The is a comprehensive review on the needs and potential storage technologies for electrical grid that is expected to integrate significant levels of renewables. This review offers details of the technologies, in terms of needs, status, challenges and future R&d directions.

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Electrochemical Energy Storage for Green Grid

There have been a number of review papers on layered silicate and carbon nanotube reinforced polymer nanocomposites, in which the fillers have high aspect ratios. Particulate–polymer nanocomposites containing fillers with small aspect ratios are also an important class of polymer composites. However, they have been apparently overlooked. Thus, in this paper, detailed discussions on the effects of particle size, particle/matrix interface adhesion and particle loading on the stiffness, strength and toughness of such particulate–polymer composites are reviewed. To develop high performance particulate composites, it is necessary to have some basic understanding of the stiffening, strengthening and toughening mechanisms of these composites. A critical evaluation of published experimental results in comparison with theoretical models is given.

/pdf/effects-of-particle-size-particle-matrix-interface-adhesion-yv055zq7xi.pdf

Effects of particle size, particle/matrix interface adhesion and particle loading on mechanical properties of particulate–polymer composites

https://zirconia.typepad.com/files/zirconia-as-a-ceramic-biomaterial---piconi---biomaterials-1999.pdf

Zirconia as a ceramic biomaterial

In this review the phenomenon of proton conductivity in materials and the elements of proton conduction mechanismsproton transfer, structural reorganization and diffusional motion of extended moietiesare discussed with special emphasis on proton chemistry. This is characterized by a strong proton localization within the valence electron density of electronegative species (e.g., oxygen, nitrogen) and self-localization effects due to solvent interactions which allows for significant proton diffusivities only when assisted by the dynamics of the proton environment in Grotthuss and vehicle type mechanisms. In systems with high proton density, proton/proton interactions lead to proton ordering below first-order phase transition rather than to coherent proton transfers along extended hydrogen-bond chains as is frequently suggested in textbooks of physical chemistry. There is no indication for significant proton tunneling in fast proton conduction phenomena for which almost barrierless proton transfer is suggest...

Proton Conductivity: Materials and Applications

http://fcbt.mse.gatech.edu/PDF/Bersra2007.pdf

A review on fundamentals and applications of electrophoretic deposition (EPD)

The room-temperature fracture behavior of partially stabilized ZrO/sub 2/ (PSZ) in the system CaO-- ZrO/sub 2/ was investigated. Fracture energy was measured using stsndard single-edge-crack and work-of-fracture techniques. Attempts were made to relate the fracture toughness parameters to the microstructure of the material. Stable crack propagation was always observed; a model is proposed to explain these observati ons on the basis of the formati on of a microcrack zone at the tip of a propagating crack. The occurrence of initial stable crack propagation is explained in terms of an increase in microcrack zone size. The possibility that crack stability results from testing geometry superimposed on the microcracking stability is also discussed. (auth)

Fracture toughness of a partially stabilized ZrO$sub 2$ in the system CaO-- ZrO$sub 2$

The oxygen-ion conductivity of a hot-pressed 110 K phase (2223) superconductor was determined by using an O2,Pt/ZrO2/110 K phase/ZrO2/Pt,O2 cell and impedance spectroscopy at temperature of 600°-800°C and oxygen partial pressures (PO2) of 0.21-0.001 atm (∼21-0.1 kPa). The oxygen-ion diffusivities were calculated via the Nerst-Einstein equation and were greater in air than at PO2= 0.001 atm. Decomposition of the 110 K phase at 800°C and PO2= 0.001 atm increased the bulk diffusivity but had a lesser effect on the grain-boundary diffusivities. The activation energies for oxygen diffusion, at different PO2 values, have been determined.

Oxygen‐Ion Diffusion in a 110 K Phase BiPbSrCaCuO Superconductor

A study of hydronium-exchange of polycrystalline K-Na β″β-Al2O3

Research directed to derivation of equations for 4-point bending work-of- fracture for ZrO/sub 2/ partially stabilized by CaO is described. Values obtained using the derived equations are presented and analyzed. It is noted that it is not clear how well the elastic flexure theory applies to CaO- ZrO/sub 2/ systems where there is a nonlinear elastic region as a result of microcrack formation preceding maximum load. (JRD)

Patrick S. Nicholson

Papers

Fracture toughness of a partially stabilized ZrO$sub 2$ in the system CaO-- ZrO$sub 2$

Oxygen‐Ion Diffusion in a 110 K Phase BiPbSrCaCuO Superconductor

A study of hydronium-exchange of polycrystalline K-Na β″β-Al2O3

Correlation of Work‐of‐Fracture and Fracture Toughness for ZrO2 Partially Stabilized by CaO

A sodium-β″-Al2O3 coating grown on a sapphire filament