The is a comprehensive review on the needs and potential storage technologies for electrical grid that is expected to integrate significant levels of renewables. This review offers details of the technologies, in terms of needs, status, challenges and future R&d directions.

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Electrochemical Energy Storage for Green Grid

There have been a number of review papers on layered silicate and carbon nanotube reinforced polymer nanocomposites, in which the fillers have high aspect ratios. Particulate–polymer nanocomposites containing fillers with small aspect ratios are also an important class of polymer composites. However, they have been apparently overlooked. Thus, in this paper, detailed discussions on the effects of particle size, particle/matrix interface adhesion and particle loading on the stiffness, strength and toughness of such particulate–polymer composites are reviewed. To develop high performance particulate composites, it is necessary to have some basic understanding of the stiffening, strengthening and toughening mechanisms of these composites. A critical evaluation of published experimental results in comparison with theoretical models is given.

/pdf/effects-of-particle-size-particle-matrix-interface-adhesion-yv055zq7xi.pdf

Effects of particle size, particle/matrix interface adhesion and particle loading on mechanical properties of particulate–polymer composites

https://zirconia.typepad.com/files/zirconia-as-a-ceramic-biomaterial---piconi---biomaterials-1999.pdf

Zirconia as a ceramic biomaterial

In this review the phenomenon of proton conductivity in materials and the elements of proton conduction mechanismsproton transfer, structural reorganization and diffusional motion of extended moietiesare discussed with special emphasis on proton chemistry. This is characterized by a strong proton localization within the valence electron density of electronegative species (e.g., oxygen, nitrogen) and self-localization effects due to solvent interactions which allows for significant proton diffusivities only when assisted by the dynamics of the proton environment in Grotthuss and vehicle type mechanisms. In systems with high proton density, proton/proton interactions lead to proton ordering below first-order phase transition rather than to coherent proton transfers along extended hydrogen-bond chains as is frequently suggested in textbooks of physical chemistry. There is no indication for significant proton tunneling in fast proton conduction phenomena for which almost barrierless proton transfer is suggest...

Proton Conductivity: Materials and Applications

http://fcbt.mse.gatech.edu/PDF/Bersra2007.pdf

A review on fundamentals and applications of electrophoretic deposition (EPD)

An ultrasonic attenuation study of NH+4/H3O+-Rb+-β″-alumina

Scattering of ultrasound from voids and inclusions in glass and cystallized glass is compared. The scatterers have diameters <100 μm. Crystallized glass has small crystallites which affect the sound field around a defect as the grains of a ceramic might. The effects of these crystallites on the sound field at the defect and at the water-sample interface is discussed.

Ultrasonic Scattering from Voids and Inclusions in Model Polycrystalline Ceramics

The microstructures of 3 zirconias partially stabilized with CaO were investigated using scanning electron microscopy and qualitative and quantitative X-ray analysis. The structure was closely related to the heat treatments involved in fabrication. A bimodal structure with small grains of pure ZrO2 dispersed along the grain boundaries of larger cubic solid-solution grains developed during slow cooling from 1850° to 1300°C. The presence of a liquid phase greatly enhances the growth of the pure ZrO2 phase. An anneal at 1300°C induces precipitation of fine ZrO2 particles within the solid-solution grains. The relative mechanical strengths of the materials are explained in terms of the weakening of the grain boundaries associated with the transformation of the grain-boundary phase on cooling.

Microstructural development in partially stabilized zro2 in the system cao-zro2

An electrical potential drop technique has been developed for the determination of curved crack front advance in conductive ceramics. The solutions obtained are applied to chevron-notched four-point bend specimens. Fracture of ionically conducting zirconium oxide ceramics is studied in the range 1000° to 1300°C. A driving force of the order of 1 J/m2 is sufficient to initiate fracture of the ceramic at High temperatures.

Patrick S. Nicholson

Papers

An ultrasonic attenuation study of NH+4/H3O+-Rb+-β″-alumina

Ultrasonic Scattering from Voids and Inclusions in Model Polycrystalline Ceramics

Microstructural development in partially stabilized zro2 in the system cao-zro2

Potential drop technique for following high-temperature crack growth in ceramics

Possible Contribution of Diffusive Grain‐Boundary Pore Growth to Creep Deformation of Ceramic Materials