The is a comprehensive review on the needs and potential storage technologies for electrical grid that is expected to integrate significant levels of renewables. This review offers details of the technologies, in terms of needs, status, challenges and future R&d directions.

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Electrochemical Energy Storage for Green Grid

There have been a number of review papers on layered silicate and carbon nanotube reinforced polymer nanocomposites, in which the fillers have high aspect ratios. Particulate–polymer nanocomposites containing fillers with small aspect ratios are also an important class of polymer composites. However, they have been apparently overlooked. Thus, in this paper, detailed discussions on the effects of particle size, particle/matrix interface adhesion and particle loading on the stiffness, strength and toughness of such particulate–polymer composites are reviewed. To develop high performance particulate composites, it is necessary to have some basic understanding of the stiffening, strengthening and toughening mechanisms of these composites. A critical evaluation of published experimental results in comparison with theoretical models is given.

/pdf/effects-of-particle-size-particle-matrix-interface-adhesion-yv055zq7xi.pdf

Effects of particle size, particle/matrix interface adhesion and particle loading on mechanical properties of particulate–polymer composites

https://zirconia.typepad.com/files/zirconia-as-a-ceramic-biomaterial---piconi---biomaterials-1999.pdf

Zirconia as a ceramic biomaterial

In this review the phenomenon of proton conductivity in materials and the elements of proton conduction mechanismsproton transfer, structural reorganization and diffusional motion of extended moietiesare discussed with special emphasis on proton chemistry. This is characterized by a strong proton localization within the valence electron density of electronegative species (e.g., oxygen, nitrogen) and self-localization effects due to solvent interactions which allows for significant proton diffusivities only when assisted by the dynamics of the proton environment in Grotthuss and vehicle type mechanisms. In systems with high proton density, proton/proton interactions lead to proton ordering below first-order phase transition rather than to coherent proton transfers along extended hydrogen-bond chains as is frequently suggested in textbooks of physical chemistry. There is no indication for significant proton tunneling in fast proton conduction phenomena for which almost barrierless proton transfer is suggest...

Proton Conductivity: Materials and Applications

http://fcbt.mse.gatech.edu/PDF/Bersra2007.pdf

A review on fundamentals and applications of electrophoretic deposition (EPD)

Preparation and characterization of textured polycrystalline Na and K-β″β-aluminas

Structural refractometry of β- and β″-Al2O3-type aluminates and gallates

The fracture of ceramics initiating from a typical inclusion is analyzed. The inclusion is considered to have a thermal expansion coefficient and fracture toughness lower than those of the matrix and a Young's modulus higher than that of the matrix. Inclusion-initiated fracture is modeled for a spherical inclusion using a weight function method to compute the residual stress intensity factor for a part-through elliptical crack. The results are applied to an {alpha}-Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} inclusion embedded in a tetragonal ZrO{sub 2} ceramic. The strength predictions agree well with experimental data.

Inclusion‐Initiated Fracture Model for Ceramics

The stress-relieving mechanisms in two batches of thermal-shock-resistant ZrO2 partially stabilized by CaO were investigated by electron-optical replication techniques. In one batch of material, thermal shock produces a high density of micro-cracks; this behavior is interpreted as resulting from the brittle nature of the matrix cubic phase. In the other batch of material, thermal shock produces coherent “bumps,” suggesting that the material acts in a ductile fashion.

Thermal‐Shock Structures in a Partially Stabilized ZrO2 in the System CaO‐ZrO2

The relative colloidal stability in ethanol of ceramic powders with Si-O surface groups (Si 3 N 4 , SiC, and MoSi 2 ) is reported. SiO 2 /EtOH suspensions are also examined as a reference. The comparative relationships between pH, particle-surface charge, zeta potential, stability, and suspension rheology are discussed. The nature and influence of the surface species are determined, and the similarities and differences are compared. DLVO theory was used to define suspension stability, and it was found that non-oxide particles in EtOH are charge-stabilized and have viscosity and flow curves that agree with the electrokinetic measurements.

Patrick S. Nicholson

Papers

Preparation and characterization of textured polycrystalline Na and K-β″β-aluminas

Structural refractometry of β- and β″-Al2O3-type aluminates and gallates

Inclusion‐Initiated Fracture Model for Ceramics

Thermal‐Shock Structures in a Partially Stabilized ZrO2 in the System CaO‐ZrO2

Relative Colloidal Stability in Ethanol of Powders with Si‐O Surface Species