The is a comprehensive review on the needs and potential storage technologies for electrical grid that is expected to integrate significant levels of renewables. This review offers details of the technologies, in terms of needs, status, challenges and future R&d directions.

/pdf/electrochemical-energy-storage-for-green-grid-22ttg0wpz1.pdf

Electrochemical Energy Storage for Green Grid

There have been a number of review papers on layered silicate and carbon nanotube reinforced polymer nanocomposites, in which the fillers have high aspect ratios. Particulate–polymer nanocomposites containing fillers with small aspect ratios are also an important class of polymer composites. However, they have been apparently overlooked. Thus, in this paper, detailed discussions on the effects of particle size, particle/matrix interface adhesion and particle loading on the stiffness, strength and toughness of such particulate–polymer composites are reviewed. To develop high performance particulate composites, it is necessary to have some basic understanding of the stiffening, strengthening and toughening mechanisms of these composites. A critical evaluation of published experimental results in comparison with theoretical models is given.

/pdf/effects-of-particle-size-particle-matrix-interface-adhesion-yv055zq7xi.pdf

Effects of particle size, particle/matrix interface adhesion and particle loading on mechanical properties of particulate–polymer composites

https://zirconia.typepad.com/files/zirconia-as-a-ceramic-biomaterial---piconi---biomaterials-1999.pdf

Zirconia as a ceramic biomaterial

In this review the phenomenon of proton conductivity in materials and the elements of proton conduction mechanismsproton transfer, structural reorganization and diffusional motion of extended moietiesare discussed with special emphasis on proton chemistry. This is characterized by a strong proton localization within the valence electron density of electronegative species (e.g., oxygen, nitrogen) and self-localization effects due to solvent interactions which allows for significant proton diffusivities only when assisted by the dynamics of the proton environment in Grotthuss and vehicle type mechanisms. In systems with high proton density, proton/proton interactions lead to proton ordering below first-order phase transition rather than to coherent proton transfers along extended hydrogen-bond chains as is frequently suggested in textbooks of physical chemistry. There is no indication for significant proton tunneling in fast proton conduction phenomena for which almost barrierless proton transfer is suggest...

Proton Conductivity: Materials and Applications

http://fcbt.mse.gatech.edu/PDF/Bersra2007.pdf

A review on fundamentals and applications of electrophoretic deposition (EPD)

Liquid phase reaction sintering of YBa2Cu3Ox electrophoretically deposited thick films has been conducted in a magnetic field (∼1 T). The magnetic field influences the crystallographic orientation of the final microstructural grains (texturing). It is suggested that the magnetic field does not influence the orientation of nuclei during the nucleation process but induces physical rotation of the monograins in the sintering liquid and influences their grain growth.

Magnetically enhanced reaction sintering of textured YBa2Cu3Ox

Composite bioactive glass-ceramics reinforced with 30 vol% Ti particles were produced by warm-forging and in situ crystallization. The bend strength of the composite was 87 ± 7 MPa. A fracture mechanical study in air and Ringer's bioactive solution determined crack velocity vs stress intensity factor and the effect of stressing rate on the bend strength. Time to failure of 10 years is predicted for the composite loaded at 10 MPa in Ringer's solution or 50 MPa in air. A disappointing fatigue performance of the relatively tough metal/ceramic composite illustrates that satisfactory short-time fracture resistance does not guarantee lifetime under fatigue conditions (long-term fracture resistance).

Fracture Mechanics of Titanium/Bioactive Glass‐Ceramic Particulate Composites

Modified electrophoretic infiltration deposition (EPID) under constant current conditions is used to fabricate non-conductive-fiber-reinforced composites from an ethanol suspension. Particles are infiltrated through a fiber preform by an electric field and are deposited on the front of the electrode and “backfill” through the fiber preform. A uniform morphology is achieved at the optimum deposition rate.

The constant current EPID process is modeled as capillary infiltration electrophoresis. Particles “stream” the fiber preform due to the repulsive interaction between the fiber filaments and the particles as both have the same-sign surface charge. Electro-osmotic flow makes no contribution to deposit yield as the net flow across a closed capillary cross section is zero. Hamaker's law is extended to electrophoretic infiltration; however, the total deposit yield is controlled by particle electrophoresis outside the capillaries due to the much lower electric field in the suspension. The deposit thickness increases linearly with time under optimum current conditions. Too high a deposition rate promotes air entrapment in the depositing green body.

Constant Current Electrophoretic Infiltration Deposition of Fiber‐Reinforced Ceramic Composites

The relative colloidal stability in ethanol of ceramic powders with Si–O surface groups (Si3N4, SiC and MoSi2) is reported. SiO2/EtOH suspensions are also examined as reference. The comparative relationships between pH, particle-surface charge, zeta-potential, stability and suspension rheology are discussed. The nature and influence of the surface species is determined and the similarity/difference therebetween, compared. DLVO theory and Stability Ratio values defined suspension stability and it was found non-oxide particles in EtOH are charged-stabilized and have viscosity and flow-curves that agree with the electrokinetic measurements.

The role of Si–O species in the colloidal stability of silicon-containing ceramic powders

A process for production of near-net-shape mullite-matrix ceramic composites at ≤1300°C has been achieved by reaction-bonding Al 2 O 3 , silicon, mullite seeds, and eutectics of Al 2 O 3 -SiO 2 -mixed-rare-earth oxide. The fusion temperature of the eutectic composition utilized is 1175°C. This liquid phase facilitates silicon oxidation, mullitization, and sintering. Mullite phase develops with low residual Al 2 O 3 when 7.5 wt% mixed-rare-earth oxide and 5 wt% mullite seeds are used. The final sinter is >90% of theoretical density, >90% mullite (by quantitative XRD), and suffers 2.2% sintering shrinkage.

Patrick S. Nicholson

Papers

Magnetically enhanced reaction sintering of textured YBa2Cu3Ox

Fracture Mechanics of Titanium/Bioactive Glass‐Ceramic Particulate Composites

Constant Current Electrophoretic Infiltration Deposition of Fiber‐Reinforced Ceramic Composites

The role of Si–O species in the colloidal stability of silicon-containing ceramic powders

Use of Mixed‐Rare‐Earth Oxide in the Preparation of Reaction‐Bonded Mullite at ≤1300°C