抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Probability Distributions.- Linear Models for Regression.- Linear Models for Classification.- Neural Networks.- Kernel Methods.- Sparse Kernel Machines.- Graphical Models.- Mixture Models and EM.- Approximate Inference.- Sampling Methods.- Continuous Latent Variables.- Sequential Data.- Combining Models.

Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning

Data Mining - Concepts and Techniques.

Nanomaterials are engineered structures with at least one dimension of 100 nanometers or less. These materials are increasingly being used for commercial purposes such as fillers, opacifiers, catalysts, semiconductors, cosmetics, microelectronics, and drug carriers. Materials in this size range may approach the length scale at which some specific physical or chemical interactions with their environment can occur. As a result, their properties differ substantially from those bulk materials of the same composition, allowing them to perform exceptional feats of conductivity, reactivity, and optical sensitivity. Possible undesirable results of these capabilities are harmful interactions with biological systems and the environment, with the potential to generate toxicity. The establishment of principles and test procedures to ensure safe manufacture and use of nanomaterials in the marketplace is urgently required and achievable.

/pdf/toxic-potential-of-materials-at-the-nanolevel-qmfpjzjasp.pdf

Toxic Potential of Materials at the Nanolevel

Although humans have been exposed to airborne nanosized particles (NSPs; < 100 nm) throughout their evolutionary stages, such exposure has increased dramatically over the last century due to anthropogenic sources. The rapidly developing field of nanotechnology is likely to become yet another source through inhalation, ingestion, skin uptake, and injection of engineered nanomaterials. Information about safety and potential hazards is urgently needed. Results of older bio-kinetic studies with NSPs and newer epidemiologic and toxicologic studies with airborne ultrafine particles can be viewed as the basis for the expanding field of nanotoxicology, which can be defined as safety evaluation of engineered nanostructures and nanodevices. Collectively, some emerging concepts of nanotoxicology can be identified from the results of these studies. When inhaled, specific sizes of NSPs are efficiently deposited by diffusional mechanisms in all regions of the respiratory tract. The small size facilitates uptake into cells and transcytosis across epithelial and endothelial cells into the blood and lymph circulation to reach potentially sensitive target sites such as bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen, and heart. Access to the central nervous system and ganglia via translocation along axons and dendrites of neurons has also been observed. NSPs penetrating the skin distribute via uptake into lymphatic channels. Endocytosis and biokinetics are largely dependent on NSP surface chemistry (coating) and in vivo surface modifications. The greater surface area per mass compared with larger-sized particles of the same chemistry renders NSPs more active biologically. This activity includes a potential for inflammatory and pro-oxidant, but also antioxidant, activity, which can explain early findings showing mixed results in terms of toxicity of NSPs to environmentally relevant species. Evidence of mitochondrial distribution and oxidative stress response after NSP endocytosis points to a need for basic research on their interactions with subcellular structures. Additional considerations for assessing safety of engineered NSPs include careful selections of appropriate and relevant doses/concentrations, the likelihood of increased effects in a compromised organism, and also the benefits of possible desirable effects. An interdisciplinary team approach (e.g., toxicology, materials science, medicine, molecular biology, and bioinformatics, to name a few) is mandatory for nanotoxicology research to arrive at an appropriate risk assessment.

/pdf/nanotoxicology-an-emerging-discipline-evolving-from-studies-pb7art8sfp.pdf

Nanotoxicology: An Emerging Discipline Evolving from Studies of Ultrafine Particles

Two early Eocene damselfly taxa Eopodagrion scudderi Cockerell, 1921 and Eopodagrion ‘Podagrion’ abortivum (Scudder, 1878) are redescribed and refigured. Their phylogenetic relationships are discussed. Although they could likely belong to the Coenagrionidae, their exact affinities remain uncertain because of the presence of homoplasies affecting crucial characters among the Zygoptera.

Revision of the two small damselflies Eopodagrion scudderi Cockerell, 1921 and Eopodagrion ‘Podagrion’ abortivum (Scudder, 1878) (Odonata, Zygoptera) from the lower Eocene of Green River Formation (USA)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEEditorialNEXTPublishing Translational Research of Nanomedicine in ACS NanoTony HuTony HuMore by Tony Huhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-5166-4937, C. Jeffrey BrinkerC. Jeffrey BrinkerMore by C. Jeffrey Brinkerhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-7145-9324, Warren C. W. ChanWarren C. W. ChanMore by Warren C. W. Chanhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-5435-4785, Chunying ChenChunying ChenMore by Chunying Chenhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-6027-0315, Xiaodong ChenXiaodong ChenMore by Xiaodong Chenhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-3312-1664, Dean HoDean HoMore by Dean Ho, Kazunori KataokaKazunori KataokaMore by Kazunori Kataokahttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-8591-413X, Nicholas A. KotovNicholas A. KotovMore by Nicholas A. Kotovhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-6864-5804, Luis M. Liz-MarzánLuis M. Liz-MarzánMore by Luis M. Liz-Marzánhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-6647-1353, Andre E. NelAndre E. NelMore by Andre E. Nelhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-5232-4686, Wolfgang J. ParakWolfgang J. ParakMore by Wolfgang J. Parakhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-1672-6650, and Molly StevensMolly StevensMore by Molly Stevenshttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-7335-266XCite this: ACS Nano 2022, 16, 11, 17479–17481Publication Date (Web):November 22, 2022Publication History Published online22 November 2022Published inissue 22 November 2022https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.2c10967Copyright © 2022 American Chemical SocietyRIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views2884Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (981 KB) Get e-AlertsSUBJECTS:Assays,Cancer,Diagnostic imaging,Nanomaterials,Nanotechnology Get e-Alerts 

https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/acsnano.2c10967

Publishing Translational Research of Nanomedicine in ACS Nano.

Metal‐Based Nanoparticles: Mechanistic Differences in Cell Death Responses to Metal‐Based Engineered Nanomaterials in Kupffer Cells and Hepatocytes (Small 21/2020)

Wing coloration is a very ancient feature among insects. Even the wings of the oldest known Pterygota showed transverse colored bands involved in a putative disruptive function. However, no evidence of wing coloration in the representatives of the superorder Odonatoptera is recorded before the latest Triassic. These were the only insect flying-predators until the pterosaurs began their diversification. Here we argue that the situation dramatically changed in the Early Jurassic, with the simultaneous appearance of Odonata with patterns of coloration in phylogenetically distant clades. It is especially the case in the Heterophlebiidae, a small family closely related to the Anisoptera, in which we could record no less than five different patterns of coloration in the same rather small area of North-Western Europe. At the same time and in the same area, small potentially insectivorous pterosaurs greatly diversified. The increase of the predation pressure on the Odonata is the most probable cause of the appearance of patterns of colored spots and bands on the dragonfly wings at that time. In the period between the Middle Jurassic to Early Cretaceous, the number of Odonata with spots and bands of color on wings dramatically increased, we assume in relation to the predation pressure due to an increasing diversification of insectivorous pterosaurs, but also small feathered dinosaurs and birds.

Wing coloration patterns in the Early Jurassic dragonflies as potential indicator of increasing predation pressure from insectivorous reptiles

To be successfully established on oceanic islands, native ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) have to migrate from the mainland or from nearby islands, crossing the ocean barriers, to find a suitable habitat. Despite the general interest on oceanic islands biotas, nothing is known about the deep-time migration and settling of native ants in these insular ecosystems. Palaeoentomological studies on oceanic islands that could provide palaeobiological information on Formicidae are scarce. Here, we describe and illustrate the first fossil of an ant from the Macaronesian archipelagos (Atlantic Ocean), based on a partial forewing found within 1.3 Ma (Calabrian, Pleistocene) lacustrine sediments from Madeira Island, Portugal. Although unidentifiable beyond the family level, this fossil record provides a minimum age for the presence of ants in the Madeira archipelago. Palaeoecologically, this record indicates the presence of suitable habitats for ants during the early Pleistocene. 

Andre E. Nel

Papers

Revision of the two small damselflies Eopodagrion scudderi Cockerell, 1921 and Eopodagrion ‘Podagrion’ abortivum (Scudder, 1878) (Odonata, Zygoptera) from the lower Eocene of Green River Formation (USA)

Publishing Translational Research of Nanomedicine in ACS Nano.

Metal‐Based Nanoparticles: Mechanistic Differences in Cell Death Responses to Metal‐Based Engineered Nanomaterials in Kupffer Cells and Hepatocytes (Small 21/2020)

Wing coloration patterns in the Early Jurassic dragonflies as potential indicator of increasing predation pressure from insectivorous reptiles

First evidence of ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in the early Pleistocene of Madeira Island (Portugal)