The is a comprehensive review on the needs and potential storage technologies for electrical grid that is expected to integrate significant levels of renewables. This review offers details of the technologies, in terms of needs, status, challenges and future R&d directions.

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Electrochemical Energy Storage for Green Grid

There have been a number of review papers on layered silicate and carbon nanotube reinforced polymer nanocomposites, in which the fillers have high aspect ratios. Particulate–polymer nanocomposites containing fillers with small aspect ratios are also an important class of polymer composites. However, they have been apparently overlooked. Thus, in this paper, detailed discussions on the effects of particle size, particle/matrix interface adhesion and particle loading on the stiffness, strength and toughness of such particulate–polymer composites are reviewed. To develop high performance particulate composites, it is necessary to have some basic understanding of the stiffening, strengthening and toughening mechanisms of these composites. A critical evaluation of published experimental results in comparison with theoretical models is given.

/pdf/effects-of-particle-size-particle-matrix-interface-adhesion-yv055zq7xi.pdf

Effects of particle size, particle/matrix interface adhesion and particle loading on mechanical properties of particulate–polymer composites

https://zirconia.typepad.com/files/zirconia-as-a-ceramic-biomaterial---piconi---biomaterials-1999.pdf

Zirconia as a ceramic biomaterial

In this review the phenomenon of proton conductivity in materials and the elements of proton conduction mechanismsproton transfer, structural reorganization and diffusional motion of extended moietiesare discussed with special emphasis on proton chemistry. This is characterized by a strong proton localization within the valence electron density of electronegative species (e.g., oxygen, nitrogen) and self-localization effects due to solvent interactions which allows for significant proton diffusivities only when assisted by the dynamics of the proton environment in Grotthuss and vehicle type mechanisms. In systems with high proton density, proton/proton interactions lead to proton ordering below first-order phase transition rather than to coherent proton transfers along extended hydrogen-bond chains as is frequently suggested in textbooks of physical chemistry. There is no indication for significant proton tunneling in fast proton conduction phenomena for which almost barrierless proton transfer is suggest...

Proton Conductivity: Materials and Applications

http://fcbt.mse.gatech.edu/PDF/Bersra2007.pdf

A review on fundamentals and applications of electrophoretic deposition (EPD)

The synthesis and characterization of H 3 Oβ”/β-Al 2 O 3 and NH 4 + - H 3 O+β”/β-Al 2 O 3 poly-crystals is described. The role of stress development and control in the intermediate stages of ion-exchange of the NaK-β”/βA1 2 O 3 ceramics is analysed and identifies the β-Al 2 O 3 phase as acting as inert reinforcement for the two-phase composite. The Rb + ion-exchange of the intermediate K + β”/β-Al 2 O 3 requisite for NH 4 +/H 3 O + ion-exchange to NH 4 -H 3 O+β”/βAl 2 O 3 is described as also is the NH 4 NO 3 exchange to the final ceramic. The total weight loss on heating NH 4 -H 3 O+β”/βAl 2 O 3 polycrystals to 810°C is 7.4% which agrees with the value expected from the chemical formula. The 25°C conductivity of the grains of NH 4 + - H 3 O + β”/βAl 2 O 3 was 1.7 × 10 −4 (ω-cm) −1 and the bulk conductivity was 3 × 10 −5 (ω-cm) −1 .

Structural Design and Synthesis of H3O+-β”/βAl2O3 and NH4-β”/β-Al2O3 Polycrystals

Crack shape study in a brittle, non-bonded, particulate composite

Rb+-NH4+ ion exchange kinetics of polycrystalline β-Al2O3

The role of potassium ions in the degradation of sodium β/β″-alumina

A fractographic study was conducted on 45 wt% Y2O3-partially-stabilized ZrO2 four-point bend bars densified by dry-pressing/isostatic pressing/pressureless sintering Several fracture origin types were identified by SEM/EPMA and classified by their responses to various elimination techniques An elliptical crack model was used to characterize the correlation between fracture stress and fracture origin size Consistent results showed that an order-of-severity existed, which enables a definition of “fracture origin severity parameter” for the different origin types The existence of a relative fracture-origin severity is related to the residual stress fields at the defect-matrix interfaces A spherical-defect model yielded satisfactory predictions of the numerical values of the fracture origin severity parameters

Patrick S. Nicholson

Papers

Structural Design and Synthesis of H3O+-β”/βAl2O3 and NH4-β”/β-Al2O3 Polycrystals

Crack shape study in a brittle, non-bonded, particulate composite

Rb+-NH4+ ion exchange kinetics of polycrystalline β-Al2O3

The role of potassium ions in the degradation of sodium β/β″-alumina

THE ANALYSIS OF THE FRACTURE ORIGIN TYPES AND SEVERITY IN Y2O3-PARTIALLY STABILIZED ZrO2