Showing papers by "National Autonomous University of Nicaragua published in 2015"

Salud Mesoamérica 2015 Initiative: design, implementation, and baseline findings

Abstract: Health has improved markedly in Mesoamerica, the region consisting of southern Mexico and Central America, over the past decade. Despite this progress, there remain substantial inequalities in health outcomes, access, and quality of medical care between and within countries. Poor, indigenous, and rural populations have considerably worse health indicators than national or regional averages. In an effort to address these health inequalities, the Salud Mesoamerica 2015 Initiative (SM2015), a results-based financing initiative, was established. For each of the eight participating countries, health targets were set to measure the progress of improvements in maternal and child health produced by the Initiative. To establish a baseline, we conducted censuses of 90,000 households, completed 20,225 household interviews, and surveyed 479 health facilities in the poorest areas of Mesoamerica. Pairing health facility and household surveys allows us to link barriers to care and health outcomes with health system infrastructure components and quality of health services. Indicators varied significantly within and between countries. Anemia was most prevalent in Panama and least prevalent in Honduras. Anemia varied by age, with the highest levels observed among children aged 0 to 11 months in all settings. Belize had the highest proportion of institutional deliveries (99%), while Guatemala had the lowest (24%). The proportion of women with four antenatal care visits with a skilled attendant was highest in El Salvador (90%) and the lowest in Guatemala (20%). Availability of contraceptives also varied. The availability of condoms ranged from 83% in Nicaragua to 97% in Honduras. Oral contraceptive pills and injectable contraceptives were available in just 75% of facilities in Panama. IUDs were observed in only 21.5% of facilities surveyed in El Salvador. These data provide a baseline of much-needed information for evidence-based action on health throughout Mesoamerica. Our baseline estimates reflect large disparities in health indicators within and between countries and will facilitate the evaluation of interventions and investments deployed in the region over the next three to five years. SM2015’s innovative monitoring and evaluation framework will allow health officials with limited resources to identify and target areas of greatest need.

Metamorphic history of riebeckite- and aegirine-augite-bearing high-pressure–low-temperature blocks within the Siuna Serpentinite Mélange, northeastern Nicaragua

Abstract: The Siuna Serpentinite Melange (SSM) is a subduction-zone-related complex that contains diverse blocks of igneous and sedimentary origin, overprinted by various metamorphic conditions. The SSM is located at the southern border of the Chortis block and marks the boundary between continental and oceanic crusts in the western margin of the Caribbean Plate. The serpentinite matrix mainly consists of lizardite/chrysotile, Cr-rich spinel, and relict orthopyroxene that suggest a harzburgitic protolith and an upper mantle supra-subduction zone origin. Blocks within the southern and central regions range from Jurassic pelagic sediments to mafic/intermediate igneous rocks that are metamorphosed to various degrees, ranging from prehnite-pumpellyite/greenschist to likely blueschist facies (e.g. riebeckite-bearing metashale) conditions. In contrast, the northern section encloses almost exclusively epidote-amphibolite facies metabasite blocks, and minor mica- and chlorite-rich rocks of metasomatic origin, respectively....

Maternal resources and household food security: evidence from Nicaragua

Abstract: Objective: Women (especially mothers) are theorized as critical to reducing household food insecurity through their work and caregiver roles. The present study tests these assumptions, assessing how maternal economic and social resources are associated with food insecurity in households with young children. Design: Data from a population-based sample of households was collected in Leon, Nicaragua (n 443). Data include a newly validated measure of household food insecurity (ELCSA), maternal resource measures, and household economic status and demographics. Regression analysis tests the statistical associations (P<0.05) of maternal resources with household, adult-specific and child-specific food insecurity. Setting: Municipality of Leon, Nicaragua. Subjects: Households with children aged 3-11 years in rural and urban Leon. Results: Only 25 % of households with young children were food secure, with 50 % mildly food insecure and 25 % moderately/severely food insecure. When mothers contributed substantially to household income, the odds of moderate/severe household food insecurity were 34 % lower than when their spouse/partner was the main provider. The odds of food insecurity were 60 % lower when mothers managed household money, 48 % lower when mothers had a secondary (v. primary) education, 65 % higher among single mothers and 16 % lower with each indicator of social support. Results were similar for adult-and child-specific food insecurity. Conclusions: This research provides new evidence that maternal economic and social resources are important for reducing household food insecurity and adult- and child-specific food insecurity. Women's social status, social support and access to economic resources need to be enhanced as a part of policies aimed to reduce food insecurity in high-poverty settings.

Gut Microbiome Composition in Young Nicaraguan Children During Diarrhea Episodes and Recovery

Abstract: Understanding how the gut microbiota is affected by diarrhea episodes may help explain alterations in intestinal function among children in low-income settings. This study examined the composition of the gut microbiome of Nicaraguan children both during diarrhea episodes and while free of diarrhea for at least 2 months. Relative abundances of bacterial taxa, phylogenetic diversity, and species richness were determined by 16S amplicon sequencing and compared between paired diarrhea and recovery samples. A total of 66 stools were provided by 25 children enrolled in a 1-year cohort study of diarrhea etiologies. Children in our cohort had a mean age of 21.9 months; 64% were breast-fed, and 10% had received an antibiotic during the diarrhea episode. Overall, phylogenetic diversity and species richness did not differ significantly between diarrhea and recovery stools. However, of children who had a bacterial enteropathogen detected in any diarrhea stool, none experienced an increase in phylogenetic diversity in recovery, whereas of those in whom no bacterial enteropathogens were detected in their diarrhea stool(s), 59% experienced an increase in phylogenetic diversity in recovery (P = 0.008). This preliminary study suggests that recovery of the gut microbiota after a diarrhea episode may take longer time than previously thought and may be pathogen specific.

Automated DNA‐based plant identification for large‐scale biodiversity assessment

Abstract: Rapid degradation of tropical forests urges to improve our efficiency in large-scale biodiversity assessment. DNA barcoding can assist greatly in this task, but commonly used phenetic approaches for DNA-based identifications rely on the existence of comprehensive reference databases, which are infeasible for hyperdiverse tropical ecosystems. Alternatively, phylogenetic methods are more robust to sparse taxon sampling but time-consuming, while multiple alignment of species-diagnostic, typically length-variable, markers can be problematic across divergent taxa. We advocate the combination of phylogenetic and phenetic methods for taxonomic assignment of DNA-barcode sequences against incomplete reference databases such as GenBank, and we developed a pipeline to implement this approach on large-scale plant diversity projects. The pipeline workflow includes several steps: database construction and curation, query sequence clustering, sequence retrieval, distance calculation, multiple alignment and phylogenetic inference. We describe the strategies used to establish these steps and the optimization of parameters to fit the selected psbA-trnH marker. We tested the pipeline using infertile plant samples and herbivore diet sequences from the highly threatened Nicaraguan seasonally dry forest and exploiting a valuable purpose-built resource: a partial local reference database of plant psbA-trnH. The selected methodology proved efficient and reliable for high-throughput taxonomic assignment, and our results corroborate the advantage of applying 'strict' tree-based criteria to avoid false positives. The pipeline tools are distributed as the scripts suite 'BAGpipe' (pipeline for Biodiversity Assessment using GenBank data), which can be readily adjusted to the purposes of other projects and applied to sequence-based identification for any marker or taxon.

The national incidence of iatrogenic popliteal artery injury during total knee replacement.

Abstract: IntroductionThe aim of this study was to characterize national characteristics of patients who have a total knee replacement complicated by popliteal artery injury by incidence and patient demographics.MethodsAll patients with ICD-9 confirmed total knee replacement who had an iatrogenic popliteal artery injury were included from the national in-patient sample from 1998 to 2011. Age, gender and race, procedure type, time to popliteal artery injury, limb outcome, length of stay and hospital inpatient charges were reported.ResultsA total of 1,297,369 patients underwent a total knee replacement of which 43 were complicated by popliteal artery injury (0.003%); 93% had osteoarthritis as their primary diagnosis. The mean age was 61.7 ± 12.3 years. In all, 96% of patients had their popliteal injuries detected intra-operatively or on the day of total knee replacement surgery. The majority of these patients either received stent placement (44%) or peripheral bypass (30%) as their treatment modality for popliteal ar...

Determination of Resveratrol and Piceid Isomers in Bee Pollen by Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Electrospray Ionization-Mass Spectrometry

Abstract: A new method has been developed to determine resveratrol and piceid isomers in bee pollen using liquid chromatography (LC) coupled to electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). An efficient extraction procedure has also been proposed (average analyte recoveries were between 89 and 96 %); this involved a cleaning step with hexane, a solid–liquid extraction using a mixture of ethanol and water (80:20, v/v), and a concentration step in a rotary evaporator. The separation of all the compounds was achieved using a C18 column (150 × 4.6 mm) and a mobile phase composed of 1 % (v/v) formic acid in water and acetonitrile at a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min. The method was fully validated in terms of selectivity, limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ), linearity, precision, and accuracy. The LOD and LOQ values ranged from 10 to 25 and 35 to 80 μg/kg, respectively. Finally, the proposed method was applied to analyze bee pollen samples from different origins.

Latin American dose survey results in mammography studies under IAEA programme: radiological protection of patients in medical exposures (TSA3).

Abstract: Latin American countries (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica, Cuba, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico, Nicaragua, Paraguay, Uruguay and Venezuela) working under the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Technical Cooperation Programme: TSA3 Radiological Protection of Patients in Medical Exposures have joined efforts in the optimisation of radiation protection in mammography practice. Through surveys of patient doses, the region has a unique database of diagnostic reference levels for analogue and digital equipment that will direct future optimisation activities towards the early detection of breast cancer among asymptomatic women. During RLA9/057 (2007-09) 24 institutions participated with analogue equipment in a dose survey. Regional training on methodology and measurement equipment was addressed in May 2007. The mean glandular dose (DG) was estimated using the incident kerma in air and relevant conversion coefficients for both projections craneo caudal and mediolateral oblique (CC and MLO). For Phase 2, RLA9/067 (2010-11), it was decided to include also digital systems in order to see their impact in future dose optimisation activities. Any new country that joined the project received training in the activities through IAEA expert missions. Twenty-nine new institutions participated (9 analogue and 20 digital equipment). A total of 2262 patient doses were collected during this study and from them D(G) (mGy) for both projections were estimated for each institution and country. Regional results (75 percentile in mGy) show for CC and MLO views, respectively: RLA9/057 (analogue) 2.63 and 3.17; RLA/067: 2.57 and 3.15 (analogue) and 2.69 and 2.90 (digital). Regarding only digital equipment for CC and MLO, respectively, computed radiography systems showed 2.59 and 2.78 and direct digital radiography (DDR) systems 2.78 and 3.04. Based on the IAEA Basic Safety Standard (BSS) reference dose (3 mGy), it can be observed that there is enough room to start optimisation processes in Latin America (LA); several countries or even particular institutions have values much higher than the 3 mGy. The main issues to address are lack of well-established quality assurance programmes for mammography, not enough medical physicists with training in mammography, an increase in patient doses with the introduction of digital equipment and to create awareness on radiation risk and optimisation strategies.

First records of Ixodes boliviensis Neumann, 1904 and Dermacentor dissimilis Cooley, 1947 (Ixodida: Ixodidae) as parasites of domestic mammals in Nicaragua

Abstract: First paragraph: Ixodes boliviensis Neumann, 1904 was originally described from a male, female and nymph collected from a bush dog Speothus venaticus Lund, 1842 in Bolivia (Neumann 1904). Subsequently, this tick has been reported parasitizing several species of mammals, especially Carnivora, in locations ranging from Mexico to Bolivia (Guglielmone et al . 2004). Throughout Mexico and Central America this species is more common in mountainous areas, at altitudes varying from 800 to 2500 m (Alvarez et al. 2005, Bermudez & Miranda 2011, Troyo et al . 2014); though in Mexico has also been reported in lowlands (Guzman et al. 2007).

Slow- and fast-twitch hindlimb skeletal muscle phenotypes 12 wk after ⅚ nephrectomy in Wistar rats of both sexes

Abstract: This study describes fiber-type adaptations in hindlimb muscles, the interaction of sex, and the role of hypoxia on this response in 12-wk ⅚ nephrectomized rats (Nx). Contractile, metabolic, and morphological features of muscle fiber types were assessed in the slow-twitch soleus and the fast-twitch tibialis cranialis muscles of Nx rats, and compared with sham-operated controls. Rats of both sexes were considered in both groups. A slow-to-fast fiber-type transformation occurred in the tibialis cranialis of Nx rats, particularly in males. This adaptation was accomplished by impaired oxidative capacity and capillarity, increased glycolytic capacity, and no changes in size and nuclear density of muscle fiber types. An oxidative-to-glycolytic metabolic transformation was also found in the soleus muscle of Nx rats. However, a modest fast-to-slow fiber-type transformation, fiber hypertrophy, and nuclear proliferation were observed in soleus muscle fibers of male, but not of female, Nx rats. Serum testosterone levels decreased by 50% in male but not in female Nx rats. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α protein level decreased by 42% in the tibialis cranialis muscle of male Nx rats. These data demonstrate that 12 wk of Nx induces a muscle-specific adaptive response in which myofibers do not change (or enlarge minimally) in size and nuclear density, but acquire markedly different contractile and metabolic characteristics, which are accompanied by capillary rarefaction. Muscle function and sex play relevant roles in these adaptations.

Population pharmacogenetics of Ibero-Latinoamerican populations (MESTIFAR 2014).

Abstract: MESTIFAR 2014 28–30 November 2014, Panama City, Panama The CEIBA consortium was created within the Ibero-American network of Pharmacogenetics (RIBEF) to study population pharmacogenetics. The current status of these initiatives and results of the MESTIFAR project were analyzed in Panama, 28–30 November 2014. The MESTIFAR project focused on studying CYPs genetic polymorphisms in populations of different ethnic origin. So far, more than 6000 healthy volunteers have been evaluated, making this one of the largest population pharmacogenomic studies worldwide. Three symposia were organized, ‘Pharmacogenetics of indigenous and mestizos populations and its clinical implications’, ‘Methodological innovation in pharmacogenetics and its application in health’, and ‘General discussion and concluding remarks’, about mechanisms and proposals for training, diffusion of pharmacogenetics for Spanish- and Portuguese-speaking health professionals, and ‘bench to bedside’ pilot projects.

Aspectos medioambientales en los análisis de eficiencia

Abstract: El presente estudio se focalizo en una revision de investigaciones aplicadas utilizando variables agroclimaticas con la incorporacion de efectos medio ambientales en el analisis de la eficiencia. Se considero el analisis econometrico, el enfoque de la eficiencia tecnico-ambiental, el enfoque eco-eficiencia, el enfoque metafronteras, enfoque de la eficiencia ambiental, el balance de materiales. Las conclusiones del estudio evidencia la necesidad de utilizar el analisis de eficiencia u productividad considerando los factores medioambientales y las variaciones del cambio climatico. La importancia de estos factores incide en los procesos productivos para medir la eficiencia y la productividad. Se recomienda la investigacion en el desarrollo de nuevas metodologias en esta parcela del analisis de eficiencia, y tambien que se apliquen las ya existentes para no llegar a malas estimaciones al no considerar la realidad que nos rodea.

Uso de las Funciones Agua-Rendimiento y la productividad agronómica del agua en la planificación del agua en cultivos de importancia agrícola en Cuba

Abstract: Los cambios medioambientales globales hacen pensar en un aumento futuro de la aridez, por ello es necesario buscar alternativas que permitan un uso mas eficiente del agua y reducir su consumo, teniendo en cuenta que es un recurso limitado. En la actualidad, aproximadamente el 59,7% del total de agua planificada para todos los usos en Cuba se utiliza en la agricultura, pero no mas del 50% de esa agua se convierte directamente en productos agricolas. El estudio de las funciones agua-rendimiento y su uso dentro de la planificacion del agua para riego es una via importante para trazar estrategias de manejo que contribuyan al incremento en la produccion agricola. Utilizando los datos de agua aplicada por riego y los rendimientos obtenidos en mas de 100 experimentos de campo realizados fundamentalmente en suelo Ferralitico Rojo de la zona sur de La Habana y con ayuda de herramientas de analisis de regresion en este trabajo se estiman las funciones agua aplicada-rendimientos para algunos cultivos agricolas y se analizan las posibles estrategias de optimizacion del riego a seguir en funcion de la disponibilidad de agua. Seleccionar una estrategia de maxima eficiencia del riego puede conducir a reducciones de agua a aplicar entre un 21,6 y 46,8%, incrementos de la productividad del agua entre 17 y 32% y de la relacion beneficios/costo estimada de hasta un 3,4%. Lo anterior indica la importancia desde el punto de vista economico que puede llegar a alcanzar el uso de esta estrategia en condiciones de deficit hidrico . El conocimiento de las funciones agua aplicada por riego-rendimiento y el uso de la productividad del agua, resultan parametros factibles de introducir como indicadores de eficiencia en el planeamiento del uso del agua en la agricultura, con lo cual es posible reducir los volumenes de agua a aplicar y elevar la relacion beneficio-costo actual. Rev. iberoam. bioecon. cambio clim. Vol.1(1) 2015; 95-114

Medición de la contribución de la Bioeconomía en América Latina: caso Cuba

Abstract: La presente investigacion constituye una primera aproximacion para el caso de Cuba, a la medicion de la contribucion de la bioeconomia desde una perspectiva economica. Su desarrollo ha estado vinculado a la Red Iberoamericana de Bioeconomia y Cambio Climatico (REBICAMCLI) financiada por el programa CYTED. Los datos utilizados fueron tomados en su mayoria del Anuario estadistico de Cuba, principal publicacion de la Oficina Nacional de Estadistica e Informacion (ONEI), donde se recogen las estadisticas oficiales del pais. El ano base que se toma para los analisis es 1997, que es el que se reconoce hasta la fecha como referencia oficial en el Sistema de Cuentas Nacionales. No obstante, dada la necesidad de cambiar el ano base cada cierto tiempo, se conoce que este esta aun en proceso de cambio. Esta primera aproximacion muestra un muy bajo nivel de aporte de la bioeconomia en Cuba, para un promedio de un 4%, cifra que pudiera incrementarse de contarse con una informacion mas detallada a nivel del Sistema de Cuentas Nacionales. En cuanto a los factores que condicionan este bajo aporte, estan problemas estructurales de la economia, como la doble circulacion monetaria, las distorsiones de precios, los subsidios a la produccion en el sector agricola, entre otros. Rev. iberoam. bioecon. cambio clim. Vol.1(1) 2015; 223-240

Importación de plaguicidas y peligros en salud en América Central durante el periodo 2005 - 2009

Abstract: Agricultural pesticides imported in Central America were analyzed, for period the 2005-2009 in order to monitor health hazards. The methodology used has already been published for the analysis of the period 2000-2004 (Bravo et al., 2011). During 2005-2009, 353 active ingredients (ai) were imported in an average annual amount of 39 000 ton ai. Fourteen ai imported in quantities ≥ ton ai 2000 accounted for 77% of imports. The biocidal actions most used were fungicides and herbicides. In these actions, the chemical groups most imported were dithiocarbamates and phenoxyacid the fosfonoglicinas and bipyridyls respectively. The imported quantity of hazardous pesticides corresponded to 27% ai with extremely high acute toxicity, 35% with 2 or more topical effects of moderate to severe and 47% with 4 or more chronic effects. Internationally regulated pesticides amounted to 19% of total imports. Guatemala was the country with highest amount of imported pesticides and Costa Rica continued leading indicators such as kg ai / capita kg ai / rural inhabitant kg ai / agricultural worker kg ai / ha farm. Data indicate that populations in Central America continue to be exposed to health dangers of imported pesticides.

Nothoaspis reddelli Keirans & Clifford, 1975 (Acari, Ixodida, Argasidae): distribution extension

Abstract: The first record of Nothoaspis reddelli (nymph) in Nicaragua is presented. The morphological characters used for the determination were dorsum with a false shield or nothoaspis, presence of an anteriorly projecting hood covering half of the capitulum, medial extension of palpal article I (flaps), presence of two large setae on internal margins of flaps, leg coxae with numerous long setae, and hypostome long and pointed with apical dentition 4/4. The 16S rDNA sequence of N. reddelli from Nicaragua was identical to the 16S sequence of N. reddelli from Mexico.

Vinculación Universidad - Empresa– Estado en Nicaragua

Abstract: espanolEn Nicaragua los niveles de Vinculacion universidad empresa estado son bajos, Las universidades Nicaraguenses han iniciado estrategias de comunicacion con el estado y el sector privado, La idiosincrasia de sus ciudadanos favorece esta vinculacion. Las politicas de vinculacion formalizan las redes de comunicacion e informacion. Las universidades tienen un papel fundamental en la construccion de modelos y organizaciones que aportan alternativas al desarrollo economico. La vinculacion de la universidad con el entorno, genera circulos virtuosos, donde las empresas logran mayor competitividad, el estado, mayor tributacion y estabilidad ciudadana, las universidades generacion de nuevos conocimientos. El presente articulo analiza la Estrategias de vinculacion U–E- E que se pueden aplicar en Nicaragua, para fortalecerlas y lograr avances positivos en el pais. EnglishIn Nicaragua levels Linking state, university and business are low, Nicaraguan universities have initiated communication strategies with the state and the private sector. The idiosyncrasies of its citizens favor this link. The entailment policies formalize the communications and information networks. Universities have a key role in building models and organizations that provide alternatives to economic development. Linking the university with the environment, generating virtuous circles, where companies achieve greater competitiveness, the state, higher taxes and public stability, universities generate new knowledge. This article analyzes the strategies linking U-E- E that can be applied in Nicaragua, to strengthen and achieve positive developments in the country.

Análisis de la agenda pública y privada de la Bioeconomía en Centroamérica y el Caribe: Estudios de Caso de El Salvador, Honduras, Cuba y Nicaragua

Abstract: El presente trabajo se focalizo en investigar la politica que los gobiernos estan implementando para desarrollar la Bioeconomia en los paises de El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua y Cuba. Se utilizo la metodologia de estudio de caso, donde los especialistas de la Red de Bioeconomia y Cambio Climatico abordan la situacion de la politica y normativas que los gobiernos han venido implementado. La investigacion brinda como resultado la necesidad de ir introduciendo el tema de la Bioeconomia en la agenda publica y privada de los senderos de la bioeconomia como una alternativa de las comunidades rurales para dar respuesta a las variaciones del cambio climatico y la creciente demanda de alimentos y fibras que presupone el crecimiento exponencial de la poblacion. El trabajo investigativo se organizo en de la siguiente manera: Politicas sectoriales y normas regulatorias de la Bioeconomia: Caso El Salvador que lo abordan los especialista del grupo pais de El Salvador el segundo caso es Agenda de politica publica y privada para la bioeconomia: caso Honduras elaborada por los especialista del grupo pais de Honduras, el tercer caso es Politicas Publicas para la Bioeconomia en Cuba realizada por los especialistas del grupo pais de Cuba y finalmente Nicaragua que refiere la politica que sobre el tema se viene impulsando.

Dinámica del programa productivo alimentario “hambre cero” de nicaragua

Abstract: espanolEste articulo recurre al concepto de interfaz social, acunado por Norman Long (2007), para responder a la pregunta: ?Como entran los procesos de intervencion planeada en los mundos de vida de individuos y grupos? Se analiza dicho concepto en la dinamica del Programa Productivo Alimentario “Hambre Cero” ejecutado en Nicaragua desde el 2007. Esta investigacion es cualitativa. Se aplicaron entrevistas a mujeres protagonistas del programa en la region nortecentral. El articulo muestra como el concepto de interfaz social permite analizar los momentos de discrepancias entre lo planificado y lo ejecutado en los Programas Sociales, porque los diversos actores involucrados se ven inmersos en interacciones sociales donde circulan e interactuan intereses, necesidades, relaciones de poder, interpretaciones, simbologias y conocimiento acumulado. EnglishThis article uses the concept of social interface, coined by Norman Long (2007), to answer the question: How do the processes of planned intervention come into the world of life of individuals and groups? This concept is discussed in the dynamics of the “Zero Hunger“ Food Production Program implemented in Nicaragua since 2007. This research is qualitative. Interviews with women protagonists of the program in the north-central region were applied. The article shows how the concept of social interface permits to analyze the moments of discrepancies between planned and executed social programs, because the various stakeholders are involved in social interactions where interests, needs, power relations, interpretations, symbols and accumulated knowledge are circulating and interacting.

Crecimiento de las tilapias oreochromis niloticus en cultivo monosexual y ambos sexos, en sistemas de producción semi - intensivos

Abstract: Objetivo. Comparar los parametros poblacionales de las tilapias Oreochromis niloticus que crecen en cultivos Monosexuales y Ambos sexos en sistemas de produccion semi-intensivos. Materiales y Metodos. Para determinar que tratamiento obtuvo mayor crecimiento se realizo la toma de factores fisico-quimicos (Oxigeno Disuelto, Temperatura) y parametros poblacionales (Crecimiento Acumulado, Sobrevivencia y Factor de Conversion Alimenticia). Recolectando estos datos durante 25 dias donde las Tilapias Oreochromis niloticus tuvieron un peso inicial de 77.43gr en ambos tratamientos. Resultados. Segun los resultados obtenidos en el experimento, el tratamiento monosexual adquirio un crecimiento final de 135.42gr obteniendo como promedio 57.99 gr en cambio el tratamiento de ambos sexos alcanzo un crecimiento final de 112.73gr logrando un promedio de 35.3 gr. Conclusion. El tratamiento monosexual gano mayor tamano y biomasa en menor tiempo dado que estos solamente se dedicaron a alimentarse, en cambio en el tratamiento de ambos sexos gano poca biomasa ya que el alimento ingerido lo ocuparon para la preparacion de la maduracion sexual y asi entrar a la etapa de reproduccion, lo que disminuyo su velocidad de crecimiento, al aplicar los analisis estadisticos se encontro que p>0.05 alegando que el crecimiento de las Tilapias Oreochromis niloticus es mayor cuando solo se cultivan machos.

Maltrato durante la niñez asociado al uso y abuso de drogas En estudiantes en una universidad de León, Nicaragua

Abstract: Investigacion exploratoria que pretendio examinar la asociacion entre el maltrato durante la ninez y el uso y abuso de drogas entre los estudiantes de una Universidad en Leon, Nicaragua. Mediante la aplicacion de un cuestionario auto-administrado se obtuvo que el 51.6% de los participantes eran de sexo femenino y el 95.6% se encontraban en las edades de 18 y 24 anos. El 22.8% tuvo la percepcion de haber sido maltratados durante su infancia. Un 9.0% reporto abuso sexual, en su mayoria del sexo femenino. El 50% habian consumido algun tipo de droga (licita/ilicita) alguna vez en su vida. Mediante un analisis del Chi Cuadrado se encontro que el abuso sexual esta relacionado con el uso de drogas significativamente (χ12=7.49) (p=0.00).

Mechanisms of cleft palate: developmental field analysis

Abstract: The purpose of this chapter is to present concepts of cleft palate repair based on a single unifying concept: the embryology of the oronasopharynx. We shall begin with an in-depth discussion of how the bone and soft tissue structures are assembled, based upon the developmental field model. Next, we shall consider how this normal process is altered when a disruption of the neurovascular pedicle to an individual field results in a deficiency state such that the affected field is unable to fuse with its partner fields. Attention will also be give to the effect that such a deficiency state has on the subsequent development of the partner fields. Surgical procedures based on the embryologic model are designed to restore functional tissue relationships.

Impacto de la reducción de Metano en las Economías Verde de los sistemas de producción pecuaria de América Latina

Abstract: El estudio asumio como fin medir el nivel de productividad de las economias verdes en la actividad pecuaria (leche y carne) de America Latina donde las emisiones de metano (CH4) por fermentacion enterica son consideradas. Para hacer estas mediciones se utilizo el metodo Tier 1 del IPCC para determinar las emisiones de CH4 y para medir su impacto en la productividad se utilizo el enfoque de analisis de datos envolventes (DEA), estimando los indices de Malmquist. Los resultados evidencian que Ecuador se destaca con una productividad total de los factores con un ritmo de crecimiento de un 10 %, durante el periodo de 1980-2009, y que este crecimiento se debio fundamentalmente al cambio tecnologico que represento un 4 % en el ritmo de crecimiento de la produccion pecuario donde la tecnologia implica practicas para la reduccion de metano, por la eficiencia de la mano de obra (ganaderia) de valoro un 0.05 % de desmejora. En este sentido, encontramos que Costa Rica, Paraguay, Uruguay, Colombia y Guatemala se destacaron con un 7 y 5 % en sus ritmos de crecimiento para alcanzar una economia verde pecuaria. Clasificacion JEL: O13; O47; Q51;

Movimientos feministas: viejas y nuevas asignaturas pendientes. reflexiones desde la democracia

Abstract: espanolLas luchas feministas han transitado por diversos procesos y momentos historicos para lograr la igualdad real entre hombres y mujeres. Desde que las mujeres ejercieron el derecho al sufragio se creia que los otros derechos sociales, economicos y politicos se resolverian a traves de la accion del Estado. La ciudadania en un contexto democratico era el factor clave. Hoy dia, los indicadores demuestran que las mujeres siguen en desventaja, las instituciones que le dan forma a la Democracia no responden a las reivindicaciones de antano, las mujeres se mueven entre la sobrevivencia diaria y la lucha por la ciudadania plena. Las reflexiones sobre movimientos sociales en general, y de los movimientos feministas en particular bajo el prisma de los valores democraticos son escasos en el contexto latinoamericano, por ello este articulo aporta a este debate inacabado. Se basa en la revision de fuentes secundarias que se han elaborado en la decada pasada, debido a que justamente porque el debate feminista ha retomado otros ejes de desigualdad ademas de los de genero, ya que resulta una obviedad las multiples discriminaciones de las personas bajo el sistema socio- politico y los socioculturales actuales EnglishFeminist struggles have gone through various processes and historical moments to achieve real equality between men and women. Since women exercised their right to vote it is believed that other social, economic and political rights would be resolved through state action. Citizenship in a democratic context was the key factor. Today, indicators show that women are at a disadvantage, institutions that shape Democracy not respond to the claims of old, women move between the daily survival and the struggle for full citizenship. Reflections on social movements in general and feminist movements in particular through the prism of democratic values are scarce in the Latin American context, so this article brings to this unfinished debate. It is based on a review of secondary sources which have been developed in the past decade, because just because the feminist debate has taken other axes of inequality in addition to gender, as it is obvious multiple discrimination of persons in the political and current socio-cultural system

The relation between sexual abuse in childhood and use of illicit drugs: in students of a public university in Nicaragua

Abstract: Illicit drugs with sexual abuse during childhood are responsible for considerable morbidity in the world. The results show that sexual abuse was reported by 8.9% [95% CI (6.1%, 11.8%)] of respondents. The prevalence of illicit drugs (Cannabis, Cocaine, Heroin or Ecstasy) in the last year was 15.5 % [95% CI (11.8%, 19.2%)]. After controlloling for sex, age and origin of the students, the Generalized Linear Models determined that female students who were sexually abused during childhood are 2.3 [p=0.01, 95% (1.21, 4.55)] more likely to using illicit drugs compared to women who did not suffer from this kind of abuse. These results highlight the extent of sexual abuse in childhood and its relationship, long-term consumption of illicit drugs, and develop preventive actions that aim to minimize these problems. DESCRIPTORS: Child abuse, sexual. Street drug. students.