Showing papers by "Heritage Institute of Technology published in 2013"
TL;DR: Test results reveal that three-level Haar feature set is more promising to address the problem of automatic defect detection on hot-rolled steel surface than the other wavelet feature sets as well as texture-based segmentation or thresholding technique of defect detection.
Abstract: Automatic defect detection on hot-rolled steel surface is challenging owing to its localization on a large surface, variation in appearance, and their rare occurrences. It is difficult to detect these defects either by physics-based models or by small-sample statistics using a single threshold. As a result, this problem is focused to derive a set of good-quality defect descriptors from the surface images. These descriptors should discriminate the various surface defects when fed to suitable machine learning algorithms. This research work has evaluated the performance of a number of different wavelet feature sets, namely, Haar, Daubechies 2 (DB2), Daubechies 4 (DB4), biorthogonal spline, and multiwavelet in different decomposition levels derived from 32 × 32 contiguous (nonoverlapping) pixel blocks of steel surface images. We have developed an automated visual inspection system for an integrated steel plant to capture surface images in real time. It localizes defects employing kernel classifiers, such as support vector machine and recently proposed vector-valued regularized kernel function approximation. Test results on 1000 defect-free and 432 defective images comprising of 24 types of defect classes reveal that three-level Haar feature set is more promising to address this problem than the other wavelet feature sets as well as texture-based segmentation or thresholding technique of defect detection.
225 citations
TL;DR: Inhibition kinetic showed that enzyme is serine protease because enzyme was competitively inhibited by antipain and aprotinin as these compounds are known to be competitive inhibitors of serine proline protease.
59 citations
TL;DR: Laser-engineered net shaping (LENS™), a commercial additive manufacturing process, was used to modify the surfaces of 316 L stainless steel with bioactive hydroxyapatite (HAP) in terms of their microstructure, hardness and apatite forming ability.
52 citations
TL;DR: A novel, principled approach to resolve the remained problems of substitution technique of audio Steganography and maintained randomness in message bit insertion into audio data for hiding the data from hackers and multi-objective GA is used to reduce distortion.
Abstract: In the current internet community, secure data transfer is limited due to its attack made on data communication. So more robust methods are chosen so that they ensure secured data transfer. One of the solutions which came to the rescue is the audio Steganography.
"A GA Based Audio Steganography with enhanced security" is one propose system which is based on audio Steganography and cryptography, ensures secure data transfer between the source and destination. Here we present a novel, principled approach to resolve the remained problems of substitution technique of audio Steganography. We use most powerful encryption algorithm (RSA) to encrypt message in the first level of security, which is very complex to break. In the second level, we use a more powerful GA based LSB (Least Significant Bit) Algorithm to encode the encrypted message into audio data. Here encrypted message bits are embedded into random and higher LSB layers, resulting in increased robustness against noise addition. The robustness specially would be increased against those intentional attacks which try to reveal the hidden message and also some unintentional attacks like noise addition as well. On the other hand, to reduce the distortion, GA operators are used.
The basic idea behind this paper is maintained randomness in message bit insertion into audio data for hiding the data from hackers and multi-objective GA is used to reduce distortion.
39 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the optimization of five process parameters such as pH, agitation, temperature, inoculum percentage and incubation time were optimized by Taguchi robust design method for obtaining enhanced biomass and phenol degradation by the isolated Alcaligenes faecalis JF339228 from Durgapur steel industry (DSP), India.
Abstract: The optimization of five process parameters such as pH, agitation, temperature, inoculum percentage and incubation time were optimized by Taguchi robust design method for obtaining enhanced biomass and phenol degradation by the isolated Alcaligenes faecalis JF339228 from Durgapur steel industry (DSP), India. About 18 experiments were conducted with a different combination of factors and the results obtained in terms of growth of specific bacterial strain and phenol degradation rates were processed in the Qualitek-4 software to study the main effect of individual factors. The main effect, interaction effects and optimal levels of the process factors were determined using signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio. The effect of factors has been studied for bacterial growth and phenol degradation by A. faecalis JF339228. Optimization of the said parameters has been evaluated by Taguchi method and analysed by analysis of variance. Predicted results showed enhanced process performance such as biomass (131.78%) and ...
38 citations
07 Nov 2013
TL;DR: An efficient approach for group multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) based on intuitionistic multi-fuzzy set (IMFS) is proposed and score function and accuracy function of IMFS with an application to MCDM are presented.
Abstract: In this paper we propose an efficient approach for group multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) based on intuitionistic multi-fuzzy set (IMFS). First we construct intuitionistic multi-fuzzy matrices for decision makers with respect to the criteria (attributes) of the alternatives. Based on intuitionistic multi-fuzzy matrices, we construct the aggregated intuitionistic multi-fuzzy matrix using the proposed intuitionistic multi-fuzzy weighted averaging (IMFWA) operator. Then we use Hamming distance and Euclidean distance measurements in the context of IMFS between the aggregated matrix and the specified sample matrix to reach the optimal decision. This paper also presents score function and accuracy function of IMFS with an application to MCDM. Finally, a real-life case study related to heart disease diagnosis problem is provided to illustrate the advantage of the proposed approach.
37 citations
TL;DR: Two triple-stranded DNAs were selected as the scaffolds to rationally design DNA aptamer sensors for 8-oxoG and the results showed that the fluorescence of both sensors were completely quenched by 8- oxoG, expected to enable a fast, low-cost, and reusable method to measure 8-OxoG concentration.
Abstract: 8-Oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine (8-oxoG, or OG) as a free base has been widely considered as a biomarker for DNA oxidative damage. Currently no fluorescence sensor has been developed to directly detect 8-oxoG less than 100 nM. In this study, two triple-stranded DNAs were selected as the scaffolds to rationally design DNA aptamer sensors for 8-oxoG. The cavity was created by deleting the 8-oxodG nucleoside in a triplex containing an A·OG-C triad or a C·OG-A triad. The results showed that the fluorescence of both sensors were completely quenched by 8-oxoG. The detection ranges of the two sensors were different, while the combined range was comparable to the detection range of an antibody-based method. This result is expected to enable a fast, low-cost, and reusable method to measure 8-oxoG concentration.
34 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a sensorless drive of permanent magnet BLDC motor over the conventional six switch commutation circuitry was proposed, in which the rotor position is estimated using back EMF detection technique.
28 citations
TL;DR: Development of nimbidiol as an antidiabetic drug appears to be promising because of broad inhibition spectrum of intestinal glucosidases and easy synthesis of the molecule.
Abstract: Azadirachta indica, used in antidiabetic herbal drugs, was reported to contain α-glucosidase inhibitor. Bioassay guided purification characterized the inhibitor as nimbidiol (a diterpenoid), present in root and stem-bark of the tree. Nimbidiol inhibited intestinal (mammalian) maltase-glucoamylase, sucrase-isomaltase, lactase, trehalase and fungal α-glucosidases. Nimbidiol showed a mixed competitive inhibition on intestinal carbohydrases. IC50, Ki and Ki' (µM) were 1.35 ± 0.12, 0.08 ± 0.01, 0.25 ± 0.11, respectively, for maltase-glucoamylase (maltotetraose as substrate). Nimbidiol was more potent inhibitor of isomaltase (IC50 0.85 ± 0.035 µM), lactase (IC50 20 ± 1.33 µM) and trehalase (IC50 30 ± 1.75 µM) than acarbose, voglibose, salacinol, kotalanol and mangiferin. Ki and Ki' values (µM) for intestinal sucrase were 0.7 ± 0.12 and 1.44 ± 0.65, respectively. Development of nimbidiol as an antidiabetic drug appears to be promising because of broad inhibition spectrum of intestinal glucosidases and easy synthesis of the molecule.
27 citations
TL;DR: A novel integrated immobilized enzyme-reactor system involving a continuous stirred tank reactor with two packed bed reactors in series was developed for the continuous production of biodiesel, which made the process perfectly continuous without requiring any organic solvent and intermittent methanol addition in the process.
27 citations
TL;DR: An in depth process engineering study on the effect of temperature and pH on kinetic parameters of alkaline protease production by Bacillus licheniformis NCIM-2042 using starch as substrate has been reported.
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of biodegradation on high-density polyethylene and jute eco-friendly polymer composites in soil and pure microbial culture were investigated through a programmed experimental design.
Abstract: Deterioration in mechano-chemical properties due to biodegradation of prepared high-density polyethylene and jute eco-friendly polymer composites in soil and pure microbial culture was investigated through a programmed experimental design. The composite was prepared by compression molding process and then subjected to biodegradation. The biodegradation process was studied using face-centered central composite experimental design protocol and the model equations were formulated to assess the effects of jute fiber loading and treatment time on biodegradation (expressed as percentage loss in composite weight and tensile strength) of the composite. The optimal process conditions corresponding to maximum biodegradation were evaluated for both the media using response surface methodology. The maximum weight losses were 25.8924 % for soil medium and 12.4167 % for pure culture medium at 30 wt% jute fiber loading and 6 months of treatment time. At the derived optimal conditions, the effects of biodegradation were also manifested as 84.2621 and 70.9842 % losses in the tensile strength in soil and pure culture media, respectively. The present study, thus, demonstrates that HDPE/jute composite polymer can be appreciably biodegradable and the extent of biodegradation is more pronounced in soil medium compared to pure microbial culture. The analyses of the evolution of chemical composition and microstructure of the composite before and after biodegradation were performed through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy. FTIR spectra indicated significant changes in chemical composition due to biodegradation, while the ruptured structure of the treated composite revealed notable changes in the morphology due to biodegradation.
TL;DR: The three aromatic amino acids, tyrosine, tryptophan and phenylalanine, play different physiological roles in life processes and metal ions capable of bindingThese amino acids may aid in the reduction of effective concentration of these amino acids in any physiological system.
Abstract: The three aromatic amino acids, tyrosine, tryptophan and phenylalanine, play different physiological roles in life processes. Metal ions capable of binding these amino acids may aid in the reduction of effective concentration of these amino acids in any physiological system. Here we have studied the efficacy of some heavy metals for their complexation with these three amino acids. Bismuth has been found to bind selectively with these aromatic amino acids and this was confirmed using spectrofluorimetric, spectrophotometric and cyclic voltammetric studies. The series of heavy metals has been chosen because each of these metals remains associated with the others at very low concentration levels and Bi(III) is the least toxic amongst the other elements. So, selective recognition for Bi(III) would also mean no response for the other heavy elements if contaminants are present even at low concentration levels. The affinity towards these amino acids has been found to be in the order tryptophan < phenylalanine < tyrosine. The association constants of these amino acids have been calculated using Benesi-Hildebrand equations and the corresponding free energy change has also been calculated. The values of the association constants obtained from BH equations using absorbance values corroborate with the Stern-Volmer constants obtained from fluorimetric studies. The evidence for complexation is also supported by the results of cyclic voltammetry.
24 Aug 2013
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors proposed a hybrid algorithm based on the Intuitionistic fuzzy-VIKOR method to evaluate five potential supplier alternatives using five criteria and four decision makers illustrated by a case study.
Abstract: Outsourcing is a common trend in information system field in recent decade. Selection of appropriate outsourcing partners is an important goal for multi-national organizations. This study propose a Hybrid algorithm based on the Intuitionistic fuzzy-VIKOR method to evaluate five potential supplier alternatives using five criteria and four decision makers illustrated by a case study. The advantages of the proposed method are highlighted by comparing the result with IF-SIR and IF-TOPSIS methods. The ranking based result provides a reference that assists organizations to improve the efficiency of IS-outsourcing process.
TL;DR: This work systematically simulate exhaustive single and double gene deletions considering a genome scale metabolic model of a mutant strain of the unicellular cyanobacterium Synechocystis species strain PCC 6803 to identify optimal ethanol producing mutants corresponding to appropriate gene deletion that result in a suitable redirection in the carbon flux.
Abstract: Cyanobacteria have potential to produce drop-in bio-fuels such as ethanol via photoautotrophic metabolism. Although model cyanobacterial strains have been engineered to produce such products, systematic metabolic engineering studies to identify optimal strains for the same have not been performed. In this work, we identify optimal ethanol producing mutants corresponding to appropriate gene deletions that result in a suitable redirection in the carbon flux. In particular, we systematically simulate exhaustive single and double gene deletions considering a genome scale metabolic model of a mutant strain of the unicellular cyanobacterium Synechocystis species strain PCC 6803. Various optimization based metabolic modeling techniques, such as flux balance analysis (FBA), method of minimization of metabolic adjustment (MOMA) and regulatory on/off minimization (ROOM) were used for this analysis. For single gene deletion MOMA simulations, the Pareto front with biomass and ethanol fluxes as the two objectives to be maximized was obtained and analyzed. Points on the Pareto front represent maximal utilization of resources constrained by substrate uptake thereby representing an optimal trade-off between the two fluxes. Pareto analysis was also performed for double gene deletion MOMA and single and double gene deletion ROOM simulations. Based on these analyses, two mutants, with combined gene deletions in ethanol and purine metabolism pathways, were identified as promising candidates for ethanol production. The relevant genes were adk, pta and ackA. An ethanol productivity of approximately 0.15 mmol/(gDW h) was predicted for these mutants which appears to be reasonable based on experimentally reported values in literature for other strains.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed a multiple criteria analysis based performance evaluation model consisting of subjective and objective weight integrated approach (SOWIA) and multiple objective optimization on the basis of ratio analysis (MOORA) method.
Abstract: Indian technical education system is facing challenges due to liberalization and globalization of Indian economy. Many foreign multinationals are focusing on India for employable talents. Many technical institutions with state of the art technologies and techniques are being set up by foreign collaboration, national and private initiatives. Therefore it is a requirement of all stakeholders to do performance evaluation and ranking these institutions. For this objective we propose a multiple criteria analysis based performance evaluation model consisting of subjective and objective weight integrated approach (SOWIA) and multiple objective optimization on the basis of ratio analysis (MOORA) method. Seven Indian Institute of Technology (IITs) have been chosen for study using the proposed model.
TL;DR: The maximum removal efficiency of 77.7% was achieved for synthetic media containing phenol and chromium (VI) in the continuous reactor system at optimized conditions, namely, hydraulic retention time at 4.44 hr, air flow rate at 2.5 lpm, temperature at 30°C, and pH at 7.7%.
Abstract: Organic pollutants, like phenol, along with heavy metals, like chromium, are present in various industrial effluents that pose serious health hazard to humans. The present study looked at removal of chromium (VI) in presence of phenol in a counter-current continuous packed bed reactor packed with E. coli cells immobilized on clay chips. The cells removed 85% of 500 mg/L of chromium (VI) from MS media containing glucose. Glucose was then replaced by 500 mg/L phenol. Temperature and pH of the MS media prior to addition of phenol were 30°C and 7, respectively. Hydraulic retention times of phenol- and chromium (VI)-containing synthetic media and air flow rates were varied to study the removal efficiency of the reactor system. Then temperature conditions of the reactor system were varied from 10°C to 50°C, the optimum being 30°C. The pH of the media was varied from pH 1 to pH 12, and the optimum pH was found to be 7. The maximum removal efficiency of 77.7% was achieved for synthetic media containing phenol and chromium (VI) in the continuous reactor system at optimized conditions, namely, hydraulic retention time at 4.44 hr, air flow rate at 2.5 lpm, temperature at 30°C, and pH at 7.
TL;DR: Performance of a hybrid reactor comprising of trickling filter and aeration tank (AT) unit was studied for biological treatment of wastewater containing mixture of phenol and m-cresol, using mixed microbial culture and showed that a quadratic model could be fitted best for the present experimental study.
Abstract: Performance of a hybrid reactor comprising of trickling filter (TF) and aeration tank (AT) unit was studied for biological treatment of wastewater containing mixture of phenol and m -cresol, using mixed microbial culture. The reactor was operated with hydraulic loading rates (HLR) and phenolics loading rates (PLR) between 0.222–1.078 m 3 /(m 2 ·day) and 0.900–3.456 kg/(m 3 ·day), respectively. The efficiency of substrate removal varied between 71%–100% for the range of HLR and PLR studied. The fixed film unit showed better substrate removal efficiency than the aeration tank and was more resistant to substrate inhibition. The kinetic parameters related to both units of the reactor were evaluated and their variation with HLR and PLR were monitored. It revealed the presence of substrate inhibition at high PLR both in TF and AT unit. The biofilm model established the substrate concentration profile within the film by solving differential equation of substrate mass transfer using boundary problem solver tool ‘bvp4c’ of MATLAB 7.1©software. Response surface methodology was used to design and optimize the biodegradation process using Design Expert 8 software, where phenol and m -cresol concentrations, residence time were chosen as input variables and percentage of removal was the response. The design of experiment showed that a quadratic model could be fitted best for the present experimental study. Significant interaction of the residence time with the substrate concentrations was observed. The optimized condition for operating the reactor as predicted by the model was 230 mg/L of phenol, 190 mg/L of m -cresol with residence time of 24.82 hr to achieve 99.92% substrate removal.
TL;DR: Both specific growth rate of the culture and the specific substrate degradation rate have descended to lower value in presence of phenol and resorcinol as dual substrate in the solution compared to their presence as single substrate, showing the interaction and inhibition by each substrate.
Abstract: Phenol and resorcinol compounds are found to co-exist in real-life wastewater, especially in petrochemical, coking and coke-oven wastewater. An indigenous mixed microbial culture isolated from effluent treatment plant of a coke oven industry has been employed to investigate for its biodegradation capacity of bi-solute mixture of phenol and resorcinol under aerobic batch reactor operation. A 22 full factorial design with the two substrates at two different levels of initial concentration ranges (high and low) was explored to design the biodegradation experiments. The effect of individual substrate concentrations and their interaction on rate of phenolics biodegradation were also determined. The phenol and resorcinol as substrates were completely utilized after 22 hrs when the solutes are present at low concentrations of 100 mg/L each. But the culture has taken total 58 hrs to biodegrade completely higher initial concentrations i.e., 400 mg/L of each substrate. This study also observed that both specific growth rate of the culture and the specific substrate degradation rate have descended to lower value in presence of phenol and resorcinol as dual substrate in the solution compared to their presence as single substrate, showing the interaction and inhibition by each substrate. Sum kinetic model was used to describe the variation in the specific substrate degradation rates by the mixed culture. From the interaction parameters obtained from this model, it has been observed that resorcinol inhibits specific substrate degradation rate to a higher extent than inhibition caused by phenol (IResorcinol, Phenol = 0.5, IPhenol, Resorcinol = 0.1, RMSE = 0.04361)
23 Aug 2013
TL;DR: A robust but simple approach to extraction of texts from camera-captured images by binarized specular pixels and Otsu's thresholding approach, which observes its suitability when applied severally.
Abstract: Here, we present our recent study of a robust but simple approach to extraction of texts from camera-captured images. In the proposed approach, we first identify pixels which are highly specular. Connected components of this set of specular pixels are obtained. Pixels belonging to each such component are separately binarized using the well-known Otsu's approach. We next apply smoothing on the whole image before obtaining its Canny edge representation. Bounding rectangle of each connected component of the Canny edge image is obtained and multiple components with pairwise overlapping bounding boxes are merged. Otsu's thresholding technique is applied separately on different parts of input image defined by the resulting bounding boxes. Although Otsu's thresholding approach does not generally provide acceptable performance on camera captured images, we observed its suitability when applied severally as in the above. The binarized specular components obtained at the initial stage replace the corresponding regions of the latter binarized image. Finally, a set of postprocessing operations is used to remove certain non-text components of the binarized image.
27 Sep 2013
TL;DR: The authors have proposed the exploration of a deft method for image-secret data-steg pass based sampling along with encryption and embedding in frequency domain with a variable bit retrieval function where the secret data becomes more secure by hiding with the steg password.
Abstract: This paper on 'COLOR IMAGE STEGANOGRAPHY IN DCT DOMAIN' portrays a new arena in steganography in color images in frequency domain or more precisely that in Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) domain. In this paper the authors have proposed the exploration of a deft method for image-secret data-steg pass based sampling along with encryption and embedding in frequency domain with a variable bit retrieval function where the secret data becomes more secure by hiding with the steg password, so that without knowing the steg password one cannot get the secret data explored. The strong adhesion amongst the color images, secret data and steg password, varied with a pixel dependant embedding in DCT domain yields a highly protected and reliable substitution. A group of 8×8 quantized DCT Coefficient (QDC) is selected as our secret data carrier for the color image. The variable bit operation is applied to the proper QDCs to embed a byte of secret data, where the variable bit operation is dependent on the pixel value. Assiduous statistical analysis has been done and provided to emphasize the strong security of the algorithm to the various steganalysis methods. This will also help to reveal its huge carrier capacity and stego image quality.
TL;DR: In this article, a cross-flow ultrafiltration of pretreated casein whey was carried out in a crossflow module fitted with 5 kDa molecular weight cut-off polyethersulfone membrane to recover whey proteins in the retentate and lactose in the permeate.
Abstract: In this study, ultrafiltration (UF) of pretreated casein whey was carried out in a cross-flow module fitted with 5 kDa molecular weight cut-off polyethersulfone membrane to recover whey proteins in the retentate and lactose in the permeate. Effects of processing conditions, like transmembrane pressure and pH on permeate flux and rejection were investigated and reported. The polarised layer resistance was found to increase with time during UF even in this high shear device. The lactose concentration in the permeate was measured using dinitro salicylic acid method. Enzymatic kinetic study for lactose hydrolysis was carried out at three different temperatures ranging from 30 to 50 °C using β-galactosidase enzyme. The glucose formed during lactose hydrolysis was analyzed using glucose oxidase–peroxidase method. Kinetics of enzymatic hydrolysis of lactose solution was found to follow Michaelis–Menten model and the model parameters were estimated by Lineweaver–Burk plot. The hydrolysis rate was found to be maximum (with Vmax = 5.5091 mmol/L/min) at 30 °C.
TL;DR: This work focuses on the similarity of different simple equations present in a document and can easily extract those equations from the documents, compare them even if the variables are changed in plagiarized document with the original one and can detect if the document is plagiarized or not.
TL;DR: This paper is an attempt to compare the appli- cability of some of the clustering techniques on the basis of Gaussian and non Gaussian astronomical data sets.
Abstract: AbtsrcatClustering and classification of difierent astronomical objects have become one of the most important area in the field of Astrostatistics. The basic objective of cluster analysis is related to segmentation of a collection of objects into a number, may be unknown, of clusters such that objects in the same cluster are more closely related than those assigned to different clusters. Various methods are available for clustering, which may be broadly categorized under supervised and unsupervised learning. In case of supervised learning there are some input variables, called predictors and also some output variables, called responses. But in case of unsupervised learning only predictors are under consideration in the absence of responses. Under both the above mentioned categories, for clustering and classification, several methods have been developed on the basis of the underlying nature of data sets. However, there is no well known criteria to compare the performances of difierent techniques. The prese...
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors conducted a qualitative and quantitative study of the 4Ps/4As of rural marketing in Bhutan, using a qualitative survey of national distributors and some wholesalers in each district of Bhutan.
Abstract: Almost all large consumer goods companies operating in Bhutan actually operate through their Indian offices since India has a free trade agreement with Bhutan. Bhutan has a unique rural market structure, and the 4Ps (Product, Place, Price and Promotion) and 4As (Awareness, Availability, Affordability and Acceptability) of rural marketing are also governed by unique regulations formulated by the Government of Bhutan. Bhutan is 69.1% rural, and rural marketing becomes the most important subject for marketing in Bhutan — in fact, if Indian census benchmarks were applied to the Bhutan demographics, the percentage of rural population would be beyond 90%. This present study is the most comprehensive ex post facto qualitative and quantitative study of the 4Ps/4As of rural marketing in Bhutan. The research tool used is a qualitative survey of the national distributors operating in Bhutan and of some wholesalers in each district of Bhutan, followed by a quantitative analysis of the associations between the factors. Absolutely no literature is available on rural marketing in Bhutan, and this paper aims to advance that body of knowledge from a practitioner’s point of view.
TL;DR: In this paper, a simulation based study on identification of atherosclerosis in human blood vessels through Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT) technique is presented, where the 2D structure of vessels within a closed specified environment is then transformed to 3D platform for analysis.
01 Jan 2013
TL;DR: This paper has implemented a cluster based routing protocol for reducing the consumption of energy by each sensor node using a set of cluster head nodes within a cluster called “cluster head set”, instead of only one cluster head like other routing algorithms.
Abstract: Wireless sensor networks have increased its application in industrial field as well as in scientific research very rapidly. Sensor nodes normally sense the physical events from the environment such as temperature, sound, pressure, vibration etc. In this paper we have implemented a cluster based routing protocol for reducing the consumption of energy by each sensor node. Here we have used a set of cluster head nodes within a cluster called “cluster head set”, instead of only one cluster head like other routing algorithms. Our proposed method states that within the set one node act as cluster head once at a time in rotation basis and aggregate the data from other nodes and send it to the base station. In comparison with LEACH or other cluster based routing protocols where only one Cluster head is used within a cluster it is shown that our proposed algorithm is more energy efficient.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors presented the study of simulation of a gain flattened EDFA WDM network for L-band optical communication using wavelength selective attenuator, which provides a high gain of 34.63dB at 1593nm and gain flatness (P-P) 0.38dB by using wavelength selective attenuators in the entire Lband at room temperature.
Abstract: In Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier, there are basically two main techniques for gain flattening: one is use external wavelength filters to flattenedthe gain while the other one relies on modifying the amplifying fiber properties to flattened the gain spectrum. The paper presents the study of simulation of a gain flattened EDFA WDM network for L-band optical communication using Wavelength Selective Attenuator .The design provides a high gain of 34.63dB at 1593nm and gain flatness (P-P) 0.38dB by using wavelength selective attenuator in the entire L-band at room temperature. Noise figure of less than 11dB was found in the entire 37nm (1571nm-1608nm) region very promisingly. The variation also been studied for various values of fiber lengths and pump powers. Full Text: PDF References M.Yamada, H.ono, T.Kananori, S.Sudo and Y.Ohishi, "Broadband and gain-flattened amplifier composed of a 1.55 ?m-band and a 1.58 ?m-band Er3+-doped fibre amplifier in a parallel configuration", Electron Lett., 33, 8 (1997). CrossRef Y.Sun, J.W.Sulhoff, A.K.Srivastava, J.L.Zyskind, T.A.Strasser, J.R.Pedrazzani, C.Wolf, J.Zhou, J.B.Judkins, R.P.Espindola, A.M.Vengsarkar, "Performance of coherent receiver with weighted despreading sequence for DS-CDMA", Electron Lett.33,23(1997) CrossRef Caugale Sachin et al, 2nd International Conference on Machanical ans electronics Engineering (ICMEE 2010) Goel Aditya et al, "Design of broadband EDFA for next generation optical networks", Journal of neural networks and application, pp.9-13 jan ? june 2011. L.L.Yi, L.Zhan, J.H.Ji,Q.H. Ye and Y.X.Xia, "Improvement of gain and noise figure in double-pass L-band EDFA by incorporating a fiber Bragg grating", IEEE Photonics Technology Letters,16,4,(2004). CrossRef M.Yamada, A.Mori, K.Kobasyashi, H.Ono, T.Kanamori, K.Oikawa, Y.Nishida and Y.Ohishi, "Gain-flattened tellurite-based EDFA with a flat amplification bandwidth of 76 nm", IEEE Photon.Technology Lett. 10, 9 (1998). CrossRef T.K.Bandhopadhya, Manish Saxena, Akash Tiwari, "Jitter?s Alpha Stable Distribution Behavior", International journal of Computer Technology and Electronics Engineering, 3,1,(2013). DirectLink M.Pal, M Paul, S.Bandyopadhyay, P.Biswas, K.Dasgupta and S.Bhadra, Fiber Optics Laboratory. CGCRI, Kolkata, India. 2012 Liu Kaixian, Du Juan, "Research of EDFA gain flattening based on chirped fiber Bragg grating", Proceeding of IC-BNMT 2009. CrossRef E. Desurvire, "Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers: Principles and Applications", New York: Wiley, 1994, pp. 268?270. K.Thyagarajan, A.Ghatak, "Fiber Optic Essentials", IEEE Press,John Wiley &Sons,Inc.2007
01 Dec 2013
TL;DR: A novel method to achieve reduced side lobe level (SLL) for beam steered linear array of isotropic elements using Tschebyscheff polynomial and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm is proposed.
Abstract: In this paper, a novel method has been proposed to achieve reduced side lobe level (SLL) for beam steered linear array of isotropic elements. Tschebyscheff polynomial and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm has been used to develop the proposed method. In the proposed method search space for PSO has been defined using Tschebyscheff polynomial for an amplitude taper beam steered linear array. PSO with the information of where to search finds the optimum excitation amplitude of the beam steered linear array to achieve reduced SLL.
TL;DR: In this paper, several technologies have been adopted for the effective arrest of carbon dioxide (CO2) in order to reduce the carbon footprint in the environment is one of the most challenging issues.
Abstract: Nowadays, reduction of the carbon footprint in the environment is one of the most challenging issues, and thus several technologies have been adopted for the effective arrest of carbon dioxide (CO2...