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[서평]「Computer Organization and Design, The Hardware/Software Interface」

The fifth generation (5G) wireless network technology is to be standardized by 2020, where main goals are to improve capacity, reliability, and energy efficiency, while reducing latency and massively increasing connection density. An integral part of 5G is the capability to transmit touch perception type real-time communication empowered by applicable robotics and haptics equipment at the network edge. In this regard, we need drastic changes in network architecture including core and radio access network (RAN) for achieving end-to-end latency on the order of 1 ms. In this paper, we present a detailed survey on the emerging technologies to achieve low latency communications considering three different solution domains: 1) RAN; 2) core network; and 3) caching. We also present a general overview of major 5G cellular network elements such as software defined network, network function virtualization, caching, and mobile edge computing capable of meeting latency and other 5G requirements.

A Survey on Low Latency Towards 5G: RAN, Core Network and Caching Solutions

We present a single-chip fully compliant Bluetooth radio fabricated in a digital 130-nm CMOS process. The transceiver is architectured from the ground up to be compatible with digital deep-submicron CMOS processes and be readily integrated with a digital baseband and application processor. The conventional RF frequency synthesizer architecture, based on the voltage-controlled oscillator and the phase/frequency detector and charge-pump combination, has been replaced with a digitally controlled oscillator and a time-to-digital converter, respectively. The transmitter architecture takes advantage of the wideband frequency modulation capability of the all-digital phase-locked loop with built-in automatic compensation to ensure modulation accuracy. The receiver employs a discrete-time architecture in which the RF signal is directly sampled and processed using analog and digital signal processing techniques. The complete chip also integrates power management functions and a digital baseband processor. Application of the presented ideas has resulted in significant area and power savings while producing structures that are amenable to migration to more advanced deep-submicron processes, as they become available. The entire IC occupies 10 mm/sup 2/ and consumes 28 mA during transmit and 41 mA during receive at 1.5-V supply.

https://users.ece.utexas.edu/~adnan/comm-08/bluetooth-jssc-04.pdf

All-digital TX frequency synthesizer and discrete-time receiver for Bluetooth radio in 130-nm CMOS

The concept of concurrent multiband low-noise-amplifiers (LNAs) is introduced. A systematic way to design concurrent multiband integrated LNAs in general is developed. Applications of concurrent multiband LNAs in concurrent multiband receivers together with receiver architecture are discussed. Experimental results of a dual-band LNA implemented in a 0.35-/spl mu/m CMOS technology as a demonstration of the concept and theory is presented.

/pdf/concurrent-multiband-low-noise-amplifiers-theory-design-and-1iy48rdapl.pdf

Concurrent multiband low-noise amplifiers-theory, design, and applications

As of today, the fifth generation (5G) mobile communication system has been rolled out in many countries and the number of 5G subscribers already reaches a very large scale. It is time for academia and industry to shift their attention towards the next generation. At this crossroad, an overview of the current state of the art and a vision of future communications are definitely of interest. This article thus aims to provide a comprehensive survey to draw a picture of the sixth generation (6G) system in terms of drivers, use cases, usage scenarios, requirements, key performance indicators (KPIs), architecture, and enabling technologies. First, we attempt to answer the question of "Is there any need for 6G?" by shedding light on its key driving factors, in which we predict the explosive growth of mobile traffic until 2030, and envision potential use cases and usage scenarios. Second, the technical requirements of 6G are discussed and compared with those of 5G with respect to a set of KPIs in a quantitative manner. Third, the state-of-the-art 6G research efforts and activities from representative institutions and countries are summarized, and a tentative roadmap of definition, specification, standardization, and regulation is projected. Then, we identify a dozen of potential technologies and introduce their principles, advantages, challenges, and open research issues. Finally, the conclusions are drawn to paint a picture of "What 6G may look like?". This survey is intended to serve as an enlightening guideline to spur interests and further investigations for subsequent research and development of 6G communications systems.

The Road Towards 6G: A Comprehensive Survey

We study the effect of a finger, and other objects with similar shape, on the channel gain in short distance propagation measurements at 220–330 GHz. Channel impulse responses and channel gains of six objects are analyzed on different positions obstructing a 35 cm line of sight (LOS) link. The intention is to evaluate potential user effects on portable devices supporting the future 6G system. Very short wavelength and link distance cause strong fluctuation of channel gain even on millimetre scale movement of obstacles. The finger phantom causes 44 dB attenuation on close vicinity, 5 mm, of transmitter antenna and has similar attenuation pattern with corresponding metallic stripes. On the contrary, it is observed that some objects, such as the measured Nylon rod, may even increase the signal strength. These impacts are important when studying the wave propagation and network aspects of high frequencies systems.

/pdf/measured-blockage-effect-of-a-finger-and-similar-small-3iz5kzd05i.pdf

Measured Blockage Effect of a Finger and Similar Small Objects at 300 GHz

This paper discusses the design requirements of class C auxiliary (aux) amplifiers deployed in Doherty power amplifiers (DPA). Taking conduction angle and back-off (BO) level into account a global design chart is presented which can be utilized to properly dimension the aux amplifier. Based on the proposed method a class C power amplifier is designed and exploited in a DPA circuit at 28GHz which is evaluated using simulations based on 45nm CMOS technology. Simulations reveal 27dBm saturated output power, 60% maximum drain efficiency (DE), 45% DE at 6dBBO, and 2 times efficiency enhancement at 6dB BO which is a new record in this trend.

/pdf/design-of-stacked-mos-transistor-mm-wave-class-c-amplifiers-4o3rf63ype.pdf

Design of Stacked-MOS Transistor mm-Wave Class C Amplifiers for Doherty Power Amplifiers

Implementation of proper wireless links at submillimetre-wave and terahertz (THz) frequencies requires high-gain antennas. This simulation-based study investigates the performance of dielectric lenses and their feed antennas at 300 GHz. Parametric studies and electromagnetic simulations are used to determine the general lens properties, and the use of waveguide and on-chip antenna feeds is considered. The results show that the studied lens and feed structures can provide good, directive radiation patterns also with beam scanning.

/pdf/dielectric-lens-antennas-for-300-ghz-applications-6779hxyapm.pdf

Dielectric Lens Antennas for 300-GHz Applications

The invention relates to a quadrature demodulating radio receiver and to a method for reducing an imbalance in gain between an in-phase channel and a quadrature channel of such a radio receiver. Received radio frequency signals are downconverted to in-phase and quadrature-phase signals, either to a baseband or a certain IF frequency. In order to improve the performance of the channels, it is proposed that imbalances in gain or amplitude between the two channels are compensated in the analog domain. This is achieved by employing in at least one of the channels amplifying means with an adjustable gain for amplifying received signals in the analog domain, the adjustable gain being controlled according to a detected imbalance in gain. The invention moreover relates to an equivalently designed radio transmitter and a corresponding method. The invention equally relates to components and communications systems including such a radio receiver or transmitter, and to a transconductance mixer for such a radio receiver or transmitter.

Radio receiver using a feedback loop to compensate i/q amplitude errors, and method

We describe capabilities and plans to characterize above 100 GHz radio channel and propagation effects as part of a 6G research project Hexa-X. The starting point is the existing knowledge of radio propagation gathered by prior measurement and theoretical studies. Then we define measurement equipment, planned or performed campaigns, and discuss some challenges related to measurements at upper mm-wave frequencies. For several reasons the channel measurements are more time consuming on higher frequencies and it is not easy to collect enough data for statistical analysis. Hence we briefly introduce a stored channel model that will be developed based on the gathered channel measurement data. This initial channel model can be used as it is for physical layer studies through simulations and also as a basis for future channel models.

/pdf/above-100-ghz-wave-propagation-studies-in-the-european-38jd89adme.pdf

Aarno Parssinen

Papers

Measured Blockage Effect of a Finger and Similar Small Objects at 300 GHz

Design of Stacked-MOS Transistor mm-Wave Class C Amplifiers for Doherty Power Amplifiers

Dielectric Lens Antennas for 300-GHz Applications

Radio receiver using a feedback loop to compensate i/q amplitude errors, and method

Above-100 GHz Wave Propagation Studies in the European Project Hexa-X for 6G Channel Modelling