This article provides a status report on the global burden of cancer worldwide using the GLOBOCAN 2018 estimates of cancer incidence and mortality produced by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, with a focus on geographic variability across 20 world regions There will be an estimated 181 million new cancer cases (170 million excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer) and 96 million cancer deaths (95 million excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer) in 2018 In both sexes combined, lung cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer (116% of the total cases) and the leading cause of cancer death (184% of the total cancer deaths), closely followed by female breast cancer (116%), prostate cancer (71%), and colorectal cancer (61%) for incidence and colorectal cancer (92%), stomach cancer (82%), and liver cancer (82%) for mortality Lung cancer is the most frequent cancer and the leading cause of cancer death among males, followed by prostate and colorectal cancer (for incidence) and liver and stomach cancer (for mortality) Among females, breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer death, followed by colorectal and lung cancer (for incidence), and vice versa (for mortality); cervical cancer ranks fourth for both incidence and mortality The most frequently diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer death, however, substantially vary across countries and within each country depending on the degree of economic development and associated social and life style factors It is noteworthy that high-quality cancer registry data, the basis for planning and implementing evidence-based cancer control programs, are not available in most low- and middle-income countries The Global Initiative for Cancer Registry Development is an international partnership that supports better estimation, as well as the collection and use of local data, to prioritize and evaluate national cancer control efforts CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians 2018;0:1-31 © 2018 American Cancer Society

https://acsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.3322/caac.21492

Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries

This article provides an update on the global cancer burden using the GLOBOCAN 2020 estimates of cancer incidence and mortality produced by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. Worldwide, an estimated 19.3 million new cancer cases (18.1 million excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer) and almost 10.0 million cancer deaths (9.9 million excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer) occurred in 2020. Female breast cancer has surpassed lung cancer as the most commonly diagnosed cancer, with an estimated 2.3 million new cases (11.7%), followed by lung (11.4%), colorectal (10.0 %), prostate (7.3%), and stomach (5.6%) cancers. Lung cancer remained the leading cause of cancer death, with an estimated 1.8 million deaths (18%), followed by colorectal (9.4%), liver (8.3%), stomach (7.7%), and female breast (6.9%) cancers. Overall incidence was from 2-fold to 3-fold higher in transitioned versus transitioning countries for both sexes, whereas mortality varied <2-fold for men and little for women. Death rates for female breast and cervical cancers, however, were considerably higher in transitioning versus transitioned countries (15.0 vs 12.8 per 100,000 and 12.4 vs 5.2 per 100,000, respectively). The global cancer burden is expected to be 28.4 million cases in 2040, a 47% rise from 2020, with a larger increase in transitioning (64% to 95%) versus transitioned (32% to 56%) countries due to demographic changes, although this may be further exacerbated by increasing risk factors associated with globalization and a growing economy. Efforts to build a sustainable infrastructure for the dissemination of cancer prevention measures and provision of cancer care in transitioning countries is critical for global cancer control.

https://acsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.3322/caac.21660

Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries.

抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Estimates of the worldwide incidence, mortality and prevalence of 26 cancers in the year 2002 are now available in the GLOBOCAN series of the International Agency for Research on Cancer. The results are presented here in summary form, including the geographic variation between 20 large "areas" of the world. Overall, there were 10.9 million new cases, 6.7 million deaths, and 24.6 million persons alive with cancer (within three years of diagnosis). The most commonly diagnosed cancers are lung (1.35 million), breast (1.15 million), and colorectal (1 million); the most common causes of cancer death are lung cancer (1.18 million deaths), stomach cancer (700,000 deaths), and liver cancer (598,000 deaths). The most prevalent cancer in the world is breast cancer (4.4 million survivors up to 5 years following diagnosis). There are striking variations in the risk of different cancers by geographic area. Most of the international variation is due to exposure to known or suspected risk factors related to lifestyle or environment, and provides a clear challenge to prevention.

https://acsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.3322/canjclin.55.2.74

Global cancer statistics, 2002.

WHO CLASSIFICATION OF TUMOURS OF HAEMATOPOIETIC AND LYMPHOID TISSUES , WHO CLASSIFICATION OF TUMOURS OF HAEMATOPOIETIC AND LYMPHOID TISSUES , کتابخانه مرکزی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تهران

WHO Classification of Tumours of Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues

Re: Cost-effectiveness analysis of human papillomavirus vaccination in the Netherlands.

Human Papillomavirus Triage of Women With Atypical Squamous Cells of Undetermined Significance-Reduction of Overtreatment Needed.

Co-localization of C-reactive protein and complement in human hearts during acute myocardial infarction

For reliable detection of mRNA by non-radioactive in situ hybridization, calibration and standardization of the individual steps involved are essential. We describe a method that allows determination of the size and integrity as well as quantification of biotinylated RNA probes in a single experiment. Serial dilutions of biotinylated RNA probes generated by promotor-mediated in vitro transcription were size-separated by gel electrophoresis in the presence of known amounts of 5′-biotinylated oligomers which served as internal standard. Following immobilization onto nylon membranes and visualization by chemiluminescence, optical densities of probes and internal standards were measured by densitometry and analysed by linear regression. RNA probes complementary to the human homeobox genes HOX-C6, -C8 and -C9 were quantified. Four different 5′-biotinylated oligomers (20, 35, 50 and 75 bases) were tested as internal standards. Concerning the separation of probe and oligomer in the gel, transfer properties and efficiency of binding to the membrane, the oligomer of 35 bases was found to be the best internal standard with highest reproducibility. Comparison of probe concentration by spectrophotometry and the described method showed a good correlation, indicating that our method is a reliable assay for quantitative and qualitative control of biotin-labelled probes.

Quantification of biotinylated RNA probes for in situ hybridization using chemiluminescence.

Cervical Cancer Screening by Human Papillomavirus Testing Followed by Cytology Triage To the Editor InherViewpointabouthumanpapillomavirus(HPV) testing for primary cervical cancer screening, Feldman1 discusses the possible increase in costs, in particular for colposcopies. However, in the European trials, HPV-based screening followed by cytology triage of HPV-positive women was compared with screening based on Papanicolaou testing.2 The biopsy rate was so similar and with such narrow confidence intervals (relative risk, 1.02; 95% CI, 0.97-1.07) that there was strong evidence of a lack of difference between the approaches.2 Primary HPV testing does not require an additional office visit for Papanicolaou testing because the testing can be done on the specimen that was already obtained for HPV testing. A comparison of follow-up burden following initial HPV screening, compared with screening based on cytologic findings, showed colposcopy referral rates that ranged from a 10% decrease to an 85% increase, according to the algorithm used to manage women who were HPV positive and had negative cytology results. HPV screening is conducted at 5-year intervals, and Papanicolaou testing at 3-year intervals. When the screening intervals are taken into account, the referral rates ranged from a 43% decrease to a 13% increase.3 At subsequent screenings, the rate of positive screens for HPV, and consequently of colposcopy referral, was substantially reduced.4 By using cytology testing to triage women with positive test results for HPV, the Papanicolaou test will continue to be a central part of cervical cancer prevention. However, there is no reason to continue Papanicolaou testing for HPV-negative women. If there is concern about unneeded colposcopies, then co-testing of all women should be avoided. Co-testing is expensive and decreases the overall specificity of screening with almost no advantage for sensitivity.2 In our view, the available evidence strongly supports the adoption of HPV-DNA testing as the primary screening test for cervical cancer followed by cytology triage. Primary Papanicolaou testing has much lower sensitivity for high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and lower protection against cancer. Another advantage of HPV testing, to which Feldman1 refers, is the possible improvement in screening coverage by offering sampling devices to women that they can use themselves. For the detection of precancerous cytologic changes, HPV testing, using validated polymerase chain reaction assays, on such samples is as accurate as when testing is performed on samples that are collected by clinicians.5

Chris J.L.M. Meijer

Papers

Re: Cost-effectiveness analysis of human papillomavirus vaccination in the Netherlands.

Human Papillomavirus Triage of Women With Atypical Squamous Cells of Undetermined Significance-Reduction of Overtreatment Needed.

Co-localization of C-reactive protein and complement in human hearts during acute myocardial infarction

Quantification of biotinylated RNA probes for in situ hybridization using chemiluminescence.

Cervical cancer screening by human papillomavirus testing followed by cytology triage.