This article provides a status report on the global burden of cancer worldwide using the GLOBOCAN 2018 estimates of cancer incidence and mortality produced by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, with a focus on geographic variability across 20 world regions There will be an estimated 181 million new cancer cases (170 million excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer) and 96 million cancer deaths (95 million excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer) in 2018 In both sexes combined, lung cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer (116% of the total cases) and the leading cause of cancer death (184% of the total cancer deaths), closely followed by female breast cancer (116%), prostate cancer (71%), and colorectal cancer (61%) for incidence and colorectal cancer (92%), stomach cancer (82%), and liver cancer (82%) for mortality Lung cancer is the most frequent cancer and the leading cause of cancer death among males, followed by prostate and colorectal cancer (for incidence) and liver and stomach cancer (for mortality) Among females, breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer death, followed by colorectal and lung cancer (for incidence), and vice versa (for mortality); cervical cancer ranks fourth for both incidence and mortality The most frequently diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer death, however, substantially vary across countries and within each country depending on the degree of economic development and associated social and life style factors It is noteworthy that high-quality cancer registry data, the basis for planning and implementing evidence-based cancer control programs, are not available in most low- and middle-income countries The Global Initiative for Cancer Registry Development is an international partnership that supports better estimation, as well as the collection and use of local data, to prioritize and evaluate national cancer control efforts CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians 2018;0:1-31 © 2018 American Cancer Society

https://acsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.3322/caac.21492

Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries

This article provides an update on the global cancer burden using the GLOBOCAN 2020 estimates of cancer incidence and mortality produced by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. Worldwide, an estimated 19.3 million new cancer cases (18.1 million excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer) and almost 10.0 million cancer deaths (9.9 million excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer) occurred in 2020. Female breast cancer has surpassed lung cancer as the most commonly diagnosed cancer, with an estimated 2.3 million new cases (11.7%), followed by lung (11.4%), colorectal (10.0 %), prostate (7.3%), and stomach (5.6%) cancers. Lung cancer remained the leading cause of cancer death, with an estimated 1.8 million deaths (18%), followed by colorectal (9.4%), liver (8.3%), stomach (7.7%), and female breast (6.9%) cancers. Overall incidence was from 2-fold to 3-fold higher in transitioned versus transitioning countries for both sexes, whereas mortality varied <2-fold for men and little for women. Death rates for female breast and cervical cancers, however, were considerably higher in transitioning versus transitioned countries (15.0 vs 12.8 per 100,000 and 12.4 vs 5.2 per 100,000, respectively). The global cancer burden is expected to be 28.4 million cases in 2040, a 47% rise from 2020, with a larger increase in transitioning (64% to 95%) versus transitioned (32% to 56%) countries due to demographic changes, although this may be further exacerbated by increasing risk factors associated with globalization and a growing economy. Efforts to build a sustainable infrastructure for the dissemination of cancer prevention measures and provision of cancer care in transitioning countries is critical for global cancer control.

https://acsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.3322/caac.21660

Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries.

抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Estimates of the worldwide incidence, mortality and prevalence of 26 cancers in the year 2002 are now available in the GLOBOCAN series of the International Agency for Research on Cancer. The results are presented here in summary form, including the geographic variation between 20 large "areas" of the world. Overall, there were 10.9 million new cases, 6.7 million deaths, and 24.6 million persons alive with cancer (within three years of diagnosis). The most commonly diagnosed cancers are lung (1.35 million), breast (1.15 million), and colorectal (1 million); the most common causes of cancer death are lung cancer (1.18 million deaths), stomach cancer (700,000 deaths), and liver cancer (598,000 deaths). The most prevalent cancer in the world is breast cancer (4.4 million survivors up to 5 years following diagnosis). There are striking variations in the risk of different cancers by geographic area. Most of the international variation is due to exposure to known or suspected risk factors related to lifestyle or environment, and provides a clear challenge to prevention.

https://acsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.3322/canjclin.55.2.74

Global cancer statistics, 2002.

WHO CLASSIFICATION OF TUMOURS OF HAEMATOPOIETIC AND LYMPHOID TISSUES , WHO CLASSIFICATION OF TUMOURS OF HAEMATOPOIETIC AND LYMPHOID TISSUES , کتابخانه مرکزی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تهران

WHO Classification of Tumours of Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues

Sa1278 Bortezomib Restores Defective Apoptosis by Upregulation of Noxa in Enteropathy-Associated T-Cell Lymphoma

Progression of mycosis fungoides is associated with expression of granzyme B and TIA-1 in neoplastic cells

de Kok et al. (1) recently reported the cost-effectiveness of human papillomavirus vaccination in the netherlands and argued that human papillomavirus vaccination is not a cost-effective preventive measure in the netherlands. They calculated a discounted (annual rate 3%) incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (IcER) of €53 500 per qualityadjusted life-year (Qaly), which is clearly higher than the Dutch willingness-to-pay threshold of €20 000 per Qaly. In a similar cost-effectiveness analysis of human papillomavirus vaccination in the netherlands, we (2) arrived at a different conclusion based on a computed IcER of €19 500 per Qaly. The model presented by de Kok et al. and our model predicted similar reductions in the number of cervical cancers (60% and 61%, respectively) and similar undiscounted lifetime costs per woman (€272 and €251, respectively). The predicted lifetime number of cervical cancers under screening was somewhat lower in the model of de Kok et al. than in our model (496 vs 634 per 100 000 women), which contributed to the difference in the reported IcERs. The two models also differed in the choice of discount rates. de Kok et al. used discount rates of 3% for both costs and effects. we used discount rates of 4% for costs and 1.5% for effects as recommended by the Dutch Health council and the Health care Insurance Board. Using our original model output, we recomputed the IcER at discount rates of 3% for both costs and effects and obtained an IcER of €37 400 per Qaly. In a sensitivity analysis, de Kok et al. reported an IcER of €19 700 per Qaly at discount rates of 4% for costs and 1.5% for effects. The difference in reported IcERs between the two studies can thus be largely explained by the discount rates that were used. The question remains about what discount rates to use in cost-effectiveness studies. The choice of discount rates should depend on the aim of the study. If the purpose of the study is to provide internationally comparable figures, 3% discount rates for costs and effects seem appropriate. If the purpose is to facilitate local health decision making, as was the case in our study, we think that it is important to adopt locally defined criteria for discounting. Health systems, preferences, and resources vary across countries, and these differences are reflected in the choices of the discount rates and the willingness-to-pay threshold. The use of local criteria enables the health decision maker to compare human papillomavirus vaccination with concurrent medical interventions in a local setting.

Re: Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Human Papillomavirus Vaccination in the Netherlands. Authors' reply

The diagnosis of Hodgkin’s disease (HD) is based on the presence of typical Reed-Sternberg (RS) cells in an appropriate cellular environment of “reactive” cells. The origin of the neoplastic cells in HD is still controversial (Hsu et al., 1985; Cabanillas et al., 1988; Hsu et al., 1992; Drexler, 1992). Recent data favour the hypothesis that the RS cells and their mononuclear variants (collectively called H-RS cells) originate from lymphoid cells, although conflicting data have been published about the exact lineage (Cibull et al., 1989; Schmid et al., 1991; Drexler, 1992; Herbst et al., 1993; Koduru et al., 1993). Expression of B or T-cell specific markers on H-RS cells has been described (Oka et al., 1988; Bjarni et al., 1989; Cibull et al., 1989; Schmid et al., 1991). The number of H-RS cells expressing lymphoid differentiation markers may vary considerably among the different histological types. In HD, nodular lymphocyte predominant type the neoplastic cells express B-cell markers (Coles et al., 1988; Kadin et al., 1988), whereas in other subtypes B and/or T-cell markers can be found on H-RS cells in a variable proportion of cases (Oka et al., 1988; Kadin et al., 1988; Bjarni et al., 1989; Cibull et al., 1989).

Relationship Between Expression of Cellular Genes and Epstein-Barr Virus in Hodgkin’s Disease

<h3>Introduction/Background</h3> Pregnant women diagnosed with CIN3 (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia) have high regression rates after delivery. Biomarkers are needed to only identify pregnant women with progressive CIN requiring treatment to reduce over referral and overtreatment. <h3>Methodology</h3> In this study we evaluated the performance of the FAM19A4/miR124–2 methylation test for molecular triage on formalin fixed samples of CIN3+-diagnosed pregnant women with known clinical course over time as well in a cross-sectional setting. In this German multicenter retrospective study biopsy material was collected from pregnant women diagnosed with cervical cancer (n=16), with CIN3 that progressed to cancer during pregnancy (n=7), with CIN3 that regressed to CIN1 or less within 6 months after delivery (n=41), without CIN (n=16), CIN3 covering 3–4 quadrants (n=14) and randomly selected CIN3 (n=41). <i>FAM19A4/miR124–2</i> methylation analysis was performed blinded on first diagnosis. <h3>Results</h3> All pregnant women with cervical cancer and with CIN3 progressing to cancer tested positive for <i>FAM19A4/miR124–2</i> methylation (100%, 22/22). In the regressing CIN3 group 47.5% and in the group without CIN 21.6% tested methylation positive. High-volume CIN3 and random selected CIN3 were methylation-positive in 91.7% and 82.1%. Methylation levels were significantly higher in progressive CIN3 and cancer compared to the controls (P&lt;0.0005). The likelihood ratio of a negative methylation test (LR-) for progressive CIN3+ was 0 (95%CI:0–0.208). <h3>Conclusion</h3> A negative <i>FAM19A4/miR124–2</i> methylation test can rule out progressive CIN disease in pregnant women diagnosed with CIN3. This can help the clinician by managing these pregnant women with conservative follow-up until after delivery. (Int J Cancer. 2022 Jun 6. doi: 10.1002/ijc.34153) 

/pdf/2022-ra-1264-esgo-evaluation-of-managing-cin-3-plus-1813oc2s.pdf

Chris J.L.M. Meijer

Papers

Sa1278 Bortezomib Restores Defective Apoptosis by Upregulation of Noxa in Enteropathy-Associated T-Cell Lymphoma

Progression of mycosis fungoides is associated with expression of granzyme B and TIA-1 in neoplastic cells

Re: Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Human Papillomavirus Vaccination in the Netherlands. Authors' reply

Relationship Between Expression of Cellular Genes and Epstein-Barr Virus in Hodgkin’s Disease

2022-RA-1264-ESGO Evaluation of managing CIN 3 plus diagnosed pregnant women by methylation assessment using FAM19A4/miR124 methylation test