The is a comprehensive review on the needs and potential storage technologies for electrical grid that is expected to integrate significant levels of renewables. This review offers details of the technologies, in terms of needs, status, challenges and future R&d directions.

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Electrochemical Energy Storage for Green Grid

There have been a number of review papers on layered silicate and carbon nanotube reinforced polymer nanocomposites, in which the fillers have high aspect ratios. Particulate–polymer nanocomposites containing fillers with small aspect ratios are also an important class of polymer composites. However, they have been apparently overlooked. Thus, in this paper, detailed discussions on the effects of particle size, particle/matrix interface adhesion and particle loading on the stiffness, strength and toughness of such particulate–polymer composites are reviewed. To develop high performance particulate composites, it is necessary to have some basic understanding of the stiffening, strengthening and toughening mechanisms of these composites. A critical evaluation of published experimental results in comparison with theoretical models is given.

/pdf/effects-of-particle-size-particle-matrix-interface-adhesion-yv055zq7xi.pdf

Effects of particle size, particle/matrix interface adhesion and particle loading on mechanical properties of particulate–polymer composites

https://zirconia.typepad.com/files/zirconia-as-a-ceramic-biomaterial---piconi---biomaterials-1999.pdf

Zirconia as a ceramic biomaterial

In this review the phenomenon of proton conductivity in materials and the elements of proton conduction mechanismsproton transfer, structural reorganization and diffusional motion of extended moietiesare discussed with special emphasis on proton chemistry. This is characterized by a strong proton localization within the valence electron density of electronegative species (e.g., oxygen, nitrogen) and self-localization effects due to solvent interactions which allows for significant proton diffusivities only when assisted by the dynamics of the proton environment in Grotthuss and vehicle type mechanisms. In systems with high proton density, proton/proton interactions lead to proton ordering below first-order phase transition rather than to coherent proton transfers along extended hydrogen-bond chains as is frequently suggested in textbooks of physical chemistry. There is no indication for significant proton tunneling in fast proton conduction phenomena for which almost barrierless proton transfer is suggest...

Proton Conductivity: Materials and Applications

http://fcbt.mse.gatech.edu/PDF/Bersra2007.pdf

A review on fundamentals and applications of electrophoretic deposition (EPD)

The critical resolved shear stress (CRSS) of pure and aliovalently doped (with Y+3 and Na+) CaF2 single crystals have been measured in compression along [1 1 1] axis between room temperature and 873 K. Strain rate cycling and/or stress relaxation experiments were performed to obtain the necessary parameters for the determination of rate-controling mechanism for plastic flow. The measured temperature and concentration dependences of the activation parameters suggest that the elastic interaction of dislocations with impurity cation-lattice anion defect pairs determine the CRSS as in alkali halide crystals. The CRSS for CaF2 single crystals doped with trivalent Y+3 were found an order of magnitude larger than those doped with the monovalent Na+. Based on the valence of dopant cations and the magnitude of hardening produced, solution hardening in CaF2 could be divided into two groups: “rapid” and “gradual” hardening.

Effect of impurities on the strengthening of CaF2 single crystals

The fracture toughness of Ni/Al2O3 laminates by digital image correlation II: Bridging-stresses and R-curve models

Electrical conductivity measurements were applied to a 3Y-TZP/alumina laminate composite fabricated by electrophoretic deposition in order to evaluate characteristics of its laminar structure non-destructively. Electrical conductivity of the composite was measured in directions parallel and perpendicular to the alumina layers. The composite showed the electrical properties of 3Y-TZP in the direction parallel to the alumina layers, and those of alumina in the perpendicular direction. Electrical conductivity measurements well reflected the laminar structure of the zirconia/alumina composite.

Electrical conductivity of a 3Y-TZP/alumina laminate composite synthesized by electrophoretic deposition

Steam pressure conductivity and stability of H3O+-β″/β-Al2O3 ceramic electrolytes

The load-relaxation technique is reviewed using the energy approach for four-point-bend chevron-notched samples. The influence of the sample and bending geometry and the stiffness of the testing system on the strain-energy release rate is considered. Proper experimental design allows the study of fracture initiation, propagation, and arrest, Special attention is paid to the effect of overload at fracture initiation on crack propagation. It is concluded that the chevron–notched sample offers great flexibility for gaining information on the fracture properties of ceramic materials.

Patrick S. Nicholson

Papers

Effect of impurities on the strengthening of CaF2 single crystals

The fracture toughness of Ni/Al2O3 laminates by digital image correlation II: Bridging-stresses and R-curve models

Electrical conductivity of a 3Y-TZP/alumina laminate composite synthesized by electrophoretic deposition

Steam pressure conductivity and stability of H3O+-β″/β-Al2O3 ceramic electrolytes

Theory for the Load Relaxation Technique in Fracture Studies Using Four‐Point‐Bend Chevron‐Notched Specimens