Showing papers by "Case Western Reserve University published in 1982"
TL;DR: Avery never discussed the C-reactive protein without turning the conversation to what he was wont to call “the chemistry of the host,” which clearly had in mind all the unidentified body substances and mechanisms of a nonimmunological nature that come into play in the course of infectious processes.
Abstract: Avery never discussed the C-reactive protein without turning the conversation to what he was wont to call “the chemistry of the host.” Although he never spelled out what he meant by that expression, he clearly had in mind all the unidentified body substances and mechanisms of a nonimmunological nature, both protective and destructive, that come into play in the course of infectious processes.+ Rene J. Dubos
1,440 citations
1,380 citations
TL;DR: During normal ontogeny of the mouse forebrain and before the arrival of the pioneer fibers of the corpus callosum at the midline, a population of primitive glial cells migrates medially (through the fused walls of the dorsal septum) from the ependymal zones of each hemisphere.
Abstract: Do structures exist within the embryonic central nervous system that guide axons across the midline during development of the great cerebral commissures (corpus callosum, anterior commissure)? With the use of serial section and reconstructive computer graphic techniques we have found that during normal ontogeny of the mouse forebrain and before the arrival of the pioneer fibers of the corpus callosum at the midline, a population of primitive glial cells migrates medially (through the fused walls of the dorsal septum) from the ependymal zones of each hemisphere. At the midline, and well rostral to the lamina terminalis, these cells unite to form a bridgelike structure or "sling" suspended below the longitudinal cerebral fissure. The first callosal axons grow along the surface of this cellular bridge as they travel toward the contralateral side of the brain. The "sling" disappears neonatally. The fibers of the anterior commissure grow within the lamina terminalis along a different type of preformed glial structure. Movement of these axons occurs through an aligned system of glial processes separated by wide extracellular spaces. Do these transient glial tissues actually provide guidance cues to the commissural axons? Analyses of three situations in which the glial "sling" is genetically or surgically impaired or nonexistent indicate that this structure does, indeed, play an essential role in the development of the corpus callosum. We have analyzed (1) the embryonic stages of a congenitally acallosal mouse mutant (strain BALB/cCF), (2) several pouch stages of a primitive acallosal marsupial, Didelphys virginiana (opossum), and (3) animals in which the "sling" had been lesioned surgically through the uterine wall in the normal embryo (strain C57BL/6J). In the acallosal mouse mutant fusion of the septal midline is delayed by about 72 hours and the "sling" does not form. Although the would-be callosal axons approach the midline on schedule, they do not cross. Instead, the callosal fibers whirl into a pair of large neuromas adjacent to the longitudinal fissure. Similarly, in the opossum, fusion of the medial septal walls and formation of the glial "sling" are also lacking. However, in this species, instead of traveling dorsally, the "callosal" axons turn ventrally and pass contralaterally by way of the anterior commissure pathway. Surgical disunion of the glial "sling" also resulted in acallosal individuals. The callosal pathology in these affected animals mimicked exactly that of the genetically lesioned mutant. Our observations suggest that many different types of oriented glial tissues exist within the embryonic neural anlage. We propose that such tissues have the ability to influence the directionality of axonal movements and, thereby, play a crucial role in establishing orderly fiber projections within the developing central nervous system.
567 citations
TL;DR: A large number of these gallstones are silent (painless) and should be treated prophylactically or left alone, and the answer depends on whether the person has a history of gallstones or not.
Abstract: ABOUT 15 million Americans have gallstones.1 A majority of these gallstones are silent (painless).2 , 3 Should silent gallstones be treated prophylactically or left alone? The answer depends in par...
543 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the stability of tetragonal ZrO2 particles in ceramic matrices was considered, with particular reference to Al2O3-ZrO 2 composites and to partially stabilized TZRO 2.
Abstract: The stability of tetragonal ZrO2 particles in ceramic matrices was considered, with particular reference to Al2O3-ZrO2 composites and to partially stabilized ZrO2. In both systems, particles above a “critical” size transform martensitically to monoclinic symmetry on cooling to room temperature. The critical factors that could affect the size dependence of the transformation temperature—surface and strain energy effects, the chemical free energy driving force, and the difficulty of nucleating the martensitic transformation—were considered. Nucleation arguments are probably the most important.
484 citations
TL;DR: The present study was undertaken to provide further information about the varying degrees of CRP elevation in a broad spectrum of hospitalized patients with different diseases.
Abstract: C-reactive protein (CRP) is a plasma protein of hepatic origin whose concentration may rapidly increase to levels more than 1000 times normal following tissue injury or infection.’ While the precise biologic role of this protein is unclear, recent evidence has shown that it can exhibit recognition and activation functions with the potential for influencing inflammation.’ The potential clinical usefulness of estimation of CRP in serum has been appreciated for some time. Until recently, however, the methods in widespread use for detection of CRP were semiquantitative at best, limiting their ~ s e f u l n e s s . ~ ~ ~ In early studies employing such methods (e.g., 5, 6) , serum CRP was often reported as simply “absent” or “present” or “elevated.” The use of such terms was consistent with previously held views that CRP was normally absent from the serum of healthy individuals and that its mere presence had pathological significance. However, it has been shown in the last decade that CRP can be detected in serum from all normal individ~als.~.’ It is thus clear that the critical clinical question about CRP is not whether it is present, but how much is present. Two recently introduced methods, radial immun~diffusion~ and nephelomepermit precise quantitative assessment of serum CRP levels in the range of clinical importance. The availability of this quantitative capability has underscored our relative lack of information about the clinical significance of differing degrees of CRP elevation in man. Since published reports of quantitative CRP data have been confined to relatively few specific disease states, the present study was undertaken to provide further information about the varying degrees of CRP elevation in a broad spectrum of hospitalized patients with different diseases. In addition, we will review some published reports of the usefulness of quantitative CRP determination in diagnosis of management of various specific diseases.
435 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the behavior of fluids in microgravity conditions is examined, with particular regard to applications in the growth of single crystals, and the effects of gravity on fluid behavior are reviewed, and a Shuttle flight is noted to offer extended time for experimentation and processing in a null-gravity environment, with accelerations resulting solely from maneuvering rockets.
Abstract: The behavior of fluids in micro-gravity conditions is examined, with particular regard to applications in the growth of single crystals. The effects of gravity on fluid behavior are reviewed, and the advent of Shuttle flights are noted to offer extended time for experimentation and processing in a null-gravity environment, with accelerations resulting solely from maneuvering rockets. Buoyancy driven flows are considered for the cases stable-, unstable-, and mixed-mode convection. Further discussion is presented on g-jitter, surface-tension gradient, thermoacoustic, and phase-change convection. All the flows are present in both gravity and null gravity conditions, although the effects of buoyancy and g-jitter convection usually overshadow the other effects while in a gravity field. Further work is recommended on critical-state and sedimentation processes in microgravity conditions.
394 citations
TL;DR: The upper part of the Pliocene Hadar Formation, central Afar, Ethiopia, has yielded a 40% complete fossil hominid skeleton (A.L. 288-1, “Lucy”).
Abstract: The upper part of the Pliocene Hadar Formation, central Afar, Ethiopia, has yielded a 40% complete fossil hominid skeleton (A.L. 288-1, “Lucy”). This specimen is described in detail and selected measurements and illustrations are provided.
388 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that cAMP induces phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase mRNA by increasing the rate of gene transcription.
Abstract: The effects of starvation, glucose refeeding, dibutyryl cAMP, and dexamethasone on expression of the gene for phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (GTP) [GTP:oxaloacetate carboxy-lyase (transphosphorylating), EC 4.1.1.32] from rat liver cytosol was studied by using a cloned cDNA probe. The rate of transcription of the gene for phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase in hepatic nuclei isolated from starved rats decreased rapidly after refeeding with glucose. Administration of dibutyryl cAMP to glucose-refed animals increased the rate of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase gene transcription seven-fold within 20 min. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase mRNA in the cytosol is 2.8 kilobases long whereas liver nuclei contain four precursor RNA species that are up to 6.5 kilobases long. Feeding glucose to starved rats rapidly decreased the sequence abundance of enzyme mRNA in both nuclei and cytosol. However, the decrease in cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase mRNA was preceded by a transient increase in enzyme mRNA over the first 20 min after glucose refeeding. Administration of dibutyryl cAMP to glucose-refed starved animals increased the concentration of the nuclear RNA precursors of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase five- to eight-fold within 30 min and induced the mRNA for the cytosolic enzyme over a period of 60 min. We conclude that cAMP induces phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase mRNA by increasing the rate of gene transcription.
370 citations
TL;DR: The development of sociotechnical systems theory and research over the past 30 years, paying particular attention to the evolution of the paradigm in North America during the past decade, is reviewed in this paper.
Abstract: This paper reviews the development of sociotechnical systems theory and research over the past 30 years, paying particular attention to the evolution of the paradigm in North America during the past decade. Elements of sociotechnical systems theory discussed here include the conceptualization of social systems, technical systems, and open systems, joint optimization, organizational choice, variance control, boundary location, support congruence, quality of work life, and continuous learning. A review of 134 experiments is then summarized, indicating which features of sociotechnical systems design are used most frequently, and which in turn are associated with reported success on a number of critical outcome dimensions such as productivity, costs, quality, and satisfaction. An unexpected finding of this review was that while sociotechnical system experiments have been extremely successful overall, the number of experiments involving technological innovation or change is relatively small; moreover, from the...
342 citations
TL;DR: Video-enhanced contrast-differential interference contrast microscopy has revealed new features of axonal transport in the giant axon of the squid, where no movement had been detected previously by conventional microscopy.
Abstract: Video-enhanced contrast-differential interference contrast microscopy has revealed new features of axonal transport in the giant axon of the squid, where no movement had been detected previously by conventional microscopy. The newly discovered dominant feature is vast numbers of "submicroscopic" particles, probably 30- to 50-nanometer vesicles and other tubulovesicular elements, moving parallel to linear elements, primarily in the orthograde direction but also in a retrograde direction, at a range of steady velocities up to +/- 5 micrometers per second. Medium (0.2 to 0.6 micrometer) and large (0.8 micrometer) particles move more slowly and more intermittently with a tendency at times to exhibit elastic recoil. The behavior of the smallest particles and the larger particles during actual translocation suggests that the fundamental processes in the mechanisms of organelle movement in axonal transport are not saltatory but continuous.
TL;DR: The term tactile sensing as used here means the continuous-variable sensing of forces in an array, with which areas of forcesensitive surfaces are capable of reporting graded signals and parallel patterns of touching.
Abstract: identify device and system parameters and configurations and to match these as far as possible with applications. The term tactile sensing as used here means the continuous-variable sensing of forces in an array. Consequently, a distinction is made between this and simple contact or force sensing at a single point (and/or binary sensing). Tactile sensing refers to skinlike properties, with which areas of forcesensitive surfaces are capable of reporting graded signals and parallel patterns of touching. When reference is made to simpler contact sensing (at one or just a few points), whether binary or continuously variable, the term siinple touch will be used.
TL;DR: It is shown that the plasma membrane is not required for fast axonal transport and suggests that action potentials are not involved in the regulation of fast transport, making this model an important model for biochemical pharmacological, and physical manipulations of membranous organelle transport.
Abstract: Development of video-enhanced contrast-differential interference contrast for light microscopy has permitted study of both orthograde and retrograde fast axonal transport of membranous organelles in the squid giant axon. This process was found to continue normally for hours after the axoplasm was extruded from the giant axon and removed from the confines of the axonal plasma membrane. It is now possible to follow the movements of the full range of membranous organelles (30-nanometer vesicles to 5000-nanometer mitochondria) in a preparation that lacks a plasma membrane or other permeability barrier. This observation demonstrates that the plasma membrane is not required for fast axonal transport and suggests that action potentials are not involved in the regulation of fast transport. Furthermore, the absence of a permeability barrier surrounding the axoplasm makes this an important model for biochemical pharmacological, and physical manipulations of membranous organelle transport.
TL;DR: Type of disability, ie, the diagnostic classification of the disabled children, was unrelated to the mother's level of psychological distress; in contrast, the disabled child's dependence on others in daily activities had a significant effect on both measures of Psychological distress.
Abstract: • We examined the impact of child disability on psychological distress in mothers, by comparing scores on two indexes of psychological distress of 369 mothers of children with cystic fibrosis, cerebral palsy, myelodysplasia, or multiple physical handicaps, with those of 456 mothers from a randomly selected sample of families ("control" subjects). Mothers of disabled children scored significantly higher than control subjects on both indexes of psychological distress. This finding persisted when the mothers' education, family income, and racial composition were controlled for. Type of disability, ie, the diagnostic classification of the disabled children, was unrelated to the mother's level of psychological distress. In contrast, the disabled child's dependence on others in daily activities had a significant effect on both measures of psychological distress; the more dependent the child, the greater was the mother's distress. ( Am J Dis Child 1982;136:682-686)
TL;DR: Major significant differences in racial distribution included 1) a higher incidence of serositis in older whites and in blacks regardless of age, and 2) more frequent hypocomplementemia in younger patients within both racial groups.
Abstract: We compared the frequency of clinical features of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and determined survival in 113 patients with younger-onset lupus (age less than 55 at clinical diagnosis) and 25 patients with older-onset disease (age greater than or equal to 55 at diagnosis). The most striking difference was in the racial distribution; 59% of the younger patients were black, compared with only 20% of the older-onset patients (P less than 0.001). Major manifestation of lupus (including clinically evident renal disease, central nervous system involvement, cutaneous involvement, and hemocytopenia) occurred with similar frequency in both age groups. Antibodies to DNA were detectable equally often in both groups, but hypocomplementemia was more common in the younger patients. Five-year survival in the younger-onset group (79%) was similar to that of the older-onset group (72%); there was a tendency toward relatively improved survival in patients survival of appropriately matched control populations. Major significant differences in racial distribution included 1) a higher incidence of serositis in older whites and in blacks regardless of age, and 2) more frequent hypocomplementemia in younger patients within both racial groups.
TL;DR: In the normal pregnancy groups, with increasing fetal gestational age from 28 to 32 weeks to 36 to 40 weeks there was an increase in the length of the active and quiet periods with fewer active-quiet cycles per hour.
TL;DR: In this paper, the formation of alpha alumina in gamma alumina obtained from ammonium alum was studied at 1150°C, where the transformation occurs by a nucleation and growth process, preceded by an incubation time.
Abstract: The formation of alpha alumina in gamma alumina obtained from ammonium alum was studied at 1150°C. The transformation occurs by a nucleation and growth process, preceded by an incubation time. Mechanical treatments of the gamma alumina markedly increase the density of nuclei and hence the transformation rate. The alpha alumina forms in porous colonies consisting of a single crystal with an interconnected wormy morphology.
TL;DR: Results suggest that the elderly and the general population are similarly affected by need, enabling, and predisposing factors, and both social and medical care service utilization can be explained by the same factors.
Abstract: The differences in physical and social functioning between the elderly and the general population are likely to affect the utilization of social and health services we focus on two areas: (1) determining whether the elderly are affected by factors known to be important to service utilization among the general population; and (2) exploring the relationship between medical, mental health, personal care, and recreational services, and conceptually analogous factors. Results suggest that the elderly and the general population are similarly affected by need, enabling, and predisposing factors. Once need was taken into account, enabling and predisposing factors explained little variance in utilization of any services. With the exception of recreational services, both social and medical care service utilization can be explained by the same factors.
Patent•
12 Aug 1982TL;DR: In this article, a planar sensor for an electrochemically active species, such as oxygen, uses more than two electrodes, namely, at least a working electrode, counter electrode, and reference electrode.
Abstract: A sensor for an electrochemically active species, such as oxygen, uses more than two electrodes, namely, at least a working electrode, counter electrode and reference electrode. The sensor preferably is substantially planar, is made using thick film or thin film technique and accordingly may be very small. With the sensor in an electrolyte balanced reverse reactions occur, respectively, at the working and counter electrodes while no reaction occurs at the reference electrode, which is maintained in equilibrium with the electrolyte, and voltage between the working the reference electrodes is maintained constant. Current flow between the working and counter electrodes, then, provides an accurate, stable representation of species concentration.
TL;DR: The influence of chronic self-esteem on self-presentation was explored in this article, where male subjects were confronted with an experimentally created reputation, in the form of public (bogus) feedback from a personality assessment.
Abstract: The influence of chronic self-esteem on self-presentation was explored. Male subjects were confronted with an experimentally created reputation, in the form of public (bogus) feedback from a personality assessment. High self-esteem subjects used compensatory self-enhancement in their self-descriptions and behaved in ways contrary to what their reputations would imply. Low self-esteem subjects did not employ compensatory self-enhancement. Moreover, the behavior of low self-esteem subjects conformed to the randomly generated feedback when it (the feedback) was public but not when it was confidential. The expectation of future interaction was shown to be a mediating variable.
TL;DR: A comparison of the 5' and 3' flanking and untranslated regions of the bovine, human and rat growth hormone genes revealed many areas of highly conserved sequence.
Abstract: A gene coding for bovine growth hormone was isolated from a bovine genomic library. The nucleotide sequence of the coding regions of the gene was found to be identical with that of a nearly full-length growth hormone cDNA clone. The gene sequence is approximately 1800 bp in length and contains four intervening sequences. The second intervening sequence of 227 nucleotides does not contain a repetitive element similar to that observed in the rat growth hormone gene. A comparison of the 5' and 3' flanking and untranslated regions of the bovine, human and rat growth hormone genes revealed many areas of highly conserved sequence. Especially noteworthy was the observation that all three genes had a 38 nucleotide homologous sequence within their 5' flanking regions located about 100 bp upstream from their transcription initiation sites.
TL;DR: The model indicates that obstructive as well as central apneas can be produced by control system instability, and predicts that the characteristics of the periodic breathing seen during sleep will depend on circulation time and the sensitivity of both upper airway and chest wall muscles to hypercapnia and hypoxia.
TL;DR: Starvation and diabetes both caused a marked increase in the concentration of hepatic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase mRNA while the administration of insulin to diabetic rats or refeeding glucose to starved animals caused amarked reduction in the levels of enzyme mRNA as measured by hybridization using a cDNA probe.
TL;DR: In this article, the 18O profiles identified a zone of oxide penetration beneath the external scale, and the outer Al2O3scale thickness was shown to increase with Zr content in the alloy.
Abstract: Diffusion processes in Al2O3scales formed on NiCrAl + Zr alloys were studied by the proton activation technique employing the18O isotope as a tracer. The18O profiles identified a zone of oxide penetration beneath the external scale. Both this subscale formation and the outer Al2O3scale thickness were shown by this technique to increase with Zr content in the alloy. Estimated kp's from scale thicknesses were in agreement with gravimetric measurements for various Zr levels. Alternate exposures in O and18O revealed that oxygen inward transport was the primary growth mechanism. A qualitative analysis of these18O profiles indicated that the oxygen transport was primarily via short-circuit paths, such as grain boundaries.
TL;DR: Severe thromboses and hemorrhages occurred in 18 children receiving vincristine, prednisone, and asparaginase therapy for ALL, with symptoms of headache, obtundation, hemiparesis, and seizure common for the intracranial events.
TL;DR: In this article, the incremental load approach for identifying and expressing collapse modes is expanded by employing a strategy to identify and enumerate the significant structural collapse modes, which further isolates the importance of critical components in the system performance.
TL;DR: A unique and uniform process involving most of the population of nerve terminals, possibly of physiologically adaptive significance, appears to occur with age in both phasic and tonic limb muscles.
Abstract: The ultrastructure of the neuromuscular junction of young and old male CBF-1 mice was analysed both qualitatively and quantitatively. The age-related findings were similar in both the phasic extensor digitorum longus muscle and the tonic soleus muscle but more pronounced in the latter. Presynaptic terminals of old mice compared to young showed decreases in nerve terminal area, mitochondria and synaptic vesicles, but increases in smooth endoplasmic reticulum, coated vesicles, cisternae, microtubules and probably neurofilaments. On the postsynaptic side there were increases in complexity of junctional folds and subsarcolemmal vesicles, and the appearance of lipofuscin deposits. Occasional denervated postsynaptic regions were encountered in old neuromuscular junctions, but the predominant characteristics of aging changes were not those of denervation. Rather, a unique and uniform process involving most of the population of nerve terminals, possibly of physiologically adaptive significance, appears to occur with age in both phasic and tonic limb muscles.
TL;DR: In this article, a high-sensitivity capacitive pressure transducer with active processing circuit on the chip has been demonstrated and evaluated, where the transducers were optimized by computer-aided design to achieve highest sensitivity for a given maximum dimension.
Abstract: A high-sensitivity capacitive pressure transducer with active processing circuit on the chip has been demonstrated and evaluated. The transducer configuration has been optimized by computer-aided design to achieve highest sensitivity for a given maximum dimension. The measured sensitivity of the devices is in the range of 50-150 µV/ V . mmHg, which is approximately one order of magnitude higher than the sensitivity of the piezoresistive pressure transducer of comparable size. Theoretical analysis also shows that a sensitivity on the order of 1000 µV/V . mmHg is also possible using the capacitive approach if the dimension of the device can be enlarged and the full scale pressure range is lowered. Other characteristics of the devices have been investigated and are presented.