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[서평]「Computer Organization and Design, The Hardware/Software Interface」

The fifth generation (5G) wireless network technology is to be standardized by 2020, where main goals are to improve capacity, reliability, and energy efficiency, while reducing latency and massively increasing connection density. An integral part of 5G is the capability to transmit touch perception type real-time communication empowered by applicable robotics and haptics equipment at the network edge. In this regard, we need drastic changes in network architecture including core and radio access network (RAN) for achieving end-to-end latency on the order of 1 ms. In this paper, we present a detailed survey on the emerging technologies to achieve low latency communications considering three different solution domains: 1) RAN; 2) core network; and 3) caching. We also present a general overview of major 5G cellular network elements such as software defined network, network function virtualization, caching, and mobile edge computing capable of meeting latency and other 5G requirements.

A Survey on Low Latency Towards 5G: RAN, Core Network and Caching Solutions

We present a single-chip fully compliant Bluetooth radio fabricated in a digital 130-nm CMOS process. The transceiver is architectured from the ground up to be compatible with digital deep-submicron CMOS processes and be readily integrated with a digital baseband and application processor. The conventional RF frequency synthesizer architecture, based on the voltage-controlled oscillator and the phase/frequency detector and charge-pump combination, has been replaced with a digitally controlled oscillator and a time-to-digital converter, respectively. The transmitter architecture takes advantage of the wideband frequency modulation capability of the all-digital phase-locked loop with built-in automatic compensation to ensure modulation accuracy. The receiver employs a discrete-time architecture in which the RF signal is directly sampled and processed using analog and digital signal processing techniques. The complete chip also integrates power management functions and a digital baseband processor. Application of the presented ideas has resulted in significant area and power savings while producing structures that are amenable to migration to more advanced deep-submicron processes, as they become available. The entire IC occupies 10 mm/sup 2/ and consumes 28 mA during transmit and 41 mA during receive at 1.5-V supply.

https://users.ece.utexas.edu/~adnan/comm-08/bluetooth-jssc-04.pdf

All-digital TX frequency synthesizer and discrete-time receiver for Bluetooth radio in 130-nm CMOS

The concept of concurrent multiband low-noise-amplifiers (LNAs) is introduced. A systematic way to design concurrent multiband integrated LNAs in general is developed. Applications of concurrent multiband LNAs in concurrent multiband receivers together with receiver architecture are discussed. Experimental results of a dual-band LNA implemented in a 0.35-/spl mu/m CMOS technology as a demonstration of the concept and theory is presented.

/pdf/concurrent-multiband-low-noise-amplifiers-theory-design-and-1iy48rdapl.pdf

Concurrent multiband low-noise amplifiers-theory, design, and applications

As of today, the fifth generation (5G) mobile communication system has been rolled out in many countries and the number of 5G subscribers already reaches a very large scale. It is time for academia and industry to shift their attention towards the next generation. At this crossroad, an overview of the current state of the art and a vision of future communications are definitely of interest. This article thus aims to provide a comprehensive survey to draw a picture of the sixth generation (6G) system in terms of drivers, use cases, usage scenarios, requirements, key performance indicators (KPIs), architecture, and enabling technologies. First, we attempt to answer the question of "Is there any need for 6G?" by shedding light on its key driving factors, in which we predict the explosive growth of mobile traffic until 2030, and envision potential use cases and usage scenarios. Second, the technical requirements of 6G are discussed and compared with those of 5G with respect to a set of KPIs in a quantitative manner. Third, the state-of-the-art 6G research efforts and activities from representative institutions and countries are summarized, and a tentative roadmap of definition, specification, standardization, and regulation is projected. Then, we identify a dozen of potential technologies and introduce their principles, advantages, challenges, and open research issues. Finally, the conclusions are drawn to paint a picture of "What 6G may look like?". This survey is intended to serve as an enlightening guideline to spur interests and further investigations for subsequent research and development of 6G communications systems.

The Road Towards 6G: A Comprehensive Survey

The invention relates to a control unit configured to search for at least one predetermined conversion function, check a system time of at least one radio protocol, define a common time, convert the system time of at least one radio protocol to the common time with the at least one conversion function and process control commands in the common time, and/or convert the common time to the system time of at least one radio protocol with the at least one conversion function and process control commands in the system time.

Control unit and method in a multiradio device

The future high frequency systems require very high antenna gains to cope with the large channel losses. In order to obtain large gain and flexible beamforming, large antenna arrays are often considered. With hundreds or thousands of antenna elements, transmit energy is highly concentrated on the target. However, large numbers of antenna elements make the antennas very large compared with the wavelength. Therefore, it is likely for the user to be in the near field of the array. In this region, the maximum antenna gain is obtained by focusing the energy on the desired locations. The downside is a need to know the exact locations of the radios. This paper focuses on analysis of the traditional linear phase beam steering and near field focusing beam steering and the impact of the user location uncertainty on the achievable antenna gain. The uncertainty in the user location can arise, for instance, due to user mobility. The results show that the near field focusing gives superior gain in the near field of the antenna array, but is more sensitive to the user location information than the linear phase beam steering.

/pdf/performance-comparison-of-near-field-focused-and-37j14b8ypr.pdf

Performance Comparison of Near-Field Focused and Conventional Phased Antenna Arrays at 140 GHz

This paper studies how nonlinear distortion is generated in the combination of an inverter-based low-noise amplifier and a passive mixer. The dominant nonlinearity appears to be the quadratic $$V_{gs}V_{ds}$$
 mixing term in the passive mixer that first causes low-frequency IM2 and then upconverts it to IM3. Adding a common-mode feedback (CMFB) cancels the IM2 in a pseudo-differential structure, and hence also reduces the IM3 caused by the cascaded second order nonlinearities significantly. The effect of CMFB gain, bandwidth and linearity were analyzed, and it is concluded that from the linearity point of view, the feedback circuit does not have to be very wideband since the dominant distortion products originate from baseband. Finally, the paper takes a look at the spurious tones rising in the mixing, and how to extend the analysis to include the actual frequency translation effect.

/pdf/origins-and-minimization-of-intermodulation-distortion-in-a-209edvq01h.pdf

Origins and minimization of intermodulation distortion in a pseudo-differential CMOS beamforming receiver

Strict power and form factor requirements of miniaturized IoT wearable devices have introduced severe challenges in equipping them with multi-band cellular IoT connectivity. The antenna front-end renders the primary obstacle since supporting narrow and multi-band cellular connectivity requires a range with extensive coverage and high selectivity. This fact, in turn, would require a larger antenna and multiband filtering. Recently, high-Q tunable antennas have shown great potential in eliminating multiband filtering. However, their coverage and tuning range in small dimensions has proved to be inadequate to present a global coverage. This paper proposes a novel tunable antenna front-end architecture to address this problem. The proposed architecture benefits a dual-band, high-Q and tunable antenna in conjunction with tunable filters to cover a large variety of LTE-M bands in the resolution of 700 MHz to 2155 MHz including bands: 3, 4, 12, 13, 17 and 20. The design and implementation are discussed in detail, and related measurements are presented to prove the tuning capability.

/pdf/tunable-front-end-design-with-a-dual-band-antenna-for-small-2a3gj0z77j.pdf

Tunable Front-end Design with a Dual-band Antenna for Small Cellular Devices

Multiantenna systems can increase the spatial reuse of the wireless spectrum by nulling the interfering directions. However, the efficiency of the spatial interference suppression is highly sensitive to errors in the progressive phase applied to the antenna elements. We examine the impact of one particular source of error resulting from the quantization of the analog beamforming weights. In particular, we focus on vector-modulator based RF beamforming system. To improve the quantization error, we propose a sliding reference approach for using a floating phase reference minimizing the quantization error of the RF beamformer. Monte-Carlo simulations are performed to analyze the performance of the zeroforcing with quantized coefficients. With small arrays, the simulation results showed almost 10 dB of improvement in the average null depth compared to the conventional round-off method.

/pdf/improving-analog-zero-forcing-null-depth-with-n-bit-vector-2oqmd2b32i.pdf

Aarno Parssinen

Papers

Control unit and method in a multiradio device

Performance Comparison of Near-Field Focused and Conventional Phased Antenna Arrays at 140 GHz

Origins and minimization of intermodulation distortion in a pseudo-differential CMOS beamforming receiver

Tunable Front-end Design with a Dual-band Antenna for Small Cellular Devices

Improving Analog Zero-Forcing Null Depth with N-bit Vector Modulators in Multi-beam Phased Array Systems