抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

https://cyberleninka.org/article/n/933162.pdf

Hydrogels in drug delivery: progress and challenges

Over the past few decades, researchers have established artificial enzymes as highly stable and low-cost alternatives to natural enzymes in a wide range of applications. A variety of materials including cyclodextrins, metal complexes, porphyrins, polymers, dendrimers and biomolecules have been extensively explored to mimic the structures and functions of naturally occurring enzymes. Recently, some nanomaterials have been found to exhibit unexpected enzyme-like activities, and great advances have been made in this area due to the tremendous progress in nano-research and the unique characteristics of nanomaterials. To highlight the progress in the field of nanomaterial-based artificial enzymes (nanozymes), this review discusses various nanomaterials that have been explored to mimic different kinds of enzymes. We cover their kinetics, mechanisms and applications in numerous fields, from biosensing and immunoassays, to stem cell growth and pollutant removal. We also summarize several approaches to tune the activities of nanozymes. Finally, we make comparisons between nanozymes and other catalytic materials (other artificial enzymes, natural enzymes, organic catalysts and nanomaterial-based catalysts) and address the current challenges and future directions (302 references).

Nanomaterials with enzyme-like characteristics (nanozymes): next-generation artificial enzymes

PLGA-based nanoparticles: An overview of biomedical applications

We present the science and technology roadmap for graphene, related two-dimensional crystals, and hybrid systems, targeting an evolution in technology, that might lead to impacts and benefits reaching into most areas of society. This roadmap was developed within the framework of the European Graphene Flagship and outlines the main targets and research areas as best understood at the start of this ambitious project. We provide an overview of the key aspects of graphene and related materials (GRMs), ranging from fundamental research challenges to a variety of applications in a large number of sectors, highlighting the steps necessary to take GRMs from a state of raw potential to a point where they might revolutionize multiple industries. We also define an extensive list of acronyms in an effort to standardize the nomenclature in this emerging field.

/pdf/science-and-technology-roadmap-for-graphene-related-two-4q9m7czlkc.pdf

Science and technology roadmap for graphene, related two-dimensional crystals, and hybrid systems

Photothermal Therapy: Construction of Stable Chainlike Au Nanostructures via Silica Coating and Exploration for Potential Photothermal Therapy (Small 18/2014)

Owing to their autonomous movement characteristics, micromotors can perform various tasks that traditional drug-delivery carriers fail to perform. The development of adaptable, highly efficient, functional micromotors has become the primary research goal in biomedical field. Micromotors modified with polymers can exhibit strong propulsion ability and unique performance in a complex biological environment, facilitating their application to various complex environments. Herein, different micromotor designs based on natural and synthetic polymers are discussed and the role of polymers in the structure and performance of micromotors is focused on. Overall, the polymer-modified micromotors can facilitate new developments, particularly in biomedical applications, such as drug delivery and biological detection. 

Polymer‐Modified Micromotors with Biomedical Applications: Promotion of Functionalization

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/adma.201970269

The Emulsion Particulate Strategy: The Horizon of the Emulsion Particulate Strategy: Engineering Hollow Particles for Biomedical Applications (Adv. Mater. 38/2019)

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/adfm.201870061

Artificial Photosynthesis: Porphyrin/SiO2/Cp*Rh(bpy)Cl Hybrid Nanoparticles Mimicking Chloroplast with Enhanced Electronic Energy Transfer for Biocatalyzed Artificial Photosynthesis (Adv. Funct. Mater. 9/2018)

Guanghui Ma

Papers

Photothermal Therapy: Construction of Stable Chainlike Au Nanostructures via Silica Coating and Exploration for Potential Photothermal Therapy (Small 18/2014)

Polymer‐Modified Micromotors with Biomedical Applications: Promotion of Functionalization

The Emulsion Particulate Strategy: The Horizon of the Emulsion Particulate Strategy: Engineering Hollow Particles for Biomedical Applications (Adv. Mater. 38/2019)

Artificial Photosynthesis: Porphyrin/SiO2/Cp*Rh(bpy)Cl Hybrid Nanoparticles Mimicking Chloroplast with Enhanced Electronic Energy Transfer for Biocatalyzed Artificial Photosynthesis (Adv. Funct. Mater. 9/2018)

Effect of pore structure on protein adsorption mechanism on ion exchange media: A preliminary study using low field nuclear magnetic resonance