I. Introduction: Conceptual vs Fundamental andComputational Aspects of DFT1793II. Fundamental and Computational Aspects of DFT 1795A. The Basics of DFT: The Hohenberg−KohnTheorems1795B. DFT as a Tool for Calculating Atomic andMolecular Properties: The Kohn−ShamEquations1796C. Electronic Chemical Potential andElectronegativity: Bridging Computational andConceptual DFT1797III. DFT-Based Concepts and Principles 1798A. General Scheme: Nalewajski’s ChargeSensitivity Analysis1798B. Concepts and Their Calculation 18001. Electronegativity and the ElectronicChemical Potential18002. Global Hardness and Softness 18023. The Electronic Fukui Function, LocalSoftness, and Softness Kernel18074. Local Hardness and Hardness Kernel 18135. The Molecular Shape FunctionsSimilarity 18146. The Nuclear Fukui Function and ItsDerivatives18167. Spin-Polarized Generalizations 18198. Solvent Effects 18209. Time Evolution of Reactivity Indices 1821C. Principles 18221. Sanderson’s Electronegativity EqualizationPrinciple18222. Pearson’s Hard and Soft Acids andBases Principle18253. The Maximum Hardness Principle 1829IV. Applications 1833A. Atoms and Functional Groups 1833B. Molecular Properties 18381. Dipole Moment, Hardness, Softness, andRelated Properties18382. Conformation 18403. Aromaticity 1840C. Reactivity 18421. Introduction 18422. Comparison of Intramolecular ReactivitySequences18443. Comparison of Intermolecular ReactivitySequences18494. Excited States 1857D. Clusters and Catalysis 1858V. Conclusions 1860VI. Glossary of Most Important Symbols andAcronyms1860VII. Acknowledgments 1861VIII. Note Added in Proof 1862IX. References 1865

/pdf/conceptual-density-functional-theory-btz9wwrxv9.pdf

Conceptual density functional theory.

Although fire is now rarely used in synthetic chemistry, it was not until Robert Bunsen invented the burner in 1855 that the energy from this heat source could be applied to a reaction vessel in a focused manner. The Bunsen burner was later superseded by the isomantle, oil bath, or hot plate as a source for applying heat to a chemical reaction. In the past few years, heating and driving chemical reactions by microwave energy has been an increasingly popular theme in the scientific community. This nonclassical heating technique is slowly moving from a laboratory curiosity to an established technique that is heavily used in both academia and industry. The efficiency of "microwave flash heating" in dramatically reducing reaction times (from days and hours to minutes and seconds) is just one of the many advantages. This Review highlights recent applications of controlled microwave heating in modern organic synthesis, and discusses some of the underlying phenomena and issues involved.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/anie.200400655

Controlled microwave heating in modern organic synthesis.

Implicit Solvation Models: Equilibria, Structure, Spectra, and Dynamics.

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is broadly recognised as having the potential to play a key role in meeting climate change targets, delivering low carbon heat and power, decarbonising industry and, more recently, its ability to facilitate the net removal of CO2 from the atmosphere. However, despite this broad consensus and its technical maturity, CCS has not yet been deployed on a scale commensurate with the ambitions articulated a decade ago. Thus, in this paper we review the current state-of-the-art of CO2 capture, transport, utilisation and storage from a multi-scale perspective, moving from the global to molecular scales. In light of the COP21 commitments to limit warming to less than 2 °C, we extend the remit of this study to include the key negative emissions technologies (NETs) of bioenergy with CCS (BECCS), and direct air capture (DAC). Cognisant of the non-technical barriers to deploying CCS, we reflect on recent experience from the UK's CCS commercialisation programme and consider the commercial and political barriers to the large-scale deployment of CCS. In all areas, we focus on identifying and clearly articulating the key research challenges that could usefully be addressed in the coming decade.

/pdf/carbon-capture-and-storage-ccs-the-way-forward-11rgsqyer0.pdf

Carbon capture and storage (CCS): the way forward

Introduction
PaDEL-Descriptor is a software for calculating molecular descriptors and fingerprints. The software currently calculates 797 descriptors (663 1D, 2D descriptors, and 134 3D descriptors) and 10 types of fingerprints. These descriptors and fingerprints are calculated mainly using The Chemistry Development Kit. Some additional descriptors and fingerprints were added, which include atom type electrotopological state descriptors, McGowan volume, molecular linear free energy relation descriptors, ring counts, count of chemical substructures identified by Laggner, and binary fingerprints and count of chemical substructures identified by Klekota and Roth.

Methods
PaDEL-Descriptor was developed using the Java language and consists of a library component and an interface component. The library component allows it to be easily integrated into quantitative structure activity relationship software to provide the descriptor calculation feature while the interface component allows it to be used as a standalone software. The software uses a Master/Worker pattern to take advantage of the multiple CPU cores that are present in most modern computers to speed up calculations of molecular descriptors.

Results
The software has several advantages over existing standalone molecular descriptor calculation software. It is free and open source, has both graphical user interface and command line interfaces, can work on all major platforms (Windows, Linux, MacOS), supports more than 90 different molecular file formats, and is multithreaded.

Conclusion
PaDEL-Descriptor is a useful addition to the currently available molecular descriptor calculation software. The software can be downloaded at http://padel.nus.edu.sg/software/padeldescriptor. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2011

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/jcc.21707

PaDEL‐descriptor: An open source software to calculate molecular descriptors and fingerprints

The chiral α-N-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)aminoacylbenzotriazoles ((N-Boc-aminoacyl)-benzotriazoles) 3a−e are stable crystalline intermediates, easily prepared (61-88%) from N-Boc-α-amino acids 1a−e. Compounds 3a−e react with achiral or chiral amines at 0-20 o C to give α-(N-Boc-amino)amides with no detectable racemization.

https://www.arkat-usa.org/get-file/19489/

1-(α-Boc-aminoacyl)benzotriazoles: stable chiral α-aminoacylation reagents

Infrared intensities as a quantitative measure of intramolecular interactions. IV. para-Distribution benzenes. The v16 band near 1600 cm-1

1-Alkyl-2-benzotriazolylaziridines (3a,b and 8a−g) are synthesized by two routes utilizing a novel benzotriazolyl-substituted carbenoid or 1,2-dibromoethylbenzotriazole. Lithiation of 3b and 8e at the position a to benzotriazole and subsequent trapping with alkyl halides leads to the 1,2-dialkyl-2-benzotriazolylaziridine analogues 12 and 20. Compounds 3a and 3b react with acetylenedicarboxylic ester by C−C bond breaking to give pyrrole-3,4-dicarboxylic esters (14a,b). By contrast, compounds 8a−d and 20 react with acetylenedicarboxylic ester by C−N bond breaking and form pyrrole-2,3-dicarboxylic esters 18a−d and 21. Structures of each type of pyrroledicarboxylic ester are established by X-ray analysis.

2-Benzotriazolylaziridines and Their Reactions with Diethyl Acetylenedicarboxylate

Available data on the structures, electronic substituent effects and 13 C NMR spectra of aromatic polyvalent iodine compounds, particularly iodoso and iodoxy derivatives, are summarized and discussed. A series of aromatic tri- and penta-valent iodine compounds were synthesized, their 13 C NMR spectra were measured and the substituent chemical shifts (SCS) for several polyvalent iodine functional groups were calculated. As the oxidation state of iodine increases (I → II → V), the strong shielding of the ipso-carbon atom by iodine in aryl iodides due to the 'heavy-atom effect' (30 ppm) decreases substantially, and this decrease is apparently general for stable hypervalent iodine compounds. Possible explanations are discussed and correlations between chemical shifts, structures and/or electronic effects are proposed.

Alan R. Katritzky

Papers

1-(α-Boc-aminoacyl)benzotriazoles: stable chiral α-aminoacylation reagents

Infrared intensities as a quantitative measure of intramolecular interactions. IV. para-Distribution benzenes. The v16 band near 1600 cm-1

2-Benzotriazolylaziridines and Their Reactions with Diethyl Acetylenedicarboxylate

Structure of and electronic interactions in aromatic polyvalent iodine compounds: A 13C NMR study†

S,S'‐ and S,N‐disubstituted derivatives of 1,3,4‐thiadiazoledithiones