1) is composed of a single input wideband matching circuit to cover frequency operations from 24 GHz to 40 GHz. On the other hand, second topology (LNA2) uses three separate narrowband match inputs, one for each frequency band, with combined output. Design methodology of passive and active devices is presented towards compact integration of LNAs for systems such as, phased arrays. Ground plane and its impact on the performance parameters is also discussed in this brief. Measurement results show a wideband noise figure (NF) ranging from 3.8 dB to 4.9 dB and gain of 8.5 dB to 12.5 dB for LNA1 at different bands. Similarly, LNA2 exhibits NF of 4.5 dB to 5.5 dB and gain of 9.5 dB to 15.5 dB across all bands. Total area (including pads) of LNA1 and LNA2 are 0.316 $mm^{2}$ and 0.695 $mm^{2}$ , respectively.

/pdf/millimeter-wave-frequency-reconfigurable-low-noise-18h4h4p1io.pdf

Millimeter-wave Frequency Reconfigurable Low Noise Amplifiers for 5G

This paper presents a wide-band digital frequency synthesizer architecture targeted for spectrum sensing applications. The proposed digital period synthesizer (DPS) architecture can achieve wide operational bandwidth, extremely high frequency resolution and short settling time with low power and area consumption. The frequency synthesizer was implemented in a 65-nm CMOS process and it occupies 0.12 mm2 active area. The frequency range of the synthesizer is from 0.1 GHz to 4.267 GHz with 0.025–5.38 Hz frequency resolution. In this range, the settling time for any arbitrary frequency jump is less than 30 ns. The power consumption ranges from 3.6 to 8.4 mW.

A digital frequency synthesizer for cognitive radio spectrum sensing applications

Localized spectrum sensing is an alternate for database centric approaches to solve secondary use of spectrum in cognitive radios. This can be carried out by using collaborative spectrum sensing where larger amount of small devices is utilized for local spectrum sensing. This paper describes an mobile device scale implementation of multi-mode, multi-band spectrum sensor for cognitive radio. Cyclostationary feature detector algorithm is utilized to detect digital television (DVB-T/H) on UHF band and IEEE802.11a/g on 2.4/5 GHz (ISM/WLAN) bands. A miniaturized spectrum sensing device encounters physical challenges; like limited size and battery capacity, but provides opportunities to establish a dense network and fast response to dynamic chances in signal conditions.

/pdf/multi-mode-multi-band-spectrum-sensor-for-cognitive-radios-2kudxjz1ph.pdf

Multi-mode, multi-band spectrum sensor for cognitive radios embedded to a mobile phone

This paper proposes a novel symmetric super- regenerative transceiver architecture for pulsed short-range communication. The proposed architecture is targeted for wireless applications where ultra low power consumption and data-rate in tens of megabits per second are needed over distances in the range of tens of centimeters. The transmitter and receiver are both based on super-regenerative principle and both functions in the transceiver utilize one mutual super-regenerative oscillator. Additionally, the transceiver architecture allows fast synchronization of transceivers thanks to the delayed reflection phenomenon which makes it possible to detect correct timing simultaneously at both ends of the system. Measurement results demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed principle.

Aarno Parssinen

Papers

Linearly Polarized 64-element Antenna Array for mm-Wave Mobile Backhaul Application

Millimeter-wave Frequency Reconfigurable Low Noise Amplifiers for 5G

A digital frequency synthesizer for cognitive radio spectrum sensing applications

Multi-mode, multi-band spectrum sensor for cognitive radios embedded to a mobile phone

A New Symmetric Transceiver Architecture for Pulsed Short-Range Communication