This article provides a status report on the global burden of cancer worldwide using the GLOBOCAN 2018 estimates of cancer incidence and mortality produced by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, with a focus on geographic variability across 20 world regions There will be an estimated 181 million new cancer cases (170 million excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer) and 96 million cancer deaths (95 million excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer) in 2018 In both sexes combined, lung cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer (116% of the total cases) and the leading cause of cancer death (184% of the total cancer deaths), closely followed by female breast cancer (116%), prostate cancer (71%), and colorectal cancer (61%) for incidence and colorectal cancer (92%), stomach cancer (82%), and liver cancer (82%) for mortality Lung cancer is the most frequent cancer and the leading cause of cancer death among males, followed by prostate and colorectal cancer (for incidence) and liver and stomach cancer (for mortality) Among females, breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer death, followed by colorectal and lung cancer (for incidence), and vice versa (for mortality); cervical cancer ranks fourth for both incidence and mortality The most frequently diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer death, however, substantially vary across countries and within each country depending on the degree of economic development and associated social and life style factors It is noteworthy that high-quality cancer registry data, the basis for planning and implementing evidence-based cancer control programs, are not available in most low- and middle-income countries The Global Initiative for Cancer Registry Development is an international partnership that supports better estimation, as well as the collection and use of local data, to prioritize and evaluate national cancer control efforts CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians 2018;0:1-31 © 2018 American Cancer Society

https://acsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.3322/caac.21492

Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries

This article provides an update on the global cancer burden using the GLOBOCAN 2020 estimates of cancer incidence and mortality produced by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. Worldwide, an estimated 19.3 million new cancer cases (18.1 million excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer) and almost 10.0 million cancer deaths (9.9 million excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer) occurred in 2020. Female breast cancer has surpassed lung cancer as the most commonly diagnosed cancer, with an estimated 2.3 million new cases (11.7%), followed by lung (11.4%), colorectal (10.0 %), prostate (7.3%), and stomach (5.6%) cancers. Lung cancer remained the leading cause of cancer death, with an estimated 1.8 million deaths (18%), followed by colorectal (9.4%), liver (8.3%), stomach (7.7%), and female breast (6.9%) cancers. Overall incidence was from 2-fold to 3-fold higher in transitioned versus transitioning countries for both sexes, whereas mortality varied <2-fold for men and little for women. Death rates for female breast and cervical cancers, however, were considerably higher in transitioning versus transitioned countries (15.0 vs 12.8 per 100,000 and 12.4 vs 5.2 per 100,000, respectively). The global cancer burden is expected to be 28.4 million cases in 2040, a 47% rise from 2020, with a larger increase in transitioning (64% to 95%) versus transitioned (32% to 56%) countries due to demographic changes, although this may be further exacerbated by increasing risk factors associated with globalization and a growing economy. Efforts to build a sustainable infrastructure for the dissemination of cancer prevention measures and provision of cancer care in transitioning countries is critical for global cancer control.

https://acsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.3322/caac.21660

Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries.

抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Estimates of the worldwide incidence, mortality and prevalence of 26 cancers in the year 2002 are now available in the GLOBOCAN series of the International Agency for Research on Cancer. The results are presented here in summary form, including the geographic variation between 20 large "areas" of the world. Overall, there were 10.9 million new cases, 6.7 million deaths, and 24.6 million persons alive with cancer (within three years of diagnosis). The most commonly diagnosed cancers are lung (1.35 million), breast (1.15 million), and colorectal (1 million); the most common causes of cancer death are lung cancer (1.18 million deaths), stomach cancer (700,000 deaths), and liver cancer (598,000 deaths). The most prevalent cancer in the world is breast cancer (4.4 million survivors up to 5 years following diagnosis). There are striking variations in the risk of different cancers by geographic area. Most of the international variation is due to exposure to known or suspected risk factors related to lifestyle or environment, and provides a clear challenge to prevention.

https://acsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.3322/canjclin.55.2.74

Global cancer statistics, 2002.

WHO CLASSIFICATION OF TUMOURS OF HAEMATOPOIETIC AND LYMPHOID TISSUES , WHO CLASSIFICATION OF TUMOURS OF HAEMATOPOIETIC AND LYMPHOID TISSUES , کتابخانه مرکزی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تهران

WHO Classification of Tumours of Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues

This report presents the unusual occurrence of metachronous perianal and penile carcinomas in a young, immunosuppressed man. Both anogenital cancers were HPV-6-DNA-positive by the polymerase chain reaction. DNA in situ hybridization analysis of the penile carcinoma revealed HPV-16 in most neoplastic cells. HPV-16 appears to have played a central role in both anogenital cancers in this patient, suggesting that, like in immunologically susceptible women, a carcinogenic ‘field effect’ may exist in the anogenital area of the immunosuppressed male

HPV-16-Positive Anal and Penile Carcinomas in a Young Man - Anogenital 'Field Effect' in the Immunosuppressed Male?

Patients with rheumatoid arthritis have decreased numbers of T mu lymphocytes in their peripheral blood. To find out whether these low number of T mu lymphocytes were associated with the presence of anti-lymphocyte antibodies, the sera of 27 patients with definite or classical rheumatoid arthritis (RA) were investigated for the presence of autoantibodies against subsets of lymphocytes. In addition the numbers of T, T mu, T gamma and B lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of these patients were investigated. Patients with active RA showed lower numbers of T mu lymphocytes in their peripheral blood than patients with inactive RA. However, both groups of RA patients had significantly decreased numbers of T mu lymphocytes in their peripheral blood as compared with 22 age matched healthy donors. Moreover, mainly in patients with active RA cold reactive antibodies were found directed against T mu and B lymphocytes, but never against T gamma lymphocytes of healthy donors. Similar results were found in the indirect immunofluorescence procedure when tested for reactivity against T-cell subsets. This serum reactivity was not caused by rheumatoid factors or antinuclear antibodies. Since RA sera after precipitation with 2.5% polyethyleneglycol, still showed cytotoxicity against T and B lymphocytes, it is suggested that this serum reactivity is not caused by immune complexes but by antibodies.

Autoantibodies against Tmu and B lymphocytes in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

Chondrosarcoma of the urinary bladder: report of a case with immunohistochemical and ultrastructural findings and review of the literature.

Expression of the transforming Epstein-Barr virus BARF1 gene in EBV-carrying gastric adenocarcinomas

• We recently produced the monoclonal antibody E48 as a specific reagent for squamous cell carcinomas. In our ongoing investigations to use E48 for clinical tumor detection and therapy, fundamental aspects of the antigen have to be elucidated and practical applications of the antibody have to be tested in a preclinical model. Immunoelectron-microscopic studies localized the E48 antigen along the cell surface and in between desmosomes, suggesting that the antigen serves as an adhesion molecule. To evaluate the usefulness of E48 for radioimmunodetection of neck node metastases, nodes from 20 neck dissection specimens were tested. A strong reactivity was observed. Furthermore, F(ab′)2fragments of E48 were compared with the complete IgG E48 for selective tumor detection in an animal model. It was demonstrated that E48 F(ab′)2fragments localize faster and reach higher tumor-nontumor ratios than the whole molecule. (Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1991;117:1287-1291)

https://jamanetwork.com/HttpHandlers/ArticlePdfHandler.ashx?journal=otol&articleId=620178&pdfFileName=archotol_117_11_017.pdf

Chris J.L.M. Meijer

Papers

HPV-16-Positive Anal and Penile Carcinomas in a Young Man - Anogenital 'Field Effect' in the Immunosuppressed Male?

Autoantibodies against Tmu and B lymphocytes in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

Chondrosarcoma of the urinary bladder: report of a case with immunohistochemical and ultrastructural findings and review of the literature.

Expression of the transforming Epstein-Barr virus BARF1 gene in EBV-carrying gastric adenocarcinomas

Detection of squamous cell carcinoma xenografts in nude mice by radiolabeled monoclonal antibody E48.