Showing papers by "Joseph L. Hora published in 2008"

Spitzer SAGE survey of the Large Magellanic Cloud III: star formation and ~1000 new candidate young stellar objects

Abstract: We present ~1000 new candidate Young Stellar Objects (YSOs) in the Large Magellanic Cloud selected from Spitzer Space Telescope data, as part of the Surveying the Agents of a Galaxy's Evolution (SAGE) Legacy program. The YSOs, detected by their excess infrared (IR) emission, represent early stages of evolution, still surrounded by disks and/or infalling envelopes. Previously, fewer than 20 such YSOs were known. The candidate YSOs were selected from the SAGE Point Source Catalog from regions of color-magnitude space least confused with other IR-bright populations. The YSOs are biased toward intermediate- to high-mass and young evolutionary stages, because these overlap less with galaxies and evolved stars in color-magnitude space. The YSOs are highly correlated spatially with atomic and molecular gas, and are preferentially located in the shells and bubbles created by massive stars inside. They are more clustered than generic point sources, as expected if star formation occurs in filamentary clouds or shells. We applied a more stringent color-magnitude selection to produce a subset of "high-probability" YSO candidates. We fitted the spectral-energy distributions (SEDs) of this subset and derived physical properties for those that were well fitted. The total mass of these well-fitted YSOs is ~2900 M_☉ and the total luminosity is ~2.1 × 10^6 L_☉ . By extrapolating the mass function with a standard initial mass function and integrating, we calculate a current star-formation rate of ~0.06 M_☉ yr^(–1), which is at the low end of estimates based on total ultraviolet and IR flux from the galaxy (~0.05 – 0.25 M_☉ yr^(–1)), consistent with the expectation that our current YSO list is incomplete. Follow-up spectroscopy and further data mining will better separate the different IR-bright populations and likely increase the estimated number of YSOs. The full YSO list is available as electronic tables, and the SEDs are available as an electronic figure for further use by the scientific community.

Spitzer Survey of the Large Magellanic Cloud, Surveying the Agents of a Galaxy's Evolution (SAGE). IV. Dust Properties in the Interstellar Medium

Abstract: The goal of this paper is to present the results of a preliminary analysis of the extended infrared (IR) emission by dust in the interstellar medium (ISM) of the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC). We combine Spitzer Surveying the Agents of Galaxy Evolution (SAGE) and Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS) data and correlate the infrared emission with gas tracers of H I, CO, and Hα. We present a global analysis of the infrared emission as well as detailed modeling of the spectral energy distribution (SED) of a few selected regions. Extended emission by dust associated with the neutral, molecular, and diffuse ionized phases of the ISM is detected at all IR bands from 3.6 μm to 160 μm. The relative abundance of the various dust species appears quite similar to that in the Milky Way (MW) in all the regions we have modeled. We construct maps of the temperature of large dust grains. The temperature map shows variations in the range 12.1-34.7 K, with a systematic gradient from the inner to outer regions, tracing the general distribution of massive stars and individual H II regions as well as showing warmer dust in the stellar bar. This map is used to derive the far-infrared (FIR) optical depth of large dust grains. We find two main departures in the LMC with respect to expectations based on the MW: (1) excess mid-infrared (MIR) emission near 70 μm, referred to as the 70 μm excess, and (2) departures from linear correlation between the FIR optical depth and the gas column density, which we refer to as FIR excess emission. The 70 μm excess increases gradually from the MW to the LMC to the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC), suggesting evolution with decreasing metallicity. The excess is associated with the neutral and diffuse ionized gas, with the strongest excess region located in a loop structure next to 30 Dor. We show that the 70 μm excess can be explained by a modification of the size distribution of very small grains with respect to that in the MW, and a corresponding mass increase of ≃13% of the total dust mass in selected regions. The most likely explanation is that the 70 μm excess is due to the production of large very small grains (VSG) through erosion of larger grains in the diffuse medium. This FIR excess could be due to intrinsic variations of the dust/gas ratio, which would then vary from 4.6 to 2.3 times lower than the MW values across the LMC, but X_(CO) values derived from the IR emission would then be about three times lower than those derived from the Virial analysis of the CO data. We also investigate the possibility that the FIR excess is associated with an additional gas component undetected in the available gas tracers. Assuming a constant dust abundance in all ISM phases, the additional gas component would have twice the known H I mass. We show that it is plausible that the FIR excess is due to cold atomic gas that is optically thick in the 21 cm line, while the contribution by a pure H_2 phase with no CO emission remains a possible explanation.

Clustered and Triggered Star Formation in W5: Observations with Spitzer

Abstract: We present images and initial results from our extensive Spitzer Space Telescope imaging survey of the W5 H II region with the Infrared Array Camera (IRAC) and Multiband Imaging Photometer for Spitzer (MIPS). We detect dense clusters of stars, centered on the O stars HD 18326, BD +60 586, HD 17505, and HD 17520. At 24 μm, substantial extended emission is visible, presumably from heated dust grains that survive in the strongly ionizing environment of the H II region. With photometry of more than 18,000 point sources, we analyze the clustering properties of objects classified as young stars by their IR spectral energy distributions (a total of 2064 sources) across the region using a minimal-spanning-tree algorithm. We find ~40%-70% of infrared excess sources belong to clusters with ≥10 members. We find that within the evacuated cavities of the H II regions that make up W5, the ratio of Class II to Class I sources is ~7 times higher than for objects coincident with molecular gas as traced by -->12CO emission and near-IR extinction maps. We attribute this contrast to an age difference between the two locations and postulate that at least two distinct generations of star formation are visible across W5. Our preliminary analysis shows that triggering is a plausible mechanism to explain the multiple generations of star formation in W5 and merits further investigation.

Thermal Emission of Exoplanet XO-1b

Abstract: We estimate flux ratios of the extrasolar planet XO-1b to its host star XO-1 at 3.6, 4.5, 5.8, and 8.0 μm with IRAC on the Spitzer Space Telescope to be -->0.00086 ± 0.00007, -->0.00122 ± 0.00009, -->0.00261 ± 0.00031, and -->0.00210 ± 0.00029, respectively. The fluxes are inconsistent with a canonical cloudless model for the thermal emission from a planet and suggest an atmosphere with a thermal inversion layer and a possible stratospheric absorber. A newly emerging correlation between the presence of a thermal inversion layer in the planetary atmosphere and stellar insolation of the planet, as by Burrows and colleagues, is refined. The substellar point flux from the parent star at XO-1b of ~ -->0.49 × 109 erg cm−2 s−1 sets a new lower limit for the occurrence of a thermal inversion in a planetary atmosphere.

Depth of a strong jovian jet from a planetary-scale disturbance driven by storms

Abstract: To coincide with the flyby of the Pluto-bound New Horizons probe, Jupiter was the target of intensive observation, starting in February 2007, from a battery of ground-based telescopes and the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). Weeks into the project, on 25 March, an intense disturbance developed in Jupiter's strongest jet at 23° North latitude, lasting to June 2007. This type of event is rare — the last ones were seen in 1990 and 1975. The onset of the disturbance was captured by the HST, and the development of two plumes was followed in unprecedented detail. The two plumes (bright white spots in the small infrared image on the cover) towered 30 km above the surrounding clouds. The nature of the power source for the jets that dominate the atmospheres of Jupiter and Saturn is a controversial matter, complicated by the interplay of local and planet-wide meteorological factors. The new observations are consistent with a wind extending deep into the atmosphere, well below the level reached by solar radiation. In the larger cover image, turbulence caused by the plumes can be seen in the band that is home to the jet. Observations and modelling of two plumes in Jupiter's atmosphere that erupted at the same latitude as the strongest jet (23° North) are reported. Based on dynamical modelling it is concluded that the data are consistent only with a wind that extends well below the level where solar radiation is deposited. The atmospheres of the gas giant planets (Jupiter and Saturn) contain jets that dominate the circulation at visible levels1,2. The power source for these jets (solar radiation, internal heat, or both) and their vertical structure below the upper cloud are major open questions in the atmospheric circulation and meteorology of giant planets1,2,3. Several observations1 and in situ measurements4 found intense winds at a depth of 24 bar, and have been interpreted as supporting an internal heat source. This issue remains controversial5, in part because of effects from the local meteorology6. Here we report observations and modelling of two plumes in Jupiter’s atmosphere that erupted at the same latitude as the strongest jet (23° N). The plumes reached a height of 30 km above the surrounding clouds, moved faster than any other feature (169 m s-1), and left in their wake a turbulent planetary-scale disturbance containing red aerosols. On the basis of dynamical modelling, we conclude that the data are consistent only with a wind that extends well below the level where solar radiation is deposited.

Spitzer Observations of the Massive Star-forming Complex S254-S258: Structure and Evolution

Abstract: We present Spitzer IRAC, NOAO 2.1 m Flamingos, Keck NIRC, and FCRAO SEQUOIA observations of the massive star-forming complex S254-S258, covering an area of 25' × 20'. Using a combination of the IRAC and NIR data, we identify and classify the young stellar objects (YSOs) in the complex. We detect 510 sources with near- or mid-IR excess, and we classify 87 Class I and 165 Class II sources. The YSOs are found in clusters surrounded by isolated YSOs in a low-density distributed population. The ratio of clustered to total YSOs is 0.8. We identify six new clusters in the complex. One of them, G192.63-00, is located around the ionizing star of the H II region S255. We hypothesize that the ionizing star of S255 was formed in this cluster. We also detect a southern component of the cluster in H II region S256. The cluster G192.54-0.15, located inside H II region S254 has a VLSR of 17 km s−1 with respect to the main cloud, and we conclude that it is located in the background of the complex. The structure of the molecular cloud is examined using 12CO and 13CO , as well as a near-IR extinction map. The main body of the molecular cloud has VLSR between 5 and 9 km s−1. The arc-shaped structure of the molecular cloud following the border of the H II regions and the high column density in the border of the H II regions support the idea that the material has been swept up by the expansion of the H II regions.

Semi-annual oscillations in Saturn's low-latitude stratospheric temperatures.

Abstract: Observations of oscillations of temperature and wind in planetary atmospheres provide a means of generalizing models for atmospheric dynamics in a diverse set of planets in the Solar System and elsewhere. An equatorial oscillation similar to one in the Earth's atmosphere has been discovered in Jupiter. Here we report the existence of similar oscillations in Saturn's atmosphere, from an analysis of over two decades of spatially resolved observations of its 7.8-microm methane and 12.2-microm ethane stratospheric emissions, where we compare zonal-mean stratospheric brightness temperatures at planetographic latitudes of 3.6 degrees and 15.5 degrees in both the northern and the southern hemispheres. These results support the interpretation of vertical and meridional variability of temperatures in Saturn's stratosphere as a manifestation of a wave phenomenon similar to that on the Earth and in Jupiter. The period of this oscillation is 14.8 +/- 1.2 terrestrial years, roughly half of Saturn's year, suggesting the influence of seasonal forcing, as is the case with the Earth's semi-annual oscillation.

Photometry using the Infrared Array Camera on the Spitzer Space Telescope

Abstract: We present several corrections for point-source photometry to be applied to data from the Infrared Array Camera (IRAC) on the Spitzer Space Telescope. These corrections are necessary because of characteristics of the IRAC arrays and optics and the way the instrument is calibrated in flight. When these corrections are applied, it is possible to achieve a ~2% relative photometric accuracy for sources of adequate signal-to-noise ratio in an IRAC image.

Variable Evolved Stars and YSOs Discovered in the Large Magellanic Cloud using the SAGE Survey

Abstract: We present initial results and source lists of variable sources in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) for which we detect thermal infrared variability from the SAGE (Surveying the Agents of a Galaxy's Evolution) survey, which had 2 epochs of photometry separated by three months. The SAGE survey mapped a 7 degree by 7 degree region of the LMC using the IRAC and the MIPS instruments on board Spitzer. Variable sources are identified using a combination of the IRAC 3.6, 4.5, 5.8, 8.0 \micron bands and the MIPS 24 \micron bands. An error-weighted flux difference between the two epochs is used to assess the variability. Of the ~ 3 million sources detected at both epochs we find ~ 2,000 variable sources for which we provide electronic catalogs. Most of the variable sources can be classified as asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars. A large fraction (> 66%) of the extreme AGB stars are variable and only smaller fractions of carbon-rich (6.1%) and oxygen-rich (2.0%) stars are detected as variable. We also detect a population of variable young stellar object candidates.

Spitzer sage observations of large magellanic cloud planetary nebulae

Abstract: We present IRAC and MIPS images and photometry of a sample of previously known planetary nebulae (PNe) from the Surveying the Agents of a Galaxy's Evolution (SAGE) survey of the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) performed with the Spitzer Space Telescope. Of the 233 known PNe in the survey field, 185 objects were detected in at least two of the IRAC bands, and 161 detected in the MIPS 24 μm images. Color-color and color-magnitude diagrams are presented using several combinations of IRAC, MIPS, and Two Micron All Sky Survey magnitudes. The location of an individual PN in the color-color diagrams is seen to depend on the relative contributions of the spectral components which include molecular hydrogen, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), infrared forbidden line emission from the ionized gas, warm dust continuum, and emission directly from the central star. The sample of LMC PNe is compared to a number of Galactic PNe and found not to significantly differ in their position in color-color space. We also explore the potential value of IR PNe luminosity functions (LFs) in the LMC. IRAC LFs appear to follow the same functional form as the well-established [O III] LFs although there are several PNe with observed IR magnitudes brighter than the cut-offs in these LFs.

The Large Magellanic Cloud's Largest Molecular Cloud Complex: Spitzer Analysis of Embedded Star Formation

Abstract: We present a mid-infrared analysis of star-formation activity in the Large Magellanic Cloud's molecular ridge (south of 30 Doradus). The Magellanic Clouds are a rare laboratory in which extragalactic star-formation diagnostics can be tested at high spatial resolution. The southern part of the molecular ridge is particularly interesting as a potential extreme in the range of molecular cloud conditions, because of the apparent paucity (in optical tracers) of star formation compared to its gas mass. Our Spitzer observations are sensitive to protostars 3 M ☉, and we estimate a total star-formation luminosity of 5 × 106 L ☉ in 2 × 106 M ☉ of molecular material. Detailed modeling of individual infrared-detected star-formation regions yields a total mass of star formation in the region consistent with that predicted by the gas surface density via the Schmitt-Kennicutt relation. The star-formation activity is distributed in rather low-luminosity regions, so the total star-formation rate determined by our infrared analysis is higher than would be predicted simply by the total Hα and 24 μm luminosities. Detailed analysis in very nearby galaxies, like the Magellanic Clouds, allows us to test and better understand the scaling relations used in unresolved and distant star-formation regions. Finally, we analyze the star-formation regions in the context of their individual molecular clouds and find that clouds with a higher ratio of CO mass to virial mass are more vigorously forming stars.

Radio continuum properties of young planetary nebulae

Abstract: We have selected a small sample of post-AGB (Asymptotic Giant Branch) stars in transition towards the planetary nebula and present new Very Large Array multi-frequency high-angular resolution radio observations of them. The multi-frequency data are used to create and model the targets' radio continuum spectra, proving that these stars started their evolution as very young planetary nebulae. In the optically thin range, the slopes are compatible with the expected spectral index (−0.1). Two targets (IRAS 18062+2410 and 17423−1755) seem to be optically thick even at high frequency, as observed in a handful of other post-AGB stars in the literature, while a third one (IRAS 20462+3416) shows a possible contribution from cold dust. In IRAS 18062+2410, where we have three observations spanning a period of four years, we detect an increase in its flux density, similar to that observed in CRL 618. High-angular resolution imaging shows bipolar structures that may be due to circumstellar tori, although a different hypothesis (i.e. jets) could also explain the observations. Further observations and monitoring of these sources will enable us to test the current evolutionary models of planetary nebulae.

Galaxy clusters in the IRAC Dark Field. I. Growth of the Red Sequence

Abstract: Using three newly identified galaxy clusters at z ~ 1 (photometric redshift) we measure the evolution of the galaxies within clusters from high redshift to the present day by studying the growth of the red cluster sequence The clusters are located in the Spitzer Infrared Array Camera (IRAC)Dark Field, an extremely deep mid-infrared survey near the north ecliptic pole with photometry in 18 total bands from X-ray through far-IR Two of the candidate clusters are additionally detected as extended emission in matching Chandra data in the survey area, allowing us to measure their masses to be M_(500) = (62 ± 10) x 10^(13) and (36 ± 11) x 10^(13)M_☉ For all three clusters we create a composite color-magnitude diagram in rest-frame B - K using our deep HST and Spitzer imaging By comparing the fraction of low-luminosity member galaxies on the composite red sequence with the corresponding population in local clusters at z = 01 taken from COSMOS, we examine the effect of a galaxy’s mass on its evolutionWe find a deficit of faint galaxies on the red sequence in our z ~ 1 clusters, which implies that more massive galaxies have evolved in clusters faster than less massive galaxies, and that the less massive galaxies are still forming stars in clusters such that they have not yet settled onto the red sequence

MIRSI, A Mid-Infrared Spectrometer and Imager: Performance Results from the IRTF

Abstract: .The Mid-Infrared Spectrometer and Imager (MIRSI) is a mid-infrared camera system built at Boston University for ground-based observing. MIRSI offers complete spectral coverage over the atmospheric windows at 8–14 and 18–26 μm for both imaging (discrete filters and a circular variable filter) and spectroscopy (in the 10 and 20 μm windows with resolutions of λ/Δλ = 200λ/Δλ=200 and 100, respectively). The optical design was optimized for use at NASA’s Infrared Telescope Facility (IRTF). MIRSI utilizes a 320 × 240 pixel320×240 pixel detector array with a plate scale of 0.27′′ pixel-10.27′′ pixel-1, covering a field-of-view of 86′′ × 63′′86′′×63′′ at the IRTF. MIRSI’s optics provide diffraction-limited spatial resolution, and the instrument achieves 1 σ detection limits of 4 and 236 mJy at 10 and 21 μm, respectively, in 60 s of on-source integration time.

Diameters and albedos of three subkilometer near-earth objects derived from spitzer observations

Abstract: Near-Earth objects (NEOs) are fragments of remnant primitive bodies that date from the era of solar system formation. At present, the physical properties and origins of NEOs are poorly understood. We have measured thermal emission from three NEOs—(6037) 1988 EG, 1993 GD, and 2005 GL—with Spitzer's IRAC instrument at 3.6, 4.5, 5.8, and 8.0 μm (the last object was detected only at 5.8 and 8.0 μm). The diameters of these three objects are 400, 180, and 160 m, respectively, with uncertainties of around 20% (including both observational and systematic errors). For all three the geometric albedos are around 0.30, in agreement with previous results that most NEOs are S-class asteroids. For the two objects detected at 3.6 and 4.5 μm, diameters and albedos based only on those data agree with the values based on modeling the data in all four bands. This agreement, and the high sensitivity of IRAC, shows the promise of the Spitzer Warm Mission for determining the physical parameters for a large number of NEOs.

Mid-Infrared Photometry and Spectra of Three High-Mass Protostellar Candidates at IRAS 18151–1208 and IRAS 20343+4129

Abstract: We present arcsecond-scale mid-IRphotometry (in the 10.5 � mN bandand at24.8 � m), and low-resolutionspectra intheNband(R ’100)of acandidatehigh-massprotostellarobject(HMPO)inIRAS18151� 1208andof twoHMPO candidatesinIRAS20343+4129,IRS1andIRS3.Inaddition,wepresenthigh-resolutionmid-IRspectra(R ’ 80;000) of the two HMPO candidates in IRAS 20343+4129. These data are fitted with simple models to estimate the masses of gas and dust associated with the mid-IR-emitting clumps, the column densities of overlying absorbing dustandgas,theluminositiesof theHMPOcandidates,andthelikelyspectraltypeof theHMPOcandidateforwhich [Ne ii] 12.8 � m emission was detected (IRAS 20343+4129 IRS 3). We suggest that IRAS 18151� 1208 is a preultracompact H ii region HMPO, IRAS 20343+4129 IRS 1 is an embedded young stellar object with the luminosity of a B3 star, and IRAS 20343+4129 IRS 3i s aB 2 ZAMS star that has formed an ultracompact Hii region and disrupted its natal envelope. Subject headingg circumstellar matter — H ii regions — infrared: ISM — ISM: jets and outflows — stars: formation — stars: preYmain-sequence

Diameters and albedos of three sub-kilometer Near Earth Objects derived from Spitzer observations

Abstract: Near Earth Objects (NEOs) are fragments of remnant primitive bodies that date from the era of Solar System formation. At present, the physical properties and origins of NEOs are poorly understood. We have measured thermal emission from three NEOs -- (6037) 1988 EG, 1993 GD, and 2005 GL -- with Spitzer's IRAC instrument at 3.6, 4.5, 5.8, and 8.0 microns (the last object was detected only at 5.8 and 8.0 microns). The diameters of these three objects are 400 m, 180 m, and 160 m, respectively, with uncertainties of around 20% (including both observational and systematic errors). For all three the geometric albedos are around 0.30, in agreement with previous results that most NEOs are S-class asteroids. For the two objects detected at 3.6 and 4.5 microns, diameters and albedos based only on those data agree with the values based on modeling the data in all four bands. This agreement, and the high sensitivity of IRAC, show the promise of the Spitzer Warm Mission for determining the physical parameters for a large number of NEOs.

Photometry using the Infrared Array Camera on the Spitzer Space Telescope

Abstract: We present several corrections for point source photometry to be applied to data from the Infrared Array Camera (IRAC) on the Spitzer Space Telescope. These corrections are necessary because of characteristics of the IRAC arrays and optics and the way the instrument is calibrated in-flight. When these corrections are applied, it is possible to achieve a ~2% relative photometric accuracy for sources of adequate signal to noise in an IRAC image.

Stability of the Infrared Array Camera for the Spitzer Space Telescope

Abstract: We present an analysis of the stability of the Infrared Array Camera (IRAC) on board the Spitzer Space Telescope over the first 4.5 years of in-flight operations. IRAC consists of two InSb and two Si:As 256x256 imaging arrays with passbands centered on 3.6, 4.5. 5.8 and 8.0 microns. Variations in photometric stability, read noise, dark offsets, pixel responsivity and number of hot and noisy pixels for each detector array are trended with time. To within our measurement uncertainty, the performance of the IRAC arrays has not changed with time. The most significant variation is that number of hot pixels in the 8 micron array has increased linearly with time at a rate of 60 pixels per year. We expect that the 3.6 and 4.5 micron arrays should remain stable during the post-cryogenic phase of the Spitzer mission. We will briefly discuss some science that is enabled by the excellent stability of IRAC.

Spitzer observations of the Massive star forming complex S254-S258: structure and evolution

Abstract: We present Spitzer-IRAC, NOAO 2.1meter-Flamingos, Keck-NIRC, and FCRAO-SEQUOIA observations of the massive star forming complex S254-S258, covering an area of 25x20 arc-minutes. Using a combination of the IRAC and NIR data, we identify and classify the young stellar objects (YSO) in the complex. We detect 510 sources with near or mid IR-excess, and we classify 87 Class I, and 165 Class II sources. The YSO are found in clusters surrounded by isolated YSO in a low-density distributed population. The ratio of clustered to total YSO is 0.8. We identify six new clusters in the complex. One of them, G192.63-00, is located around the ionizing star of the HII region S255. We hypothesize that the ionizing star of S255 was formed in this cluster. We also detect a southern component of the cluster in HII region S256. The cluster G192.54-0.15, located inside HII region S254 has a VLSR of 17 km/s with respect to the main cloud, and we conclude that it is located in the background of the complex. The structure of the molecular cloud is examined using 12CO and 13CO, as well as a near-IR extinction map. The main body of the molecular cloud has VLSR between 5 and 9 km/s. The arc-shaped structure of the molecular cloud, following the border of the HII regions, and the high column density in the border of the HII regions support the idea that the material has been swept up by the expansion of the HII regions.

IC 4406: A Radio-Infrared View

Abstract: IC 4406 is a large (about 100'' × 30'') southern bipolar planetary nebula composed of two elongated lobes extending from a bright central region where there is evidence for the presence of a large torus of gas and dust. We show new observations of this source performed with IRAC (Spitzer Space Telescope) and the Australia Telescope Compact Array. The radio maps show that the flux from the ionized gas is concentrated in the bright central region and originates in a clumpy structure previously observed in Hα, while in the infrared images filaments and clumps can be seen in the extended nebular envelope, the central region showing toroidal emission. Modeling of the infrared emission leads to the conclusion that several dust components are present in the nebula.

Planetary Nebulae: Exposing the Top Polluters of the ISM

Abstract: The high mass loss rates of stars in their asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stage of evolution is one of the most important pathways for mass return from stars to the ISM. In the planetary nebulae (PNe) phase, the ejected material is illuminated and can be altered by the UV radiation from the central star. PNe therefore play a significant role in the ISM recycling process and in changing the environment around them. We show some highlights of the results of observations that have been carried out using the Spitzer instruments to study the gas and dust emission from PNe in the Milky Way and nearby galaxies. Spitzer is especially sensitive to the cool dust and molecules in the PNe shell and halos. We present new results from our program on Galactic PNe, including IRAC and IRS observations of NGC 6720 in the ring and halo of that nebula.

Thermal Emission of Exoplanet XO-1b

Abstract: We estimate flux ratios of the extrasolar planet XO-1b to its host star XO-1 at 3.6, 4.5, 5.8 and 8.0 microns with the IRAC on the Spitzer Space Telescope to be 0.00086 +/- 0.00007, 0.00122 +/- 0.00009, 0.00261 +/- 0.00031 and 0.00210 +/- 0.00029, respectively. The fluxes are inconsistent with a canonical cloudless model for the thermal emission from a planet and suggest an atmosphere with a thermal inversion layer and a possible stratospheric absorber. A newly emerging correlation between the presence of a thermal inversion layer in the planetary atmosphere and stellar insolation of the planet (Burrows et al. 2007b) is refined. The sub-stellar point flux from the parent star at XO-1b of ~ 0.49 x 10^9 erg cm^-2 s^-1 sets a new lower limit for the occurrence of a thermal inversion in a planetary atmosphere.

Galaxy Clusters in the IRAC Dark Field I: Growth of the red sequence

Abstract: Using three newly identified galaxy clusters at z~1 (photometric redshift) we measure the evolution of the galaxies within clusters from high redshift to the present day by studying the growth of the red cluster sequence. The clusters are located in the Spitzer Infrared Array Camera (IRAC) Dark Field, an extremely deep mid-infrared survey near the north ecliptic pole with photometry in 18 total bands from X-ray through far-IR. Two of the candidate clusters are additionally detected as extended emission in matching Chandra data in the survey area allowing us to measure their masses to be M_{500}= 6.2 \pm 1.0 \times 10^{13} and 3.6 \pm 1.1 \times 10^{13} solar masses. For all three clusters we create a composite color magnitude diagram in rest-frame B-K using our deep HST and Spitzer imaging. By comparing the fraction of low luminosity member galaxies on the composite red sequence with the corresponding population in local clusters at z=0.1 taken from the COSMOS survey, we examine the effect of a galaxy's mass on its evolution. We find a deficit of faint galaxies on the red sequence in our z~1 clusters which implies that more massive galaxies have evolved in clusters faster than less massive galaxies, and that the less massive galaxies are still forming stars in clusters such that they have not yet settled onto the red sequence.