Showing papers by "Stony Brook University published in 1982"
TL;DR: A relationship between resistance to white spot formation and the rate of salivary flow is suggested and the obvious degree of latrogenic damage during orthodontic treatment suggests the need for preventive programs using fluoride.
1,070 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that E(xλ 9 JC2, 0 is a positive (symmetric) C function of JC1? x2, t which for fixed t and (say) %2> ι s * the domain of all positive powers of Δ as a function of xλ.
Abstract: where dEλ is the projection valued measure associated with /^Δ\". A natural problem is to study the behavior of the explicit kernel kf(X)(xx, x2) representing /(/^Δ), in terms of the behavior of various geometric quantities on M. As a particularly important example we have the heat kernel E(xl9 x2, t) — ke-\\2t. By use of the local parametrix and the standard elliptic estimates, one can show that for / > 0, E(xλ9 JC2, 0 is a positive (symmetric) C function of JC1? x2, t which for fixed t and (say) %2> ι s * the domain of all positive powers of Δ as a function of xλ; see e.g. [9]. In works of Garding [19] and Donnelly [16], upper estimates for E(xu x2, t) (and its derivatives) were given under the assumption that M has bounded geometry. They showed that as x2 -> oo, the behavior of E{xλ, x2, t) is roughly similar to that of the e-p 2(xx,x2)/4 Euclidean heat kernel, — (p(xx, x2) denotes distance). Recall that (4ττ/) M is said to have bounded geometry if the injectivity radius i(x) of the
922 citations
TL;DR: The fact that the adenovirus and Sv40 tumor antigens, both required for transformation, can be found in physical association with the same cellular protein in a transformed cell is a good indication that these two diverse viral proteins share some common mechanisms or functions.
834 citations
TL;DR: The findings suggested that clinical data on symptom control in narcolepsy do not predict ability to stay awake, and objective measures of the ability are potentially more useful in evaluating treatment.
514 citations
TL;DR: It has been found that methylamphetamine induces terminal degeneration along with correlative DA neurochemical deficits in the neostriatum and nucleus accumbens and that in cresyl violet-stained sections of the substantia nigra, pars compacta, and ventral tegmental area, there is no evidence of cell body loss in rats in which 50-60% of nestriatal DA terminals have been destroyed.
488 citations
TL;DR: Results indicate that in vivo DNA superhelicity is a result of a balance between topoisomerase I and gyrase activities, and an excess of negative supercoils due to an absence of topoisomersase I is deleterious to the cell, but a moderate gyrases deficiency is not harmful.
422 citations
TL;DR: Oxidative inactivation of alpha 1 PI in the lungs of cigarette smokers may play a role in the development of pulmonary emphysema in this group and methionine oxidation may also be the cause of decreased functional activity of lung alpha 1PI in smokers.
Abstract: The elastase inhibitory capacity per mg of alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor (alpha 1 PI) was measured in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid from 26 healthy smokers and 24 nonsmokers. Activity was decreased by 40% in smokers' BAL fluid compared to nonsmokers. This effect was demonstrable by using human neutrophil elastase as well as porcine pancreatic elastase as test enzyme (elastase, EC 3.4.21.11) and was reproducible when selected individuals in each group underwent lavage on repeated occasions. In contrast, the functional activity of alpha 1-antichymotrypsin was not decreased in smokers' BAL fluid. Crossed antigen-antibody electrophoresis confirmed that inactivation of alpha 1 PI was responsible for the decrease in the elastase inhibitory capacity of smokers' BAL fluid. alpha 1 PI purified from smokers' BAL fluids contained methionine sulfoxide (4 mol/mol of inactive alpha 1 PI), whereas alpha 1 PI from nonsmokers' BAL fluid did not. Smokers' alpha 1 PI was indistinguishable from nonsmokers' alpha 1 PI on the basis of electrophoretic mobility, molecular weight, and immunoreactivity. Thus, oxidation of methionine residues in lung alpha 1 PI is associated with cigarette smoking. Because chemical oxidation of alpha 1 PI in vitro causes loss of its elastase inhibitory activity, the present observations suggest that methionine oxidation may also be the cause of decreased functional activity of lung alpha 1 PI in smokers. Oxidative inactivation of alpha 1 PI in the lungs of cigarette smokers may play a role in the development of pulmonary emphysema in this group.
357 citations
TL;DR: In a sample of 50 clinic children, it was found that marital discord was most strongly related to conduct problems in boys, boys and girls perceived parental marital discord with equal and moderate accuracy, and children's feelings of nonacceptance were not significantly related to ratings of marital discord.
Abstract: Children's feelings of nonacceptance and their perceptions of their parents' marital discord were related to parental measures of marital satisfaction and behavior problems in the children. In a sample of 50 clinic children, it was found that (1) marital discord, as predicted, was most strongly related to conduct problems in boys, (2) boys and girls perceived parental marital discord with equal and moderate accuracy, and (3) children's feelings of nonacceptance were not significantly related to ratings of marital discord. These findings are discussed as they relate to etiological explanations of the impact of marital discord on children.
354 citations
303 citations
TL;DR: Observations in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the rat hypothalamus provide further information on the organization of afferents to the rat SCN and demonstrate that the vLGN projection is chemically distinct from other SCN afferentS.
Abstract: The distribution of avian pancreatic polypeptide-like (APP) immunoreactivity was investigated in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the rat hypothalamus with immunohistochemical methods. Specificity of the antisera was established by the absence of all immunoreactive staining in tissue incubated in antisera which had been preabsorbed with the pure APP antigen. In addition, the antisera exhibited no significant cross reactivity with vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, vasopressin, somatostatin, or secretin. Within the rat SCN, APP immunoreactivity is restricted to varicose axons in the ventral and lateral aspects of the nucleus; the dorsomedial component of the nucleus is totally devoid of immunoreactivity and immunoreactive perikarya are not present in any portion of the SCN. The immunoreactive axons in the ventrolateral portion of the nucleus form an extensive plexus which is distributed in a pattern closely corresponding to the distribution of retinal and ventral lateral geniculate (vLGN) efferents to the SCN. No immunoreactive perikarya are observed in the retina following immunoperoxidase staining for APP and neither unilateral nor bilateral enucleation causes an observable alteration in the pattern of APP axon distribution within the SCN, thus indicating that the fiber plexus is not of retinal origin. In contrast, APP immunoreactive neurons are present in the same area of the vLGN in which retrogradely filled neurons have been demonstrated following iontophoretic injection of HRP into the SCN. Bilateral electrolytic lesions of the vLGN result in a total loss of immunoreactive axons in both SCN. Unilateral vLGN lesions cause a loss of approximately 60 to 75% of the immunoreactive fibers in the ipsilateral SCN with a lesser contralateral loss. These observations provide further information on the organization of afferents to the rat SCN and demonstrate that the vLGN projection is chemically distinct from other SCN afferents.
301 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a hierarchy of equations was derived for a bed or suspension of spheres in a uniform matrix, giving the Sn in terms of the s-body distribution functions ρs associated with a statistically inhomogeneous distribution PN in the matrix.
Abstract: The microstructure of a two‐phase random medium can be characterized by a set of general n‐point probability functions, which give the probability of finding a certain subset of n‐points in the matrix phase and the remainder in the particle phase. A new expression for these n‐point functions is derived in terms of the n‐point matrix probability functions which give the probability of finding all n points in the matrix phase. Certain bounds and limiting values of the Sn follow: the geometrical interpretation of the Sn and their relationship with n‐point correlation functions associated with fluctuating bulk properties is also noted. For a bed or suspension of spheres in a uniform matrix we derive a new hierarchy of equations, giving the Sn in terms of the s‐body distribution functions ρs associated with a statistically inhomogeneous distribution PN of spheres in the matrix, generalizing expressions of Weissberg and Prager for S2 and S3. It is noted that canonical ensemble of mutually impenetrable spheres a...
TL;DR: In this article, laser Doppler measurements are reported of the flow field of a glass particle-air two-phase flow and the results reveal certain seemingly peculiar behaviors of the particles which obviously defy the predictions of the conventional analyses of turbulent twophase suspension flows.
TL;DR: The data indicate that A. afarensis had already attained forelimb proportions similar to those of modern humans but possessed hindlimbs that were relatively much shorter; hence the ‘intermediate’ humerofemoral index of AL 288-1 compared with Homo sapiens and great apes.
Abstract: Precise information about the bodily proportions of early hominids is crucial for accurate functional and phylogenetic interpretations of early human evolution1–6. The partial skeleton of Australopithecus afarensis (AL 288-1; ‘Lucy’7,8) recovered in 1974 from the Hadar area of Ethiopia9 permits the first direct assessment of body size, limb proportions and skeletal allometry in ancestral hominids that pre-date 3 Myr. Using allometric relationships for limb lengths in non-human catarrhine primates (as a whole and for African apes alone) as empirical base lines for comparison, I show here that the limb proportions of A. afarensis are clearly unique among hominoids. The data indicate that A. afarensis had already attained forelimb proportions similar to those of modern humans but possessed hindlimbs that were relatively much shorter; hence the ‘intermediate’ humerofemoral index of AL 288-1 (85.1) compared with Homo sapiens and great apes9,10. It follows that relative and absolute elongation of the hindlimbs represents one of the major evolutionary changes in later human evolution. The bodily proportions of Lucy are not incompatible with some form of bipedal locomotion, but kinematic identity and functional equivalence with the bipedal gait of modern humans seem highly improbable. Reduced relative stride length in AL 288-1 probably implies both greater relative energy cost and relatively lower peak velocities of bipedal locomotion in A. afarensis.
TL;DR: A sensitive assay for recombination between the repeated sequences of 2mu circle is described and it is demonstrated that even in the absence of FLP gene product, recombinations between the repeats occurs at a low but detectable level during meiosis.
TL;DR: In this article, the electromagnetic properties and decays of Dirac and Majorana neutrinos in general class of gauge theories are discussed and specific results for the standard SU(2)L × L × U(1) and a (not necessarily left-right symmetric) SU( 2 )L × SU (2)R × U (1) theory are analyzed.
TL;DR: In this paper, a probabilistic language based on stochastic models of population growth is proposed for a standard language to be used in environmental assessment, which is measured by the probability of quasiextinction.
Abstract: A probabilistic language based on stochastic models of population growth is proposed for a standard language to be used in environmental assessment. Environmental impact on a population is measured by the probability of quasiextinction. Density-dependent and independent models are discussed. A review of one-dimensional stochastic population growth models, the implications of environmental autocorrelation, finite versus “infinite” time results, age-structured models, and Monte Carlo simulations are included. The finite time probability of quasiextinction is presented for the logistic model. The sensitivity of the result with respect to the mean growth rate and the amplitude of environmental fluctuations are examined. Stochastic models of population growth form a basis for formulating reasonable criteria for environmental impact estimates.
TL;DR: It is suggested that dyadic as well as dispositional factors influenced conflictual behavior; the children's tendency to initiate disputes on the fourth day could be predicted from their initiations on the first 3 days for both groups, but prediction of their tendency to yield to the peer's demands for objects was only possible for the group who retained the same partners.
Abstract: The conflicts of 24 pairs of previously unacquainted 21-month-old children were examined for social hallmarks at several levels of analysis. Each child was observed with the same partner for 15 min on 3 consecutive days. On the fourth day half the dyads were rearranged such that each child now was paired with a new partner; the remaining children returned to meet their usual partners. Conflicts were defined dyadically as 1 child's protesting, resisting, or retaliating against an act by the peer; 217 were recorded across the 4 days, 84% of which were struggles over toys. The disputes possessed a patterned interactive structure and explicit communicative content, and 75% of the object struggles were preceded or followed by socially pertinent events. The extent of conflict neither increased nor decreased over days, nor were there reliable differences between acquainted peers on the fourth day. However, the outcome of 1 conflict affected the next; a child who lost a dispute was more likely than the winner to initiate the next. Moreover, the findings suggested that dyadic as well as dispositional factors influenced conflictual behavior; the children's tendency to initiate disputes on the fourth day could be predicted from their initiations on the first 3 days for both groups, but prediction of their tendency to yield to the peer's demands for objects was only possible for the group who retained the same partners.
TL;DR: Two principles, one of structure matching and one of orientation, must be considered in order to maximize the map's usefulness, and these principles lead to the following set of recommendations.
Abstract: You-are-here maps are standard aids for newcomers to a complex terrain. A precisely constructed map with a properly affixed you-are-here symbol, however, is not sufficient. Two principles, one of structure matching and one of orientation, must be considered in order to maximize the map's usefulness. Indeed, neglect of these can make the map misleading. These principles lead to the following set of recommendations: (1) provide salient, coordinate labels in both the terrain and the map; (2) place the map near an asymmetrical part of the terrain; (3) design the you-are-here symbol to indicate map-terrain correspondence; (4) align the map with the terrain; (5) be redundant, that is, use as many of these supplements as possible.
TL;DR: In this article, a microscopic model of a Josephson junction including dissipative effects, parametrized by ε = ε √ √ 2 √ ε with ϵ −1/ϵ −2 √ ϵ ϵ = √ 1.
Abstract: Quantum fluctuations in a microscopic model of a Josephson junction including dissipative effects, parametrized by $\ensuremath{\eta}=\frac{\ensuremath{\hbar}}{2\ensuremath{\pi}{e}^{2}R}$ with $R$ the resistance, are discussed. It is shown that the parameter space divides sharply into two regions: One in which scaling trajectories lead to a vanishing mean tunneling rate at $T=0$ and the other in which they do not.
TL;DR: In this article, the single-crystal elastic moduli of stishovite have been determined experimentally from measured Brillouin scattering spectra and the estimated aggregate (Voigt-Reuss-Hill) adiabatic moduli are K = 3.16 ± 0.04 in units of mbar.
Abstract: The single-crystal elastic moduli of stishovite have been determined experimentally from measured Brillouin scattering spectra. They are C11 = 4.53 ± 0.04, C33 = 7.76 ± 0.05; C44 = 2.52 ± 0.02, C66 = 3.02 ± 0.03; and C12 = 2.11 ± 0.05, C13 = 2.03 ± 0.04 in units of mbar. The estimated aggregate (Voigt-Reuss-Hill) adiabatic moduli are K = 3.16 ± 0.04 and μ = 2.20 ± .03 mbar. Previous values of the isothermal bulk modulus, obtained from hydrostatic compression experiments, are in agreement with the Reuss value of KT = 3.06 ± .04 mbar (as corrected to isothermal conditions). Taken together, these results suggest that the pressure derivative of the bulk modulus for stishovite is low relative to other rutile structure oxides.
TL;DR: In this article, the SU(2) self-dual Yang-Mills equation was shown to pass the Painleve test for complete integrability, which is the state-of-the-art result.
TL;DR: Immune clearing experiments were employed to demonstrate that this monoclonal antibody detects the same Elb-58Kd antigen observed previously with polyclonal antisera from hamsters bearing adenovirus-induced tumors.
TL;DR: The psychophysical evaluation techniques described in the Pain Perception Profile can provide behavioral clinicians with more reliable and objective information about the pain experience.
TL;DR: In this article, a method for investigating the behavioral sequences used in forming dominance hierarchies is presented, and the results suggest that hierarchy formation can be best viewed as a developmental process where preceding dominance interactions influence succeeding ones.
Abstract: A method for investigating the behavioral sequences used in forming dominance hierarchies is presented. There are four possible sequences for the formation of the first two dominance relationships in groups of three individuals (triads). Designating the winner in the first relationship formed as the initial dominant, the loser as the initial subordinate, and the animal not involved as the bystander, the four possible sequences are: (1) the initial dominants goes on to dominate the bystander (Double Dominance), (2) the bystander later dominates the initial subordinate (Double Subordinance), (3) the bystander later dominates the initial dominant (Bystander Dominates Initial Dominant), and (4) the initial subordinate later dominates the bystander (Initial Subordinate Dominates Bystander). Although each sequence has an equal probability of occurrence if dominance relationships are formed randomly, two of the sequences have different implications for the formation of the empirically common linear and near linear hierarchies than the other two. Linear and near linear hierarchies are, by definition, composed of all or nearly all triads with transitive dominance relationships (A dominates B, B dominates C, and A dominates C), while hierarchies far from linearity have many triads with intransitive relationships (A dominates B, B dominates C, and C dominates A). Double Dominance and Double Subordinance sequences guarantee the formation of triads with transitive dominance relationships, but the other two sequences can give triads with either transitive or intransitive relationships. Linear and near lincar hierarchies are ensured, therefore, by a preponderance of Double Dominance and Double Subordinance sequences in the component triads of larger groups. In an application of the method developed, sequences of dominance relationships formed in groups of three and four chickens were analyzed. In both experiments Double Dominance and Double Subordinance composed the overwhelming majority of all sequences - 91 % in triads and 87 % in tetrads. A further set of results indicated that intransitive relationships were common in "constructed" triads where chickens met only as component pairs and not in "real" triads where all three met together at the same time. These results suggest that hierarchy formation can be best viewed as a developmental process where preceding dominance interactions influence succeeding ones. This view was characterized as the "jigsaw puzzle" model of hierarchy formation, and it was contrasted with the more classical approach of explaining hierarchy structures by differences in the individual characteristics of group members. Many species beside chickens form linear and near linear hierarchies, and it was hypothesized that Double Dominance and Double Subordinance sequences also compose the majority of sequence occurrences in many of these species. The data available for other species were reviewed and offered tentative support for the hypothesis.
TL;DR: In general, Y(X) is the scissors congruence group of polytopes in the space X. Unless stated explicitly, the group of motions of X is understood to be the groups of all isometries of X as discussed by the authors.
TL;DR: In their dimensions and overall pattern, these anatomical stripes resemble the 2‐deoxyglucose (2‐DG) bands resulting from visual stimulation of tree shrews with stripes of a single orientation, raising the intriguing possibility that they may be related to orientation selectivity.
Abstract: The intrinsic connectivity of striate cortex was investigated by injecting horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into this area in tree shrews. Such HRP injections demonstrated periodically organized, stripelike connections within area 17. These stripes occur in layers I-IIIA and consist of a small number or retrogradely filled neurons, some clearly pyramidal, together with HRP-labeled axon terminals. HRP-filled axons trunks run between labeled stripes, interconnecting adjacent and distant regions of the stripe pattern. Correlation with Golgi-stained tissue suggests that these stripes are horizontally interconnected by pyramidal neurons with long intracortical axon collaterals (followed for distances over 1 mm from the soma). The HRP-labeled strips measure about 230 micrometers in width, with a center-to-center repeat distance of 450--500 micrometers. They have been mapped over an 8 mm2 area of striate cortex and would thus seem capable of effecting lateral interactions over considerable portions of the retinotopic map. In their dimensions and overall pattern, these anatomical stripes resemble the 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) bands resulting from visual stimulation of trees shrews with stripes of a single orientation. While the functional role of the HRP-labeled stripes is unclear, their similarities with the 2-DG pattern raise the intriguing possibility that they may be related to orientation selectivity. The striking regularity of these extensive lateral interconnections emphasizes the importance of horizontal intralaminar connections within the cortex.
TL;DR: The skeleton represents a mosaic of primitive and derived features, indicating an early hominid which walked bipedally and could fabricate stone tools but also retained the generalized hominoid capacity to climb trees.
Abstract: Olduvai hominid (OH) fossils 7, 8, and 35 represent the earliest species of the genus Homo dated at 176 million years The OH 7 hand, jaw, and skull and the OH 8 foot come from one subadult individual, and the OH 35 leg are also those of Homo habilis The skeleton represents a mosaic of primitive and derived features, indicating an early hominid which walked bipedally and could fabricate stone tools but also retained the generalized hominoid capacity to climb trees