Showing papers by "Kangwon National University published in 1998"
TL;DR: No suppresses a key step in the positive feedback amplification of apoptotic signaling by preventing Bcl-2 cleavage and cytochromec release.
250 citations
TL;DR: The results suggest that amentoflavone may be a potential lead for a new type of anti-inflammatory agents having dual inhibitory activity of group II phospholipase A2 and cyclooxygenase.
Abstract: Biflavonoid is one of unique classes of naturally-occurring bioflavonoids. Certain biflavonoids including amentoflavone were previously reported to have inhibitory effect on the group II phospholipase A2 activity. Amentoflavone was also found to inhibit cyclooxygenase from guinea-pig epidermis without affecting lipoxygenase. In this study, anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of amentoflavone were evaluated. When amentoflavone was administered intraperitoneally, it showed a potent anti-inflammatory activity as determined by amelioration of croton-oil induced mouse ear edema. It also showed a potent anti-inflammatory activity in the rat carrageenan paw edema model (ED50=42 mg/kg) compared to the activity of prednisolone (35 mg/kg) and indomethacin (10 mg/kg). However, amentoflavone did not show a significant inhibitory activity against rat adjuvant-induced arthritis, a chronic inflammatory model. In addition, amentoflavone was found to possess a potent analgesic activity in the acetic acid writhing test (ED50=9.6 mg/kg) compared to the activity of indomethacin (3.8 mg/kg). These results suggest that amentoflavone may be a potential lead for a new type of anti-inflammatory agents having dual inhibitory activity of group II phospholipase A2 and cyclooxygenase.
96 citations
TL;DR: The results suggest that vitexicarpin may be a potential therapeutic agent involved in inflammatory/immunoregulatory disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis and lymphomas.
Abstract: Certain flavonoids having a C-2,3-double bond were reported to show an inhibitory activity against T-lymphocyte proliferation, but not against B-lymphocyte proliferation in vitro. In the course of these studies, vitexicarpin (3',5-dihydroxy-3,4',6,7-tetramethoxyflavone) isolated from the fruits of Vitex rotundifolia was found to show potent inhibition against lymphocyte proliferation. Vitexicarpin inhibited T-lymphocyte proliferation as well as B-lymphocyte proliferation at > 0.1 microM. IC50's were approximately 0.7 microM both for T- and B-cell proliferation. The inhibitory activity of vitexicarpin was reversible. Vitexicarpin also inhibited the growth of certain cancer cell lines, EL-4 and P815.9 (IC50 = 0.25-0.3 microM). These results suggest that vitexicarpin may be a potential therapeutic agent involved in inflammatory/immunoregulatory disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis and lymphomas.
85 citations
TL;DR: All the lakes except for Lakes Younglang and Mijae are a source of drinking water, so the presence of cyanotoxin can be a potential threat and requires more attention to water treatment.
Abstract: Cyanobacterial bloom samples were collected in the warm season during 1992–1995 from the 12 lakes in Korea. Six species each of Microcystis and Anabaena, and two of Oscillatoria were identified in these lakes. The cyanotoxins of 47 samples collected from the lakes were identified as microcystins-RR, -YR, -LR; desmethyl-7-microcystin-LR (7-DMLR), plus anatoxin-a. Microcystins were the main components of these cyanotoxins, while anatoxin-a was detected in samples from a few lakes. Thirty-four of the 47 samples, included microcystins and the total amounts of microcystin ranged between 20–1500 μg/g freeze-dried bloom material. In four of the 26 samples, the samples contained anatoxin-a, though the amounts varied. The total microcystin concentration in 30 samples from the lakes was equal to the cellular microcystin in these lakes because no extracellular microcystin was detected. All the lakes except for Lakes Younglang and Mijae are a source of drinking water, so the presence of cyanotoxin can be a potential threat and requires more attention to water treatment. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Environ Toxicol Water Qual 13: 225–234, 1998
83 citations
TL;DR: Results suggest that NO suppresses protein synthesis by stimulating the phosphorylation of eIF-2α, and indicate that nonspecific inhibition of protein synthesis may be a generalized response of cells exposed to high levels of NO and that inhibition ofprotein synthesis may contribute to many of the described cytostatic actions of NO.
Abstract: Nitric oxide (NO) is cytostatic for proliferating cells, inhibits microbial growth, and down-regulates the synthesis of specific proteins. Studies were undertaken to determine the mechanism by which NO inhibits total protein synthesis and whether the inhibition correlates with established cytostatic activities of NO. In in vitro experiments, various cell types were exposed to NO using either donors or expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS). The capacity of NO to suppress total protein synthesis, measured by incorporation of 35S-methionine into protein, was correlated with the capacity of NO to suppress cell proliferation, viral replication, or iNOS expression. Phosphorylation of eIF-2α was examined as a possible mechanism for the suppressed protein synthesis by NO. Both NO donors and expression of the iNOS suppressed total protein synthesis in L929 cells and A2008 human ovarian tumor cells in parallel with decreased cell proliferation. Suppressed protein synthesis was also shown to correlate with decreased vaccinia virus proliferation in murine peritoneal macrophages in an iNOS-dependent manner. Furthermore, iNOS expression in pancreatic islets or RAW264.7 cells almost completely inhibited total protein synthesis, suggesting that nonspecific inhibition of protein synthesis may be the mechanism by which NO inhibited the synthesis of specific proteins such as insulin or iNOS itself. This possibility was confirmed in RAW264.7 cells where the inhibition of total protein synthesis correlated with the decreased iNOS protein. The decrease in protein levels occurred without changes in iNOS mRNA levels, implicating an inhibition of translation. Mechanistic studies revealed that iNOS expression in RAW264.7 cells resulted in the phosphorylation of eEF-2α and inhibition of the 80S ribosomal complex formation. These results suggest that NO suppresses protein synthesis by stimulating the phosphorylation of eIF-2α. Furthermore, our observations indicate that nonspecific inhibition of protein synthesis may be a generalized response of cells exposed to high levels of NO and that inhibition of protein synthesis may contribute to many of the described cytostatic actions of NO.
82 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the phenolic compounds from Aloe barbadensis (syn. A. vera) and A. arborescens were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography, using a reverse phase column eluted with a methanol: water gradient, and detected by UV at 293 nm.
Abstract: Thirteen phenolic compounds from Aloe barbadensis (syn. A. vera) and A. arborescens were analysed by high performance liquid chromatography, using a reverse phase column eluted with a methanol: water gradient, and detected by UV at 293 nm. Aloesin, 8-C-glucosyl-7-O-methyl-(S)-aloesol, neoaloesin A, 8-O-methyl-7-hydroxyaloin A and B, 10-hydroxyaloin A, isoaloeresin D, aloin A and B, aloeresin E and aloe-emodin from A. barbadensis: and aloenin, aloenin B, 10-hydroxyaloin A, aloin A and B, and aloe-emodin from A. arborescens, were identified and quantified. The seasonal variation of two Aloe species was also examined by this method. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
71 citations
TL;DR: The present results indicate that a dietary level of 0.7% available P will provide for both maximal growth and minimum P loss in juvenile carp.
64 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the n-butanol (BuOH) fraction of Lonicera japonica was prepared and its antiinflammatory activity was evaluated using several experimental animal models of inflammation.
Abstract: As part of our investigations into new antiinflammatory agents based on plant extracts, the n-butanol (BuOH) fraction of Lonicera japonica was prepared and its antiinflammatory activity was evaluated using several experimental animal models of inflammation. At oral doses of 100–400 mg/kg, the BuOH fraction showed antiinflammatory activity against acute, granulomatic and chronic inflammation models in mice and rats. Although the activity was not potent compared with prednisolone, the results support the traditional use and suggest that this fraction of L. japonica may yield a safe and mild antiinflammatory agent for treating various inflammatory disorders. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
50 citations
TL;DR: It is shown that the size of the load plays an important role in determining the performance of the network and the optimal load partitioning depends critically on many network parameters and load characteristics.
45 citations
TL;DR: This paper presents a new three-dimensional (3-D) Markov model for motion vector fields, which uses a compound signal model to handle motion discontinuity and an extended Kalman filter as a pel-recursive estimator for motion estimation.
Abstract: This paper presents a new three-dimensional (3-D) Markov model for motion vector fields. The three dimensions consist of the two space dimensions plus a scale dimension. We use a compound signal model to handle motion discontinuity in this 3-D Markov random field (MRF). For motion estimation, we use an extended Kalman filter as a pel-recursive estimator. Since a single observation can be sensitive to local image characteristics, especially when the model is not accurate, we employ windowed multiple observations at each pixel to increase accuracy. These multiple observations employ different weighting values for each observation, since the uncertainty in each observation is different. Finally, we compare this 3-D model with earlier proposed one-dimensional (1-D) (coarse-to-fine scale) and two-dimensional (2D) spatial compound models, in terms of motion estimation performance on a synthetic and a real image sequence.
43 citations
TL;DR: ABA over a wide concentration and length of exposure range did not promote maturation, but was beneficial in reducing precocious germination in embryos of Larix leptolepis.
Abstract: Embryogenic tissue was initiated using LM, LP and MS media from open-pollinated immature embryos of Larix leptolepis. The initiation frequency varied with collection dates. The highest frequencies of embryogenic tissue initiation (60, 67 and 59% on LM, LP and MS media, respectively) were observed from cones collected on July 30. At this time, all the excised embryos were at the cotyledonary stage. ABA over a wide concentration and length of exposure range did not promote maturation, but was beneficial in reducing precocious germination. Of over 400 plants regenerated, 72 were transplanted into soil mixtures and to date, 69 of these (95%) have survived.
TL;DR: In this article, the structural-acoustic response of a vehicle passenger compartment is explicitly described in terms of the structural acoustic modal coupling coefficients and modal parameters of the system.
Abstract: The structural-acoustic response of a vehicle passenger compartment is explicitly described in terms of the structural-acoustic modal coupling coefficients and modal parameters of the system. Based on the concept of the coupling coefficients and the contribution of the surrounding panels, a practical method for noise reduction is proposed. A computer program package was developed for the noise reduction and design modification and applied to a half scale simplified model for the vehicle compartment. The experimental results supported the effectiveness of the proposed method.
TL;DR: The results suggest that the nm23-H1 gene product suppresses the metastatic potential of prostate carcinoma cells by inhibiting their ability in anchorage-independent growth and extracellular matrix adhesion.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors synthesize calix[4]arene bis(dibenzocrown) ethers with dibenzo dimesylates in acetonitrile in the presence of caesium carbonate as base.
Abstract: Calix[4]arene bis(dibenzocrown) ethers 3 and 4 were successfully synthesized in the fixed 1,3-alternate conformation in over 70% yield via the reaction of calix[4]arene with dibenzo dimesylates 6 and 7, respectively, in acetonitrile in the presence of caesium carbonate as base. Exhibiting typical 1H NMR spectrum patterns, 3 and 4 are in the 1,3-alternate conformation, which is confirmed by X-ray analysis. Among four synthetic compounds tested, 3 shows the best selectivity and efficiency for a caesium ion complexation over other alkali metal ions using the single flux method through a bulk liquid membrane system. Enhancement of the complexation ability is attributable to the flatness and lipophilicity of the ethereal linkages caused by introducing the dibenzo groups on the calix[4]arene moiety. Two phase extraction experiments using calix[4]arene bis(crown) ethers with caesium ions are found to give a 1∶1 ligand–metal complexation ratio.
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of CeO2 addition on the microstructural change of a Ta diffusion barrier film and thermal stability of the Cu/Ta/Si system were investigated.
Abstract: The effects of CeO2 addition on the microstructural change of a Ta diffusion barrier film and thermal stability of the Cu/Ta/Si system were investigated. When a Ta layer was prepared with CeO2 addition, the silicide formation was retarded up to 800 °C. The Cu/Ta+CeO2/Si system retained its structure up to 800 °C without an increase in stack resistivity, while the Cu/Ta/Si structure degraded after annealing at 550 °C. The Ta+CeO2 diffusion barrier showed an amorphous microstructure and chemically strong bonds with Ta–Ce–O. It appeared that the thermal stability of the Cu/Ta+CeO2 interface as well as the Ta+CeO2/Si interface was higher than that of both Cu/Ta and Ta/Si interfaces. Therefore, the Ta film prepared by CeO2 addition effectively prevented the interdiffusion of Cu and Si through the diffusion barrier up to 800 °C.
TL;DR: In small trout, feed/gain ratio and protein utilisation were slightly higher in groups fed the fish meal-based diet; however, in larger fish, there was no significant difference between treatments, and nitrogen retention and loss were not affected by dietary treatments.
TL;DR: A more striking effect of dietary protein source was found in the availability of calcium, which was lower in carp fed SCP based diets than from SPC based diets at both temperatures.
TL;DR: In this paper, the structural and optical properties of hydrogenated amorphous carbon (a-C:H) films were more sensitive to the substrate bias than the substrate temperature, which reflects that the energetic ion bombardment modified the films more effectively than the thermal energy.
Abstract: Hydrogenated amorphous carbon films have been prepared by helical resonator plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition using CH4 and H2 mixtures. Films with various physical properties were obtained from different deposition conditions. The structural and optical properties of hydrogenated amorphous carbon (a-C:H) films were more sensitive to the substrate bias than the substrate temperature. This reflects that the energetic ion bombardment modified the films more effectively than the thermal energy. The a-C:H films deposited with no bias applied show characteristics of polymeric films with a large content of C–H bond while the a-C:H films deposited as a function of the substrate temperature at a bias of 40 W show characteristics ranging from diamond-like carbon (DLC) to graphitic nature with a significantly reduced C–H bond. From elastic recoil detection analysis, the hydrogen content in the films also significantly reduced with an increase of substrate temperature at a bias of 40 W. The field emission from bare Si emitters and a-C:H coated Si emitters has been examined in an ultrahigh vacuum chamber. The field emission characteristic of the a-C:H coated Si emitters is better than that of the bare Si emitters. For the a-C:H coated Si emitters, the emission current of the a-C:H coated (at 150°C/40 W) Si emitters is higher than the that of the a-C:H coated (at 260°C/40 W) Si emitters. This difference in field emission characteristic is attributed to the structural and optical properties as well as hydrogen content.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used emulsion melting/cooling method using stearyl alcohol (SA) and also dual walled chitosan and sodium alginate beads, and evaluated the release characteristics in simulated gastric and intestinal fluid.
Abstract: A sustained release dosage form which delivers melatonin (MT), a pineal hormone, is of clinical value because of the short half-life of MT, for those who have a disordered circadian rhythm. The purpose of this study was to prepare MT-loaded microspheres by the emulsion melting/cooling method using stearyl alcohol (SA) and also dual walled chitosan and sodium alginate beads, and to evaluate the release characteristics in simulated gastric and intestinal fluid. The MT-loaded microspheres were spherical, ranging in diameter from about 250–750µm. When polyethylene glycol 4000 (PEG), as a water-soluble or aluminium tristearate (AT), as a water-insoluble additive, was incorporated, the surface roughness was further reduced resulting in a smooth matrix structure. The dual walled chitosan and sodium alginate beads entrapping small MT-loaded microspheres were not spherical in structure. As the additives incorporated into SA microspheres increased, the drug content decreased. The release profiles of the MT-...
TL;DR: Embryology of Lauraceae, hitherto poorly known, was investigated on the basis of 35 species from 23 genera to contribute to a better understanding of familial and generic relationships and to properly be incorporated in a future suprageneric classification.
TL;DR: In this paper, a parametrically forced pendulum with a vertically oscillating suspension point is considered, and the authors make a detailed numerical investigation of the bifurcations associated with resurrections of the inverted pendulum by varying the amplitude and frequency of the vertical oscillation.
Abstract: We consider a parametrically forced pendulum with a vertically oscillating suspension point. It is well known that, as the amplitude of the vertical oscillation is increased, its inverted state (corresponding to the vertically-up configuration) undergoes a cascade of ``resurrections,'' i.e., it becomes stabilized after its instability, destabilize again, and so forth ad infinitum. We make a detailed numerical investigation of the bifurcations associated with such resurrections of the inverted pendulum by varying the amplitude and frequency of the vertical oscillation. It is found that the inverted state stabilizes via alternating ``reverse'' subcritical pitchfork and period-doubling bifurcations, while it destabilizes via alternating ``normal'' supercritical period-doubling and pitchfork bifrucations. An infinite sequence of period-doubling bifurcations, leading to chaos, follows each destabilization of the inverted state. The critical behaviors in the period-doubling cascades are also discussed.
TL;DR: Results from in vitro and in vivo studies indicate that galangin is capable of suppressing the mutagenicity and clastogenicity of MNU, and may be a useful chemopreventive agent against potential long-term health effects from genotoxic environmental agents.
Abstract: Using the Ames bacterial mutagenicity test and an in vivo micronucleus test, we investigated the antigenotoxic effect of galangin against the genotoxicity of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU). In the Ames assay, galangin showed an antimutagenic effect towards MNU-induced mutagenicity of Salmonella typhimurium TA 100. In mice, galangin showed an anticlastogenic effect against MNU-induced micronuclei in polychromatic erythrocytes in the MNPCE in mouse bone marrow cells. On the other hand, galangin is neither mutagenic nor clastogenic in both assays. Results from our in vitro and in vivo studies indicate that galangin is capable of suppressing the mutagenicity and clastogenicity of MNU. Therefore, galangin may be a useful chemopreventive agent against potential long-term health effects from genotoxic environmental agents.
TL;DR: The generality of the one-step mechanism of hydride transfer, without the intervention of high-energy intermediates, is extended.
Abstract: 2-[2‘- And 3‘-furyl and thienyl]-1,3-dimethylbenzimidazoline derivatives have been prepared in order to measure the rate of oxidation of these compounds by 1-benzyl-3-carbamoylpyridinium ion and by 1-benzyl-5-nitroisoquinolinium ion. The reactions were monitored spectrophotometrically in a solvent consisting of four parts of 2-propanol and one part of water at 25 °C. The reactivities of the five-membered heterocycles fail to correlate with the acid dissociation constants, pKa, of the corresponding heteroaromatic carboxylic acids. The variations in k2 appear to depend more heavily on resonance involving the heteroatoms while the pKa seems to depend mainly on the inductive effect of the heteroatoms. When rate constants for oxidation by the 1-benzyl-5-nitroisoquinolinium ion are plotted against rate constants for oxidation of the same imidazoline derivatives by 1-benzyl-3-carbamoylpyridinium ion, a linear plot with a slope of 0.96 ± 0.06 is obtained. The slope of this plot can be estimated, using Marcus theo...
TL;DR: A tantalum diffusion barrier incorporating microcrystalline CeO2 was proposed for Cu metallization and investigated using Auger electron spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction, optical microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and sheet resistance measurements.
Abstract: A tantalum diffusion barrier incorporating microcrystalline CeO2 is proposed for Cu metallization and investigated using Auger electron spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction, optical microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and sheet resistance measurements. The Cu/Ta+CeO2/Si contact system retained its structure up to 800 °C without an increase in resistivity. The cerium dioxide (CeO2) was stuffed along the grain boundaries during the deposition of Ta layer. Because of its heavier atomic weight than O2- or N2-stuffed elements, it inhibited an interdiffusion of Cu and Si through grain boundaries which can act as fast diffusion paths. It also resulted in preventing the outdiffusion of Ta into the overlayer Cu as well as suppressing the formation of Ta silicide up to 800 °C. It appears that the barrier properties of the tantalum incorporating microcrystalline CeO2 are superior to polycrystalline transition metal barriers, polycrystalline nitride barriers, ternary amorphous compound barriers, and N2- and O2-stuffed barriers.
TL;DR: There was a difference in the release profiles between single-layered and dual drug-loaded alginate beads due to their structural shape, however, this biphasic release profiles were modified by varying formulation compositions of inner and outer layer of alginates.
Abstract: The dual drug-loaded alginate beads simultaneously containing drug in inner and outer layers were prepared by dropping plain (single-layered) alginate beads into CaCl2 solution. The release characteristics were evaluated in simulated gastric fluid for 2 h followed by intestinal fluids thereafter for 12 h. The surface morphology and cross section of dual drug-loaded alginate beads was also investigated using scanning electron microscope (SEM). The poorly water-soluble ibuprofen was chosen as a model drug. The surface of single-layered and dual drug-loaded alginate beads showed very crude and roughness, showing aggregated particles, surface cracks and rough crystals. The thickness of dual drug-loaded alginate beads surrounded by outer layer was ranged from about 57 to 329μm. The distinct chasm between inner and outer layers was also observed. In case of single-layered alginate beads, the drug was not released in gastric fluid but was largely released in intestinal fluid. However, the release rate decreased as the reinforcing Eudragit® polymer contents increased. When the plasticizers were added into polymer, the release rate largely decreased. The release rate of dual drug-loaded alginate beads was stable in gastric fluid for 2 h but largely increased when switched in intestinal fluid. The drug linearly released for 4 h followed by another linear release thereafter, showing a distinct biphasic release characteristics. There was a difference in the release profiles between single-layered and dual drug-loaded alginate beads due to their structural shape. However, this biphasic release profiles were modified by varying formulation compositions of inner and outer layer of alginate beads. The release rate of dual drug-loaded alginate beads slightly decreased when the outer layer was reinforced with Eudragit® RS100 polymers. In case of dual drug-loaded alginate beads with polymer-reinforced outer layer only, the initial amount of drug released was low but the initial release rate (slope) was higher due to more swellable inner cores when compared to polymer-reinforced inner cores. The current dual drug-loaded alginate beads may be used to deliver the drugs in a time dependent manner.
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of the addition of RuO2 into a Ta film on the oxidation resistance of a diffusion barrier for the Ta+RuO2/Si system was investigated, and the results showed that the Ta layer deposited by the addition effectively prevented the indiffusion of oxygen up to 800°C and its oxidation resistance was superior to those of polycrystalline nitride (TiN, TaN) and ternary amorphous (TaSiN) barriers reported by others.
Abstract: The effect of the RuO2 addition into a Ta film on the oxidation resistance of a diffusion barrier for the Ta+RuO2/Si system was investigated. The Ta+RuO2/Si system was sustained up to 800 °C without an increase in resistivity, while the Ta/Si structure completely degraded after annealing at 450 °C. The Ta+RuO2 diffusion barrier showed an amorphous microstructure for an as-deposited state and formed a conductive RuO2 phase after annealing. Ta was sufficiently bound to oxygen of RuO2 for an as-deposited state, but RuO2 was divided into Ru and Ru–O binding states. Ta–O bonds showed a little change compared to the as-deposited state with increasing annealing temperature, whereas Ru–O bonds significantly increased. Therefore, the Ta layer deposited by the RuO2 addition effectively prevented the indiffusion of oxygen up to 800 °C and its oxidation resistance was superior to those of polycrystalline nitride (TiN, TaN) and ternary amorphous (TaSiN) barriers reported by others.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors theoretically study persistent flow of an alkali-metal vapor Bose-Einstein condensate around a tight toroidal trap, and show that the angular velocity of a persistent current must be smaller than the angular frequency of the lowest excitation.
Abstract: Using elementary microscopic methods, we theoretically study persistent flow of an alkali-metal vapor Bose-Einstein condensate around a tight toroidal trap. The angular velocity of a persistent current must be smaller than the angular frequency of the lowest condensate excitation. A supercurrent may be excited by rotating a perturbing potential that is strong enough to cut the toroidal condensate.
TL;DR: Differences were noted in the prevalence of canine cryptosporidiosis in both areas and dog types and the results provide a further evidence of environmental contamination and widespread distribution of the parasite in Korea.
Abstract: Fecal samples were collected from 257 dogs in four areas in Korea during the period of .january 1996 to November 1997 and examined by immunofluorescence assay for Crwptosporinium oocysts using a commercial diagnostic kit (Meridian Diagnostics, Cincinnati, Ohio) . Of the 257 samples, 25 (9.7%) were positive for Crvptosporiniun. Differences were noted in the prevalence of canine cryptosporidiosis in both areas and dog types. The results provide a further evidence of environmental contamination and widespread distribution of the parasite in Korea. Key words: Cwptospori,mum, dog, Korea
TL;DR: In this article, the thermal stability of the Pt/Ta diffusion barrier using hybrid conductive oxide (RuO2) for dynamic random access memory and ferroelectric RF bottom electrodes is investigated.
Abstract: The Pt/Ta diffusion barrier using hybrid conductive oxide (RuO2) for dynamic random access memory and ferroelectric random access memory capacitor bottom electrodes is proposed. The thermal stability of Pt+RuO2 (50 nm)/Ta+RuO2 (50 nm)/TiSi2/poly-Si/SiO2/Si contact system is investigated and compared to that of the Pt(50 nm)/Ta(50 nm)/TiSi2/poly-Si/SiO2/Si contact system. The Pt+RuO2/Ta+RuO2/TiSi2/poly-Si/SiO2/Si contact system sustained its structure up to 650 °C, whereas Pt/Ta/TiSi2/poly-Si/SiO2/Si contact system was completely degraded after annealing at 650 °C. In the former case, the addition of ruthenium dioxide (RuO2) into the Pt bottom electrode layer led to retardation of the oxygen indiffusion, preventing the indiffusion of oxygen up to 650 °C. In addition, the Ta+RuO2 diffusion barrier showed an amorphous structure and RuO2 is bound to the Ta matrix, inhibiting the interdiffusion of O, Pt, and Si through grain boundaries which can act as fast diffusion paths up to high temperatures. Therefore, i...
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the process of making specific the first principle in Pancasila and the efforts of Muslims to impose an Islamic view of religious freedom on the national legal system.
Abstract: The Preamble to the 1945 Constitution of independent Indonesia contains an ideological tenet called Pancasila.(1) As the name implies - panca (five) and sila (principles or pillars) - it is composed of five principles: Belief in One God, Humanity that is just and civilized, Unity of Indonesia, Democracy guided by the wisdom of representative deliberation, Social justice for all Indonesians. Since its installation as a state ideology, Pancasila has been the most commonly used rhetoric in political discourse and the governing principle of social life. In spite of its significance, Pancasila has remained an incomplete doctrine, primarily because of the abstract nature of each principle. It does not specify, for example, what deity is the "One God", what is "just and civilized Humanity", on what system the "wisdom of representative deliberation" should be based and how "social justice" should be achieved for all Indonesians. In this respect, Pancasila has been an ideology that should be supplemented by concrete ideas, depending on the socio-economic and political conditions of the time.(2) In this paper, the process of making specific the first principle in Pancasila will be examined. The discussion focuses on various interpretations of religious freedom and the efforts of Muslims to impose an Islamic view of religious freedom on the national legal system. It is argued that Islamic ideas of religious freedom, the core of which is that religious freedom cannot be attained without due attention and regulations, has been partially adopted by the New Order government and that this has resulted in a gradual shift in the perception of religious duties from something that is the responsibility of an individual or a given religious community to something that should be handled by the family, the schools, the community and the government. In the last section of this paper, a case from Yogyakarta will be presented to show how developments at the national level have shaped the ways Muslims and Christians interact in a rural village. The Origin of the Principle of Belief in One God Sukarno's speech to the committee preparing for Indonesian independence on I June 1945 is considered to be the first time that the concept of Pancasila was put forward in public.(3) In this historic speech, Sukarno stated the five principles and interpreted them one by one. Belief in God (Ketuhanan) was fifth in the original scheme.(4) According to Sukarno, this principle meant that the state was based on religious belief (bertuhan) and that all citizens should (hendaknya) believe in their own god. This pillar did not accord a special position to any specific religion, but rather gave equal status to every religion. After clarifying the meaning of "Belief in God", Sukarno explained what the relationship should be between followers of different religions based on this fifth principle: The Indonesian nation is expected to be a nation where each citizen can worship his or her own God in freedom (cara yang leluasa). All citizen are desired to believe in God in a cultured manner (secara kebudayaan), that is without religious egoism.... the fifth principle of our nation is Belief in God in a cultured manner, Belief in God based on high morality and Belief in God where followers of different religions respect each other.(5) The idea that Sukarno put forward in this speech was not easily accepted by members of the Islamic group in the committee, who wanted a nation based on Islam. Their position was, as Wachid Hasyim proposed, to include a clause in the Constitution affirming that "the religion of Indonesia is Islam".(6) They might agree to Sukarno's idea of including Belief in God as a principle of Pancasila and establishing freedom to believe in religions other than Islam, but they could not assent to the equal treatment of all religions. The majority of Indonesians were Muslims, and therefore the state should be based on Islam. …