The is a comprehensive review on the needs and potential storage technologies for electrical grid that is expected to integrate significant levels of renewables. This review offers details of the technologies, in terms of needs, status, challenges and future R&d directions.

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Electrochemical Energy Storage for Green Grid

There have been a number of review papers on layered silicate and carbon nanotube reinforced polymer nanocomposites, in which the fillers have high aspect ratios. Particulate–polymer nanocomposites containing fillers with small aspect ratios are also an important class of polymer composites. However, they have been apparently overlooked. Thus, in this paper, detailed discussions on the effects of particle size, particle/matrix interface adhesion and particle loading on the stiffness, strength and toughness of such particulate–polymer composites are reviewed. To develop high performance particulate composites, it is necessary to have some basic understanding of the stiffening, strengthening and toughening mechanisms of these composites. A critical evaluation of published experimental results in comparison with theoretical models is given.

/pdf/effects-of-particle-size-particle-matrix-interface-adhesion-yv055zq7xi.pdf

Effects of particle size, particle/matrix interface adhesion and particle loading on mechanical properties of particulate–polymer composites

https://zirconia.typepad.com/files/zirconia-as-a-ceramic-biomaterial---piconi---biomaterials-1999.pdf

Zirconia as a ceramic biomaterial

In this review the phenomenon of proton conductivity in materials and the elements of proton conduction mechanismsproton transfer, structural reorganization and diffusional motion of extended moietiesare discussed with special emphasis on proton chemistry. This is characterized by a strong proton localization within the valence electron density of electronegative species (e.g., oxygen, nitrogen) and self-localization effects due to solvent interactions which allows for significant proton diffusivities only when assisted by the dynamics of the proton environment in Grotthuss and vehicle type mechanisms. In systems with high proton density, proton/proton interactions lead to proton ordering below first-order phase transition rather than to coherent proton transfers along extended hydrogen-bond chains as is frequently suggested in textbooks of physical chemistry. There is no indication for significant proton tunneling in fast proton conduction phenomena for which almost barrierless proton transfer is suggest...

Proton Conductivity: Materials and Applications

http://fcbt.mse.gatech.edu/PDF/Bersra2007.pdf

A review on fundamentals and applications of electrophoretic deposition (EPD)

Alumina/yttria-stablized tetragonal zirconia (Al2O3/TZ3Y) multilayer composites with strong interfaces and containing residual stresses were produced by electrophoretic deposition. As-synthesized and Vickers-indented samples with different layering designs have been tested in bending (up to 1300°C) to experimentally define conditions for crack deflection and flaw tolerance. The compressive residual stress in the Al2O3 layers (ςr) is a function of layer thickness (t). It was found that the parameter ςr2t is an effective indicator of the fracture behavior, as predicted by strain energy release calculations. With decreasing ςr2t, the fracture followed a sequence from spontaneous delamination, multistage fracture with extensive crack deflection, to catastrophic failure with, and finally without, deflection steps. Decrease of ςr with increasing test temperature causes changes in fracture behavior which correspond to the room-temperature transitions of ςr2t.

Design and Fracture of Layered Al2O3/TZ3Y Composites Produced by Electrophoretic Deposition

Electric field relaxation studies in the CeO2-Y2O3 system

The influence of atmosphere (PO2=10−5–1 atm), temperature (T=810–890 °C) and time (6–60 h) on the formation of the Bi(Pb)2SrCa2Cu3O10 (110 K) phase in the Bi‐Pb‐Sr‐Ca‐Cu‐O high TC superconductor system of composition Bi:Pb:Sr::Ca:Cu=1.84:0.34:1.91:2.03:3.06 has been studied. The relationships between the fraction 110 K phase, heating atmosphere, temperature, and time have been mapped via experimental data.

Atmosphere‐temperature‐time relationships for the formation of 110 K phase in the Bi‐(Pb)‐Sr‐Ca‐Cu‐O high Tc superconductor system

The influence of the presence or absence of elastic mismatch between the dispersed and matrix phases on local crack particle interactions in brittle composites is reported. The role of interfacial bond strength is also investigated in the presence of elastic stress concentrations. The optimum toughness possible for a brittle composite results when G
i⩽G
m, (G
i, G
m — elastic rigidity moduli for inclusion and matrix), and the interfacial bond strength is sufficient to allow plastic deformation of the dispersed phase. The dispersion of a ductile second phase with high interfacial bond strength but G
i>G
m, reduces effective crack/particle interactions. To increase the toughness in this case, weak interfacial bonding is necessary. Ultrasonic fractography was used to verify the local crack/particle interactions in detail.

Patrick S. Nicholson

Papers

Design and Fracture of Layered Al2O3/TZ3Y Composites Produced by Electrophoretic Deposition

Electric field relaxation studies in the CeO2-Y2O3 system

Atmosphere‐temperature‐time relationships for the formation of 110 K phase in the Bi‐(Pb)‐Sr‐Ca‐Cu‐O high Tc superconductor system

Fracture of a brittle composite: influence of elastic mismatch and interfacial bonding

Polycrystalline H3O+−β″/β-aluminuma-abrication characterization and use for steam electrolysis