Showing papers by "University of Arkansas published in 1998"
TL;DR: The authors provide meta-analyses of 54 empirical studies of board composition (159 samples, n = 40,160) and 31 empirical studies on board leadership structure and their relationship to firm financial performance.
Abstract: Careful review of extant research addressing the relationships between board composition, board leadership structure, and firm financial performance demonstrates little consistency in results. In general, neither board composition nor board leadership structure has been consistently linked to firm financial performance. In response to these findings, we provide metaanalyses of 54 empirical studies of board composition (159 samples, n = 40,160) and 31 empirical studies of board leadership structure (69 samples, n= 12,915) and their relationships to firm financial performance. These—and moderator analyses relying on firm size, the nature of the financial performance indicator, and various operationalizations of board composition— provide little evidence of systematic governance structure/financial performance relationships. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
2,289 citations
TL;DR: An in-depth review of the different methods available for assessing the construct validity of measures used in empirical research drew upon empirical research in the operations management area of manufacturing flexibility.
1,159 citations
TL;DR: There is a growing body of research showing that the methods used by an organization to manage its human resources can have a substantial impact on many organizationally relevant outcomes as mentioned in this paper, however, there is still little understanding of the mechanisms through which HRM practices influence effectiveness.
995 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a cross-level field study, involving 187 employees from 35 groups in 20 organizations, examined how individuals' antisocial behaviors at work are shaped by the antisocial behavior of their cowor...
Abstract: This cross-level field study, involving 187 employees from 35 groups in 20 organizations, examined how individuals' antisocial behaviors at work are shaped by the antisocial behavior of their cowor...
820 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the effects of human resource management practices on quit rates and discharge rates at the organizational level in the trucking industry, and found that human resources management practices predict quit rates, but the determinants of each are quite different.
Abstract: Although there are many individual-level models of turnover, little research has examined the effects of human resource management practices on quit rates and discharge rates at the organizational level. This study used organization-level data from 227 organizations in the trucking industry to explore this issue. Results show that human resource management practices predict quit rates and discharge rates but that the determinants of each are quite different. Implications are derived and directions for future research suggested.
792 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the relationship of financial incentives to performance quality and quantity is cumulated over 39 studies containing 47 relationships, and financial incentives were not related to quality but had a corrected correlation of 1.34 with performance quantity.
Abstract: The relationship of financial incentives to performance quality and quantity is cumulated over 39 studies containing 47 relationships. Financial incentives were not related to performance quality but had a corrected correlation of.34 with performance quantity. Setting (laboratory, field, experimental simulation) and theoretical framework moderated the relationship, but task type did not.
744 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors propose a set of consistency conditions which frontier efficiency measures should meet to be most useful for regulatory analysis or other purposes, and provide evidence on these conditions by evaluating and comparing estimates of U.S. bank efficiency from variants of all four of the major approaches.
710 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a measure of consumers' attitude toward private label brands is developed, and its psychometric properties are assessed, and predictions are then tested regarding relationships between private label attitude and latent perceptual and sales promotion constructs, and purchase behaviors measured in a field setting.
Abstract: A measure of consumers’ attitude toward private label brands is developed, and its psychometric properties are assessed. Predictions are then tested regarding relationships between private label attitude and (1) latent perceptual and sales promotion constructs, and (2) purchase behaviors measured in a field setting. The measure is positively related to value consciousness, deal proneness, and smart-shopper self-perceptions, and negatively related to the propensity to be brand loyal and hold price-quality perceptions. Predictive validity of the private label measure is supported by a positive relationship with private label purchases from a grocery store shopping trip. Despite a positive relationship between the latent constructs of private label attitude and deal proneness, the consumer segment that allocated a high percentage of total purchases to private label products made fewer purchases on sale or with a coupon. These findings suggest that consumers may choose between price-related deals and private label purchases.
548 citations
TL;DR: In this article, an alternative approach to the derivation of scaled quantum mechanical (SQM) force fields involving the direct scaling of individual primitive valence force constants from a full set of redundant valence coordinates is presented.
Abstract: We present an alternative approach to the derivation of scaled quantum mechanical (SQM) force fields involving the direct scaling of individual primitive valence force constants from a full set of redundant valence coordinates. Our approach is completely general and more flexible than previous SQM schemes. Optimal scaling factors for various primitive stretching, bending, and torsional force constants are derived from a training set of 30 molecules containing C, O, N, H, and Cl and used to scale force constants for a further 30 molecules. Calculated vibrational frequencies are compared with experimental values for over 1500 fundamentals. Using the hybrid three-parameter B3-LYP density functional with the split-valence 6-31G* basis set, our scaling procedure gives an average error of less than 8.5 cm-1 in the scaled frequencies. The average percentage error is under 1%.
492 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the strongest ENSO signal was detected in tree-ring data worldwide and used to reconstruct the winter Southern Oscillation index (SOI) from 1706 to 1977.
Abstract: Exactly dated tree-ring chronologies from ENSO-sensitive regions in subtropical North America and Indonesia together register the strongest ENSO signal yet detected in tree-ring data worldwide and have been used to reconstruct the winter Southern Oscillation index (SOI) from 1706 to 1977. This reconstruction explains 53% of the variance in the instrumental winter SOI during the boreal cool season (December-February) and was verified in the time, space, and frequency domains by comparisons with independent instrumental SOI and sea surface temperature (SST) data. The large-scale SST anomaly patterns associated with ENSO in the equatorial and North Pacific during the 1879-1977 calibration period are reproduced in detail by this reconstruction. Cross-spectral analyses indicate that the reconstruction reproduces over 70% of the instrumental winter SOI variance at periods between 3.5 and 5.6 yr, and over 88% in the 4-yr frequency band. Oscillatory modes of variance identified with singular spectrum ana...
376 citations
TL;DR: The purpose of this article is to present an overview of various signal-processing techniques that have been used for cochlear prosthesis over 25 years.
Abstract: A prosthetic device, called a cochlear implant, can be implanted in the inner ear and can restore partial hearing to profoundly deaf people. Some individuals with implants can now communicate without lip-reading or signing, and some can communicate over the telephone. The success of cochlear implants can be attributed to the combined efforts of scientists from various disciplines including bioengineering, physiology, otolaryngology, speech science, and signal processing. Each of these disciplines contributed to various aspects of the design of cochlear prostheses. Signal processing, in particular, played an important role in the development of different techniques for deriving electrical stimuli from the speech signal. Designers of cochlear prosthesis were faced with the challenge of developing signal-processing techniques that would mimic the function of a normal cochlea. The purpose of this article is to present an overview of various signal-processing techniques that have been used for cochlear prosthesis over 25 years. The signal-processing strategies described are only a subset of the many that have been developed for cochlear prosthesis.
TL;DR: The relationship between a firm's board and its CEO's compensation has focused primarily on the composition of the board-at-large, but it may be the nature of the company itself as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Extant research examining the relationship between a firm's board and its CEO's compensation has focused primarily on the composition of the board-at-large. However, it may be the nature of the com...
TL;DR: Although considerable research exists on consumer processing of nutrition labeling and package claims, less is known about consumer interpretation of nutrient content claims in advertising as discussed by the authors, which is the most relevant work to ours.
Abstract: Although considerable research exists on consumer processing of nutrition labeling and package claims, less is known about consumer interpretation of nutrient content claims in advertising. This is...
TL;DR: The study identifies acteristics that are associated with and may influence the ethical behavior intention of information systems employees when faced with ethical dilemmas and shows that individual and situational characteristics do influenceethical behavior intention.
Abstract: Misuse of computer information systems has caused significant losses to business and society, even though computing has benefited both businesses and professionals. To this end, several measures have been suggested that both prevent and deter losses. One deterrent measure is to identify individual and situational characteristics of people who act ethically/ unethically. This study identifies specific charIlzak Benbasat was the accepting senior editor for this paper. acteristics that are associated with and may influence the ethical behavior intention of information systems employees when faced with ethical dilemmas. The results of the study show that individual and situational characteristics do influence ethical behavior intention.
TL;DR: Tannins can theoretically serve as natural regulators of the microbial population in different habitats including the human gastrointestinal tract and the intake of a small quantity of the right kind of tannins may be beneficial to human health.
Abstract: Vegetable tannins are water-soluble polyphenols that are present in many plant foods. They can be divided into hydrolysable and condensed tannins. Tannins are considered nutritionally undesirable because they precipitate proteins, inhibit digestive enzymes and affect the utilization of vitamins and minerals. Tannin components have also been implicated in the high levels of cheek and oesophageal cancers in certain regions of the world. However, many tannin molecules have been reported to reduce the mutagenicity of a number of mutagens. Tannins were also reported to have anticarcinogenic activity. The growth of fungi, bacteria, and viruses has been inhibited by tannins. Tannins in food plants serve as a natural defence mechanism against microbial infections. Thus, tannins can theoretically serve as natural regulators of the microbial population in different habitats including the human gastrointestinal tract. Tannins have also been reported to produce other physiological effects such as immune response, hepatotoxicity and lipid metabolism. Ingestion of large quantities of tannins may result in adverse health effects. However, the intake of a small quantity of the right kind of tannins may be beneficial to human health.
TL;DR: In this paper, a theory for studying electromagnetically induced grating (EIG) in a homogeneously broadened medium consisting of three-level \ensuremath{\Lambda}-type atoms was developed.
Abstract: A strong coupling standing wave, interacting with three-level \ensuremath{\Lambda}-type (or ladder-type) atoms, can diffract a weak probe field (propagating along a direction normal to the standing wave) into high-order diffractions, a phenomenon which we name electromagnetically induced grating (EIG). We develop in this work a theory for studying EIG in a homogeneously broadened medium consisting of three-level \ensuremath{\Lambda}-type atoms. We show that by taking advantage of the absorption and dispersion properties of electromagnetically induced transparency one can create an atomic grating that can effectively diffract light into the first-order direction.
TL;DR: The finding that mammography with or without clinical breast examination can reduce breast cancer mortality by 25-30% has prompted several countries to introduce routine screening on a population basis.
Abstract: The finding that mammography with or without clinical breast examination can reduce breast cancer mortality by 25-30% has prompted several countries to introduce routine screening on a population basis. The International Breast Cancer Screening Network (IBSN) conducted surveys in 1990 and 1995 to yield international data on the policies funding and administration of national regional or pilot population-based screening programs. Comparison of the results of the two surveys revealed several changes from 1990 to 1995. The number of countries (primarily European) that have established or plan to launch breast cancer screening programs increased from 9 to 22. There has been a trend toward raising the lower age limit for mammography screening from 40 to 50 years with a 2-year interval between screenings. Also noted was more widespread use of the clinical breast examination and breast self-examination as additional detection methods. Countries with centralized systems for policy funding and administration were more likely to have achieved complete population coverage than those with decentralized systems. The IBSN is shifting its focus from generating an international database to developing methodologies for the evaluation of mammography screening outcomes.
TL;DR: In this article, a method to recover silica from rice hull ash and produce silica gel, and to determine the physical and chemical properties of the rice hull silica Gel (RHSG) relative to Trisyl 300, was developed.
Abstract: Rice hulls, a waste coproduct of the rice industry, is composed of 20% silica. The objectives of this study were to develop a method to recover silica from rice hull ash and produce silica gel, and to determine the physical and chemical properties of the rice hull silica gel (RHSG) relative to Trisyl 300, a commercial silica gel. Rice hull ash consisting of 61% silica and 36% carbon was dispersed in sodium hydroxide to dissolve the silica and produce a sodium silicate solution. The latter was titrated to pH 7 with 1M sulfuric acid to obtain a gel at neutral pH. The RHSG was aged, washed, and dried under specific conditions to get a final product that was slightly basic and had a moisture content >65%. Energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry indicated that silicon was the most abundant element present in RHSG and Trisyl 300. Elemental analyses by inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy indicated a greater concentration of sodium and sulfur in RHSG relative to that in Trisyl 300. RHSG surface...
TL;DR: In this paper, protein peptides that were prepared from soy protein isolates by papain modification and ultra-filtration were compared to the peptides in the retentate and hydrolysate.
Abstract: Peptide size control is important for obtaining desirable functional properties so that these peptides can be better utilized. Proteolytic enzymatic modification of soy protein isolates (SPI), followed by ultrafiltration, is an effective way to fractionate these proteins into peptides with controlled molecular size. SPI was predenatured by mild alkali at pH 10 and heated at 50°C for 1 h prior to partial hydrolysis by papain at pH 7.0 and 38°C for 10, 30, and 60 min (PMSPI10, PMSPI30, and PMSPI60). The hydrolysate PMSPI60 was further fractionated by ultrafiltration with a stirred cell and disc membranes (100-, 50-, and 20-kDa molecular weight cut-off) into one retentate (R100) and three permeates (P100, P50, and P20). Molecular weight distribution, surface hydrophobicity (S0), protein solubility (PS), emulsifying activity index (EAI), and emulsion stability index (ESI) of the control SPI (without added papain), hydrolysates, and ultrafiltrates were investigated. Significant increases (P<0.001) in S0, PS, EAI, and ESI were observed in the hydrolysates. Peptides in the permeates had higher PS and EAI but lower S0 than the peptides in the retentate and hydrolysate. Soy protein peptides that were prepared from SPI by papain modification and ultrafiltration had lower molecular weight, higher solubility, and higher emulsifying properties. They could find use in products that require these properties, especially in the cosmetic and health food industries.
TL;DR: Tree-ring data from Virginia indicate that the Lost Colony of Roanoke Island disappeared during the most extreme drought in 800 years and that the alarming mortality and the near abandonment of Jamestown Colony occurred during the driest 7-year episode in 770 years.
Abstract: Tree-ring data from Virginia indicate that the Lost Colony of Roanoke Island disappeared during the most extreme drought in 800 years (1587-1589) and that the alarming mortality and the near abandonment of Jamestown Colony occurred during the driest 7-year episode in 770 years (1606-1612). These extraordinary droughts can now be implicated in the fate of the Lost Colony and in the appalling death rate during the early occupations at Jamestown, the first permanent English settlement in America.
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of a series of hydrophobic polypeptides (WALP peptides) on bilayer thickness was investigated using 2H NMR and ESR techniques.
Abstract: We have investigated the effect of a series of hydrophobic polypeptides (WALP peptides) on the mean hydrophobic thickness of (chain-perdeuterated) phosphatidylcholines (PCs) with different acyl chain length, using 2H NMR and ESR techniques. The WALP peptides are uncharged and consist of a sequence with variable length of alternating leucine and alanine, flanked on both sides by two tryptophans, and with the N- and C-termini blocked, e.g., FmAW2(LA)nW2AEtn. 2H NMR measurements showed that the shortest peptide with a total length of 16 amino acids (WALP16) causes an increase of 0.6 A in bilayer thickness in di-C12-PC, a smaller increase in di-C14-PC, no effect in di-C16-PC, and a decrease of 0.4 A in di-C18-PC, which was the largest decrease observed in any of the peptide/lipid systems. The longest peptide, WALP19, in di-C12-PC caused the largest increase in thickness of the series (+1.4 A), which decreased again for longer lipids toward di-C18-PC, in which no effect was noticed. WALP17 displayed an influence intermediate between that of WALP16 and WALP19. Altogether, incorporation of the WALP peptides was found to result in small but very systematic changes in bilayer thickness and area per lipid molecule, depending on the difference in hydrophobic length between the peptide and the lipid bilayer in the liquid-crystalline phase. ESR measurements with spin-labeled lipid probes confirmed this result. Because thickness is expected to be influenced most at the lipids directly adjacent to the peptides, also the maximal adaptation of these first-shell lipids was estimated. The calculation was based on the assumption that there is little or no aggregation of the WALP peptides, as was supported by ESR, and that lipid exchange is rapid on the 2H NMR time scale. It was found that even the maximal possible changes in first-shell lipid length were relatively small and represented only a partial response to mismatch. The synthetic WALP peptides are structurally related to the gramicidin channel, which was therefore used for comparison. In most lipid systems, gramicidin proved to be a stronger perturber of bilayer thickness than WALP19, although its length should approximate that of the shorter WALP16. The effects of gramicidin and WALP peptides on bilayer thickness were evaluated with respect to previous 31P NMR studies on the effects of these peptides on macroscopic lipid phase behavior. Both approaches indicate that, in addition to the effective hydrophobic length, also the physical nature of the peptide surface is a modulator of lipid order.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors conduct an empirical investigation of the relationship between information asymmetry and earnings management and find a systematic relationship between the magnitude of information asymmetric as measured by bid-ask spreads and analyst forecast dispersion and the level of earnings management in both a broad sample setting and in a time specific setting around seasoned equity offerings.
Abstract: This paper conducts an empirical investigation of the relationship between information asymmetry and earnings management predicted by Dye (1988) and Trueman and Titman (1988). When information asymmetry is high, stakeholders do not have sufficient resources, incentives, or access to relevant information to monitor manager's actions, which gives rise to the practice of earnings management (Schipper (1989) and Warfield et al. (1995)). Empirical results suggest a systematic relationship between the magnitude of information asymmetry as measured by bid-ask spreads and analyst forecast dispersion and the level of earnings management in both a broad sample setting and in a time-specific setting around seasoned equity offerings.
TL;DR: Based on current evidence, it appears that parasitism arose, from mycophagous ancestors, a single time within the hymenopteran order, and apparently evolved independently more than once.
Abstract: ▪ Abstract Recent studies of hymenopteran phylogeny using both comparative morphology and DNA sequence data have greatly enhanced our understanding of the evolution of that order. Resulting phylogenetic hypotheses make possible more rigorous investigations of the evolution of various biological life-styles, among them the parasitoid habit. This paper reviews the current findings from higher-taxon phylogenetic analyses of the order. A “consensus” phylogeny derived from these findings is used to trace the most likely evolutionary pathways leading to the current diversity of parasitoid habits. Taxa and biological phenomena for which our current understanding is fragmentary are highlighted. Based on current evidence, it appears that parasitism arose, from mycophagous ancestors, a single time within the order. Many subsequent elaborations of the parasitic mode of life (e.g. endoparasitism, secondary phytophagy, etc) apparently evolved independently more than once.
01 Feb 1998
TL;DR: This work presents a new optimal control approach to robust control of robot manipulators in the framework of Lin (1997), and illustrates this approach using a two-joint SCARA type robot, whose robust control is obtained by solving an algebraic Riccati equation.
Abstract: We present a new optimal control approach to robust control of robot manipulators in the framework of Lin (1997). Due to the unknown load placed on a manipulator and the other uncertainties in the manipulator dynamics, it is important to design a robust control law that will guarantee the performance of the manipulator under these uncertainties. To solve this robust control problem, we first translate the robust control problem into an optimal control problem, where the uncertainties are reflected in the performance index. We then use the optimal control approach to solve the robust control problem. We show that the solution to the optimal control problem is indeed a solution to the robust control problem. We illustrate this approach using a two-joint SCARA type robot, whose robust control is obtained by solving an algebraic Riccati equation.
TL;DR: Back massage is useful for promoting sleep in critically ill older men with a cardiovascular illness who were hospitalized in a critical care unit and initial analysis showed a significant difference among the 3 groups in sleep efficiency index.
Abstract: Background Critically ill patients are deprived of sleep and its potential healing qualities, although many receive medications to promote sleep. No one has adequately evaluated holistic nonpharmacological techniques designed to promote sleep in critical care practice. Objectives To determine the effects of (1) a back massage and (2) combined muscle relaxation, mental imagery, and a music audiotape on the sleep of older men with a cardiovascular illness who were hospitalized in a critical care unit. Methods Sixty-nine subjects were randomly assigned to a 6-minute back massage (n=24); a teaching session on relaxation and a 7.5-minute audiotape at bedtime consisting of muscle relaxation, mental imagery, and relaxing background music (n=28); or the usual nursing care (controls, n=17). Polysomnography was used to measure 1 night of sleep for each patients. Sleep efficiency index was the primary variable of interest. One-way analysis of variance was used to test for difference in the index among the 3 groups. Results Descriptive statistics showed improved quality of sleep among the back-massage group. Initial analysis showed a significant difference among the 3 groups in sleep efficiency index. Post hoc testing with the Duncan procedure indicated a significant difference between the back-massage group and the control group; patients in the back-massage group slept more than 1 hour long than patients in the control group. However, the variance was significantly different among the 3 groups, and reanalysis of data with only 17 subjects in each group revealed no difference among groups (P=.06). Conclusions Back massage is useful for promoting sleep in critically ill older men.
TL;DR: Leaf photosynthesis and stable carbon isotope composition in response to potassium (K) deficiency was determined with cotton as mentioned in this paper, where the plants were grown in sand-filled 8-l pots under two K treatments in a growth chamber at the Altheimer Laboratory in Fayetteville, Arkansas. At 14 days after planting, the treatments were established consisting of (1) continued complete nutrient solution, and (2) nutrient solution containing no K.
TL;DR: This paper examined the influence of agency costs and ownership concentration on the capital structure of the firm and found that the distribution of equity ownership is important in explaining overall capital structure and that managers do reduce the level of debt as their own wealth is increasingly tied to the firm.
Abstract: This study examines the influence of agency costs and ownership concentration on the capital structure of the firm. Of particular interest is the composition of equity ownership as a determinant of overall capital structure and the dynamic adjustment of capital structure to changes in the equity ownership. Results indicate that the distribution of equity ownership is important in explaining overall capital structure and that managers do reduce the level of debt as their own wealth is increasingly tied to the firm. It is also noted that the time-series component is important in resolving the conflicting results reported in prior research.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used both sensory and instrumental texture proJle analysis (TPA) techniques to evaluate twenty-one food samples from a wide variety of foods to study texture relationships.
Abstract: Texture relationships were studied using both sensory and instrumental texture proJle analysis (TPA) techniques to evaluate twenty-one food samples from a wide variety of foods. High linear correlations were found between sensory and instrumental TPA parameters for hardness (r = 0.76) and springiness (r = 0.83). No sign@cant correlations were found between sensory and instrumental TPA parameters for cohesiveness and chewiness. Logarithmic transfonnations of data
TL;DR: Aqueous solutions of 5% and 10% trisodium phosphate (TSP), 0.1% and 0.5% cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), 1% and 2% lactic acid (LA) and grapefruit seed extract (DF-100) were evaluated in prechill spraying for reducing Salmonella typhimurium attached on chicken skins.
TL;DR: In this article, the isotope data indicate that interactions of seasonal moisture, temperature, and lowered atmospheric pCO2determined glacial-age C4abundance patterns.