The is a comprehensive review on the needs and potential storage technologies for electrical grid that is expected to integrate significant levels of renewables. This review offers details of the technologies, in terms of needs, status, challenges and future R&d directions.

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Electrochemical Energy Storage for Green Grid

There have been a number of review papers on layered silicate and carbon nanotube reinforced polymer nanocomposites, in which the fillers have high aspect ratios. Particulate–polymer nanocomposites containing fillers with small aspect ratios are also an important class of polymer composites. However, they have been apparently overlooked. Thus, in this paper, detailed discussions on the effects of particle size, particle/matrix interface adhesion and particle loading on the stiffness, strength and toughness of such particulate–polymer composites are reviewed. To develop high performance particulate composites, it is necessary to have some basic understanding of the stiffening, strengthening and toughening mechanisms of these composites. A critical evaluation of published experimental results in comparison with theoretical models is given.

/pdf/effects-of-particle-size-particle-matrix-interface-adhesion-yv055zq7xi.pdf

Effects of particle size, particle/matrix interface adhesion and particle loading on mechanical properties of particulate–polymer composites

https://zirconia.typepad.com/files/zirconia-as-a-ceramic-biomaterial---piconi---biomaterials-1999.pdf

Zirconia as a ceramic biomaterial

In this review the phenomenon of proton conductivity in materials and the elements of proton conduction mechanismsproton transfer, structural reorganization and diffusional motion of extended moietiesare discussed with special emphasis on proton chemistry. This is characterized by a strong proton localization within the valence electron density of electronegative species (e.g., oxygen, nitrogen) and self-localization effects due to solvent interactions which allows for significant proton diffusivities only when assisted by the dynamics of the proton environment in Grotthuss and vehicle type mechanisms. In systems with high proton density, proton/proton interactions lead to proton ordering below first-order phase transition rather than to coherent proton transfers along extended hydrogen-bond chains as is frequently suggested in textbooks of physical chemistry. There is no indication for significant proton tunneling in fast proton conduction phenomena for which almost barrierless proton transfer is suggest...

Proton Conductivity: Materials and Applications

http://fcbt.mse.gatech.edu/PDF/Bersra2007.pdf

A review on fundamentals and applications of electrophoretic deposition (EPD)

An electrophoretic deposition and sintering route was used to prepare YSZ/Al2O3 composites with a compositional gradient. The YSZ content was continuously decreased from the YSZ-rich surface to the Al2O3-rich surface, Microstructural and Vickers hardness (16–24 GPa) evidence tracked the compositional development, and the indentation fracture toughness was found to vary across the section (10–3 MPa·m1/2).

Zirconia/Alumina Functionally Gradiented Composites by Electrophoretic Deposition Techniques

A model is developed for deposition during the electrophoretic deposition (EPD) process. It suggests that ions that move with the charged particles in suspension are depleted at the depositing electrode, locally changing the pH toward the isoelectric point (pH lep ) to give coagulation. The variation of zeta (ζ) potential is modeled via chemical-equilibrium and surface-adsorption isotherms. The model successfully fits the experimental data for Al 2 O 3 particles in ethanol when the Freundlich surface-adsorption isotherm is assumed. Calculations predict the co-ion concentration gradient as a function of location within the suspension, and the deposition time and its role in the coagulation process during EPD.

Role of Ionic Depletion in Deposition during Electrophoretic Deposition

Combined oxide additives (Y2O3, CaO, La2O3, CeO2, SiO2, TiO2, and Fe2O3) were investigated as AIN sintering aids. AIN can be fully sintered at 1600°C to substantial thermal conductivity (92 W/(m·K)) using a multiple sintering aid of Y2O3, CaO, SiO2, La2O3, and CeO2. This lowtemperature material has small grain size (1 to 3 μm).

Effect of Additives on the Pressureless Sintering of Aluminum Nitride between 1500° and 1800°C

Crack deflection in electrophoretically deposited Al2O3/ TZ-3Y (3 mol% Y2O3-stabilized tetragonal ZrO2) lamellar composites with strong interfaces is described. The fracture behavior of, and crack paths in, these materials were evaluated using indentation and four-point bend tests. The effects of residual and induced stresses on crack deflection are considered.

Crack deflection in ceramic/ceramic laminates with strong interfaces

Electrophoretic deposition has been employed to synthesize yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ)/alumina, laminar microcomposites with a total of 80 layers, >2mm. 10 wt% solids, ethanol suspensions of YSZ or Al2O3 powders were deposited layer by layer. The deposited samples had a green density, ~60% theoretical. The deposition process was characterized by the rate-of-deposition as a function of voltage and the microstructure of the sintered, theoretically dense samples was characterized by optical and electron microscopy. Microindentation was used to explore the mechanical properties of the laminates.

Patrick S. Nicholson

Papers

Zirconia/Alumina Functionally Gradiented Composites by Electrophoretic Deposition Techniques

Role of Ionic Depletion in Deposition during Electrophoretic Deposition

Effect of Additives on the Pressureless Sintering of Aluminum Nitride between 1500° and 1800°C

Crack deflection in ceramic/ceramic laminates with strong interfaces

Electrophoretic deposition and its use to synthesize ZrO2/Al2O3 micro-laminate ceramic/ceramic composites