Showing papers by "University of Queensland published in 1994"
TL;DR: With the explicit recognition of the genetic component of biodiversity in conservation legislation of many countries and in the Convention on Biological Diversity, the ESU concept is set to become increasingly significant for conservation of natural as well as captive populations.
Abstract: writing in the first issue of TREE, Ryder’ brought the term ‘Evolutionarily Significant Unit’ (ESU) to the attention of a broad audience of ecologists and evolutionary biologists. The ESU concept was developed to provide a rational basis for prioritizing taxa for conservation effort (e.g. captive breeding), given that resources are limited and that existing taxonomy may not adequately reflect underlying genetic diversity*. With the explicit recognition of the genetic component of biodiversity in conservation legislation of many countries and in the Convention on Biological Diversity, the ESU concept is set to become increasingly significant for conservation of natural as well as captive populations.
3,130 citations
TL;DR: C‐myc expression has been shown to be involved in the initiation of apoptosis in some situations, and bcl‐2 has emerged as a new type of proto‐oncogene that inhibits apoptosis, rather than stimulating mitosis.
Abstract: Apoptosis is a distinct mode of cell death that is responsible for deletion of cells in normal tissues; it also occurs in specific pathologic contexts. Morphologically, it involves rapid condensation and budding of the cell, with the formation of membrane-enclosed apoptotic bodies containing well-preserved organelles, which are phagocytosed and digested by nearby resident cells. There is no associated inflammation. A characteristic biochemical feature of the process is double-strand cleavage of nuclear DNA at the linker regions between nucleosomes leading to the production of oligonucleosomal fragments. In many, although not all of the circumstances in which apoptosis occurs, it is suppressed by inhibitors of messenger RNA and protein synthesis. Apoptosis occurs spontaneously in malignant tumors, often markedly retarding their growth, and it is increased in tumors responding to irradiation, cytotoxic chemotherapy, heating and hormone ablation. However, much of the current interest in the process stems from the discovery that it can be regulated by certain proto-oncogenes and the p53 tumor suppressor gene. Thus, c-myc expression has been shown to be involved in the initiation of apoptosis in some situations, and bcl-2 has emerged as a new type of proto-oncogene that inhibits apoptosis, rather than stimulating mitosis. In p53-negative tumor-derived cell lines transfected with wild-type p53, induction of the gene has, in rare cases, been found to cause extensive apoptosis, instead of growth arrest. Finally, the demonstration that antibodies against a cell-surface protein designated APO-1 or Fas can enhance apoptosis in some human lymphoid cell lines may have therapeutic implications.
2,157 citations
TL;DR: There are some relatively straightforward uses of mtDNA, preferably in conjunction with assays of nuclear variation, that can make a significant contribution to the long‐term planning and short‐term execution of species recovery plans.
Abstract: Patterns of variation in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) increasingly are being investigated in threatened or managed species, but not always with clearly defined goals for conservation. In this review I identify uses of mtDNA analysis which fall into two different areas: (i) ‘gene conservation’ - the identification and management of genetic diversity, and (ii) ‘molecular ecology’ - the use of mtDNA variation to guide and assist demographic studies of populations. These two classes of application have different conceptual bases, conservation goals and time-frames. Gene conservation makes extensive use of phylogenetic information and is, in general, most relevant to long-term planning. Appropriate uses here include identification of Evolutionarily Significant Units and assessment of conservation priority of taxa or areas from an evolutionary perspective. Less appropriate are inferences about fitness from within-population diversity and about species boundaries. Molecular ecology makes more use of allele frequencies and provides information useful for short-term management of populations. Powerful applications are to identify Management Units and to define and use naturally occurring genetic tags. Estimating demographic parameters, e.g migration rate and population size, from patterns of mtDNA diversity is fraught with difficulty, particularly where populations are fluctuating, and is unlikely to produce quantitative estimates sufficiently accurate to be useful for practical management of contemporary populations. However, through comparative studies, mtDNA analysis can provide qualitative signals of population changes, allowing efficient targeting of resource-intensive ecological studies. Thus, there are some relatively straightforward uses of mtDNA, preferably in conjunction with assays of nuclear variation, that can make a significant contribution to the long-term planning and short-term execution of species recovery plans.
784 citations
TL;DR: A cattle genetic linkage map was constructed which marks about 90% of the expected length of the cattle genome and shows as many differences in gene order compared to humans as is found between humans and mice.
Abstract: A cattle genetic linkage map was constructed which marks about 90% of the expected length of the cattle genome. Over 200 DNA polymorphisms were genotyped in cattle families which comprise 295 individuals in full sibling pedigrees. One hundred and seventy-one loci were found linked to one other locus. Twenty nine of the 30 chromosome pairs are represented by at least one of the 36 linkage groups. Less than a 50 cM difference was found in the male and female genetic maps. The conserved loci on this map show as many differences in gene order compared to humans as is found between humans and mice. The conservation is consistent with the patterns of karyotypic evolution found in the rodents, primates and artiodactyls. This map will be important for localizing quantitative trait loci and provides a basis for further mapping.
552 citations
TL;DR: A general theory of quantum-limited feedback for continuously monitored systems is presented, based on quantum measurement theory and Hamiltonian system-bath interactions, and a simple deterministic Markovian master equation can be derived from either approach.
Abstract: A general theory of quantum-limited feedback for continuously monitored systems is presented. Two approaches are used, one based on quantum measurement theory and one on Hamiltonian system-bath interactions. The former gives rise to a stochastic non-Markovian evolution equation for the density operator, and the latter a non-Markovian quantum Langevin equation. In the limit that the time delay in the feedback loop is negligible, a simple deterministic Markovian master equation can be derived from either approach. Two special cases of interest are treated: feedback mediated by optical homodyne detection and self-excited quantum point processes.
505 citations
TL;DR: In situ proton microprobe analyses are used to calculate partition coefficients (D ) for Mn, Fe, Cu, Zr, Ga, Rb, Sr, Y, Zn, Ba and Pb, and more restricted data for Ni, Ge, Nb and As, in pyroxenes, olivines, biotites, hornblendes, feldspars and Fe-Ti-oxides, from 32 volcanic rocks as mentioned in this paper.
469 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, confirmatory modeling was used to test models of situational and individual influences on women's and men's managerial advancement and found that although an overall model fitted the data well, separate models f...
Abstract: Confirmatory modeling was used to test models of situational and individual influences on women's and men's managerial advancement. Although an overall model fitted the data well, separate models f...
469 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the capacity of a communication channel is the maximum rate at which information can be transmitted without error from the channel's input to its output, i.e., the time it takes to decode the information from the input to the output.
Abstract: The capacity C of a communication channel is the maximum rate at which information can be transmitted without error from the channel's input to its output. The authors review quantum limits on the capacity that can be achieved with linear bosonic communication channels that have input power P. The limits arise ultimately from the Einstein relation that a field quantum at frequency f has energy E=hf. A single linear bosonic channel corresponds to a single transverse mode of the bosonic field i.e., to a particular spatial dependence in the plane orthogonal to the propagation direction and to a particular spin state or polarization. For a single channel the maximum communication rate is CWB=( ln 2)2P3h bits/s. This maximum rate can be achieved by a "number-state channel," in which information is encoded in the number of quanta in the bosonic field and in which this information is recovered at the output by counting quanta. Derivations of the optimum capacity CWB are reviewed. Until quite recently all derivations assumed, explicitly or implicitly, a number-state channel. They thus left open the possibility that other techniques for encoding information on the bosonic field, together with other ways of detecting the field at the output, might lead to a greater communication rate. The authors present their own general derivation of the single-channel capacity upper bound, which applies to any physically realizable technique for encoding information on the bosonic field and to any physically realizable detection scheme at the output. They also review the capacities of coherent communication channels that encode information in coherent states and in quadrature-squeezed states. A three-dimensional bosonic channel can employ many transverse modes as parallel single channels. An upper bound on the information flux that can be transferred down parallel bosonic channels is derived.
378 citations
TL;DR: There was evidence that stable factors did influence coping behavior and that the latter effects were dependent on cross-situational consistency in event type and levels of stress.
Abstract: A longitudinal study of 243 students was conducted to examine the stable and situational influences on coping. At Time 1, measures of coping in response to a recent event (initial coping) and coping resources were obtained. At Time 2 (4 weeks later), Ss described an event (coded for event type) they were currently experiencing. Situational appraisals were also assessed. At Time 3 (2 weeks later), Ss' coping responses to the event were assessed. There was evidence that stable factors did influence coping behavior. Coping resources accounted for a significant proportion of variance in each of the measures of coping (except cautiousness), as did initial coping. There was evidence that the latter effects were dependent on cross-situational consistency in event type and levels of stress. After controlling for the stable influences, situational factors (situation type and situational appraisals) influenced the type of coping used.
353 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a study was undertaken to assess the utility of revisions to the theories of reasoned actiodplanned behavior in the context of HIV-preventive behaviors, which incorporated the addition of group norm (behavioral norm and group attitude) to the nonnative component of the reasoned action model and the distinction among three aspects (selfefficacy, perceived behavioral control, and planning) of the control component of planned behavior.
Abstract: A study was undertaken to assess the utility of revisions to the theories of reasoned actiodplanned behavior in the context of HIV-preventive behaviors. Revisions to the models incorporated the addition of group norm (behavioral norm and group attitude) to the nonnative component of the reasoned action model and the distinction among three aspects (self-efficacy, perceived behavioral control, and planning) of the control component of the theory of planned behavior. Respondents were 2 11 sexually experienced heterosexual undergraduates. The study employed a longitudinal design, with the proposed predictors of performing the behaviors under consideration (using a condom every time you have sexual intercourse during the next month and discussing whether to use a condom with any new partners during the next month) assessed prior to the measures of reported behavior. Consistent with expectations, group norm emerged as a distinctive predictor (in addition to attitude and subjective norm) of intentions to practice both safer sex behaviors. The data also revealed some support for the distinction among the different measures of control. The results of the study suggest that the normative component of the theories of reasoned action and planned behavior should be revised to incorporate more subtle influences of the referent group and that tests of theory of planned behavior should distinguish among the different aspects of behavioral control.
329 citations
TL;DR: The relevant theoretical relationships between the analysis of variance, indirect selection and pattern analysis methodologies, and their practical implications for the plant breeder interested in assessing the effects of G ×E interaction on the response to selection are outlined.
Abstract: Following the recognition of the importance of dealing with the effects of genotype-by-environment (G ×E) interaction in multi-environment testing of genotypes in plant breeding programs, there has been substantial development in the area of analytical methodology to quantify and describe these interactions Three major areas where there have been developments are the analysis of variance, indirect selection, and pattern analysis methodologies This has resulted in a wide range of analytical methods each with their own advocates There is little doubt that the development of these methodologies has greatly contributed to an enhanced understanding of the magnitude and form ofG ×E interactions and our ability to quantify their presence in a multi-environment experiment However, our understanding of the environmental and physiological bases of the nature ofG ×E interactions in plant breeding has not improved commensurably with the availability of these methodologies This may in part be due to concentration on the statistical aspects of the analytical methodologies rather than on the complementary resolution of the biological basis of the differences in genotypic adaptation observed in plant breeding experiments There are clear relationships between many of the analytical methodologies used for studying genotypic variation andG ×E interaction in plant breeding experiments However, from the numerous discussions on the relative merits of alternative ways of analysingG ×E interactions which can be found in the literature, these relationships do not appear to be widely appreciated This paper outlines the relevant theoretical relationships between the analysis of variance, indirect selection and pattern analysis methodologies, and their practical implications for the plant breeder interested in assessing the effects ofG ×E interaction on the response to selection The variance components estimated from the combined analysis of variance can be used to judge the relative magnitude of genotypic andG ×E interaction variance Where concern is on the effect of lack of correlation among environments, theG ×E interaction component can be partitioned into a component due to heterogeneity of genotypic variance among environments and another due to the lack of correlation among environments In addition, the pooled genetic correlation among all environments can be estimated as the intraclass correlation from the variance components of the combined analysis of variance WhereG ×E interaction accounts for a large proportion of the variation among genotypes, the individual genetic correlations between environments could be investigated rather than the pooled genetic correlation Indirect selection theory can be applied to the case where the same character is measured on the same genotypes in different environments Where there are no correlations of error effects among environments, the phenotypic correlation between environments may be used to investigate indirect response to selection Pattern analysis (classification and ordination) methods based on standardised data can be used to summarise the relationships among environments in terms of the scope to exploit indirect selection With the availability of this range of analytical methodology, it is now possible to investigate the results of more comprehensive experiments which attempt to understand the nature of differences in genotypic adaptation Hence a greater focus of interest on understanding the causes of the interaction can be achieved
TL;DR: Sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA genes of 33 representative strains revealed that all of the strains were closely related to strains which have been sequenced previously and confirmed the phylogenetic diversity of bacteria present in bioleaching environments.
Abstract: A range of autotrophic and heterotrophic enrichment cultures were established to determine the cultural bacterial diversity present in samples obtained from the acidic runoff of a chalcocite overburden heap and from laboratory-scale (1- to 4-liter) batch and continuous bioreactors which were being used for the commercial assessment of the bioleachability of zinc sulfide ore concentrates. Strains identified as Thiobacillus ferrooxidans, Thiobacillus thiooxidans, "Leptospirillum ferrooxidans," and Acidiphilium cryptum were isolated from both the natural site and the batch bioreactor, but only "L. ferrooxidans," a moderately thermophilic strain of T. thiooxidans, and a moderately thermophilic iron-oxidizing bacterium could be recovered from the continuous bioreactor running under steady-state conditions. Sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA genes of 33 representative strains revealed that all of the strains were closely related to strains which have been sequenced previously and also confirmed the phylogenetic diversity of bacteria present in bioleaching environments.
TL;DR: A general LRGF network structure is introduced that includes most of the network architectures that have been proposed to date and indicates some open issues concerning these types of networks.
Abstract: In this paper, we will consider a number of local-recurrent-global-feedforward (LRGF) networks that have been introduced by a number of research groups in the past few years. We first analyze the various architectures, with a view to highlighting their differences. Then we introduce a general LRGF network structure that includes most of the network architectures that have been proposed to date. Finally we will indicate some open issues concerning these types of networks. >
TL;DR: It is shown that the most popular strategy involves an NP-complete problem regarding the minimization of the number of arcs in crossings in a bipartite graph, and an alternative method, the “median” heuristic, is proposed and analyzed.
Abstract: Systems engineers have recently shown interest in algorithms for drawing directed graphs so that they are easy to understand and remember. Each of the commonly used methods has a step which aims to adjust the drawing to decrease the number of arc crossings. We show that the most popular strategy involves an NP-complete problem regarding the minimization of the number of arcs in crossings in a bipartite graph. The performance of the commonly employed “barycenter” heuristic for this problem is analyzed. An alternative method, the “median” heuristic, is proposed and analyzed. The new method is shown to compare favorably with the old in terms of performance guarantees. As a bonus, we show that the median heuristic performs well with regard to the total length of the arcs in the drawing.
TL;DR: Of the 64 families ascertained, 37 represented simplex cases, and, accordingly, the apparent new mutation rate is surprisingly high (14-81%) given the lack of impact of NBCCS on reproductive capabilities.
Abstract: One hundred eighteen cases of nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (NBCCS, Gorlin's syndrome or basal cell nevus syndrome) are presented in this study. In aiming to ascertain all the affected families in Australia, we have examined the largest series to date. Relative frequencies of associated complications are presented and compared with those of the recent English survey by Evans et al. [J Med Genet 30:460-464, 1993]. The frequencies of most manifestations are similar. However, one major difference is that the multiple basal cell carcinomas are manifest from an earlier age in the Australian population, which probably reflects greater exposure to ultraviolet radiation. Of the 64 families ascertained, 37 represented simplex cases, and, accordingly, the apparent new mutation rate is surprisingly high (14-81%) given the lack of impact of NBCCS on reproductive capabilities. There is some evidence to suggest that this may be attributable to anticipation.
TL;DR: The data indicate that, despite the fact that parents and their children do not demonstrate strong agreement, the DSM-III-R childhood anxiety disorders can be reliably diagnosed by pairs of general clinicians using structured interviews.
Abstract: Objective The aim of the study was to examine the interrater and parent-child agreement for the major child anxiety disorders. Method One hundred sixty-one children and their parents underwent a semistructured interview (Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for Children). To increase external validity, clinicians did not receive specific, extensive training in diagnosing anxiety disorders apart from their standard qualifications. The design of the study allowed for calculation of agreement between raters based on information obtained from the parents alone, from the child alone, or through combined information from both the parents and child, and for calculation of agreement between information obtained from the parents and information obtained from the child. Results Levels of interrater agreement either as principal or additional diagnoses were moderate to strong for all of the major childhood anxiety disorders (K values .59 to .82). In contrast, parent-child agreement was poor for most diagnostic categories (K values .11 to .44). Conclusions The data indicate that, despite the fact that parents and their children do not demonstrate strong agreement, the DSM-III-R childhood anxiety disorders can be reliably diagnosed by pairs of general clinicians using structured interviews.
TL;DR: Bacterial degradation of the cyanobacterial cyclic peptide hepatotoxin microcystin was confirmed in natural waters and by isolated laboratory strains.
Abstract: Bacterial degradation of the cyanobacterial cyclic peptide hepatotoxin microcystin was confirmed in natural waters and by isolated laboratory strains. Degradation of 1 mg L−1 microcystin LR typically began 2-8 days after addition to surface water samples. At concentrations greater than 1 mg L1 there was an initial slow removal of microcystin LR, rather than a distinct lag (or conditioning) phase, before rapid degradation commenced. The lag phase was absent upon re-addition of microcystin LR to the water. Both single strains and mixed bacterial cultures capable of degrading microcystin LR were isolated from surface water samples. One single strain isolated was a gram-negative rod and appeared to be a Pseudomonas sp., although standard taxonomic tests have given inconclusive results. Degradative activity was mostly intracellular and equally active against microcystin LR and RR, but not against nodularin. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
TL;DR: The purpose of these studies was to examine the IgA response to various exercise conditions and it was shown that salivary IgA levels decrease after a single bout of intense prolonged exercise.
Abstract: Athletes are susceptible to upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) during intense training and after major competition; high rates of URTI have also been associated with the overtraining syndrome (staleness). Secretory immunoglobulin A (IgA), the predominant immunoglobulin in mucosal secretion, is a major effector of resistance against pathogenic microorganisms causing URTI. Previous work has shown that salivary IgA levels decrease after a single bout of intense prolonged exercise. The purpose of these studies was to examine the IgA response to various exercise conditions. Whole, unstimulated saliva was obtained before and after exercise. IgA concentration (microgram.mg protein-1) was measured by ELISA and IgA secretion rate (microgram.min-1) calculated. Study 1: Recreational joggers ran on a treadmill for 40 min at 55% and 75% VO2peak and competitive distance runners ran for 90 min at the same intensites. In both groups, IgA secretion rate did not change significantly after exercise at either intensity. Study 2: Competitive runners ran on a treadmill for 90 min at 75% VO2peak on 3 consecutive days. IgA secretion rate decreased 20 to 50% after exercise (p < .001). Post-exercise IgA secretion rates were significantly lower (p < .05) on days 2 and 3 compared with day 1. Study 3: Elite swimmers were followed over a 6 month season, with IgA concentration measured at 5 times. Throughout the season, IgA concentration was significantly (p < .05) lower in stale compared with well-trained swimmers.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
TL;DR: The results of this study demonstrated that a generality of muscle function did not exist and that modality specific results were observed, calling into question the validity of isometric tests to monitor dynamically induced training adaptations.
Abstract: Considerable debate exists as to whether the qualities of muscle function exist as general or specific physiological capacities. If there is a generality of muscle function then strong relationships would exist between various measures of function for the same muscle(s), independent of the test contraction, mode or velocity. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between isometric and dynamic measures of muscle function to determine the existence of generality or specificity. A group of 22 men, experienced in weight training, were tested for lower and upper body dynamic and isometric measures of strength and speed-strength. The changes in these measures consequent to a resistance training programme were also investigated. The results of this study indicated that whilst isometric and dynamic measures of strength did significantly correlate (r = 0.57-0.61), the relationship was below that required to denote statistical generality. More important, the changes in isometric and dynamic strength consequent to a dynamic heavy resistance training programme were unrelated (r = 0.12-0.15). Thus the mechanisms that contribute to enhanced dynamic strength appeared unrelated to the mechanisms that contribute to enhanced isometric strength. Measures of dynamic and isometric speed-strength were unrelated, as were the changes in these measures resulting from training. The results of this study demonstrated that a generality of muscle function did not exist and that modality specific results were observed. Consequently this study calls into question the validity of isometric tests to monitor dynamically induced training adaptations.
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that some glutamatergic neurons are dependent on the synthetic processes in glia for their neurotransmitter content, and that this experimental paradigm does not induce generalized metabolic changes in neurons or glia.
TL;DR: It is suggested that introns, once established in eukaryotic genomes, might have explored new genetic space and acquired functions which provided a positive pressure for their expansion, and that there are now two types of information produced by eUKaryotic genes--mRNA and iRNA--and that this was a critical step in the development of multicellular organisms.
TL;DR: A saturation response of growth rates to light intensity was observed, with less substantial growth reductions at lower light intensities than observed in other seagrass shading experiments.
TL;DR: The results indicate that scores on the ASI account for a significant proportion of variance in the response to hyperventilation that is not accounted for by scores in the STAI.
Abstract: Three studies were conducted to compare the ability of a measure of fear of physical sensations (Anxiety Sensitivity Index; ASI) and a measure of trait anxiety (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory; STAI) to predict response to hyperventilation. In the first study subjects (N = 43) were selected who differed in scores on the ASI but were equated on levels of trait anxiety. Two other studies were conducted in which subjects (ns = 63 and 54) varied randomly on ASI and STAI scores. The results indicate that scores on the ASI account for a significant proportion of variance in the response to hyperventilation that is not accounted for by scores on the STAI.
TL;DR: In this article, a questionnaire measure of attachment, communication patterns, and relationship satisfaction was administered to 361 married couples, sampled across the life cycle of marriage, and the most consistent effect of partners' attachment was an inverse relationship between wives' anxiety and husbands' satisfaction.
Abstract: Questionnaire measures of attachment, communication patterns, and relationship satisfaction were administered to 361 married couples, sampled across the life cycle of marriage. Individuals who were secure in attachment (defined in terms of comfort with closeness and low anxiety over relationships) tended to be paired with secure spouses. Security of attachment was associated with one's own relationship satisfaction, although husbands' satisfaction was related primarily to the anxiety dimension. The most consistent effect of partners' attachment was an inverse relationship between wives' anxiety and husbands' satisfaction. The negative effect of wives' anxiety on perceived relationship satisfaction (for both partners) was evident primarily for couples in which husbands were uncomfortable with closeness. The association between attachment dimensions and relationship satisfaction was largely mediated by communication patterns for wives, but only partially mediated by communication patterns for husbands; for both husbands and wives, a measure of mutually constructive communication emerged as the strongest correlate of satisfaction. These findings were generally consistent across the life cycle of marriage, and they are important in clarifying the nature of the link between attachment and satisfaction in a broad sample.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The predicted tissue concentrations of each NSAID after its application to human epidermis was made by a convolution of the epidermal and underlying tissue concentration-time profiles, and the estimated tissue concentrations could be related to their maximal fluxes across epidersmis from an applied vehicle.
Abstract: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are being administered increasingly by transdermal drug delivery for the treatment of local muscle inflammation. The human epidermal permeabilities of different NSAIDs (salicylic acid, diethylamine salicylate, indomethacin, naproxen, diclofenac and piroxicam) from aqueous solutions is dependent on the drug's lipophilicity. A parabolic relationship was observed when the logarithms of NSAID permeability coefficients were plotted against the logarithms of NSAID octanol-water partition coefficients (log P), the optimum log P being around 3. The local tissue concentrations of these drugs after dermal application in aqueous solutions were then determined in a rat model. The extent of local, as distinct from systemic delivery, for each NSAID was assessed by comparing the tissue concentrations obtained below a treated site to those in contralateral tissues. Local direct penetration was evident for all NSAIDs up to a depth of about 3 to 4 mm below the applied site, with distribution to deeper tissues being mainly through the systemic blood supply. A comparison of the predicted tissue concentrations of each NSAID after its application to human epidermis was then made by a convolution of the epidermal and underlying tissue concentration-time profiles. The estimated tissue concentrations after epidermal application of NSAIDs could be related to their maximal fluxes across epidermis from an applied vehicle.
TL;DR: Progressive sequence alignments suggest that the 13 isoprenyl diphosphate synthases evolved from a common ancestor into 3 distinct clusters.
Abstract: Isoprenyl diphosphate synthases are ubiquitous enzymes that catalyze the basic chain‐elongation reaction in the isoprene biosynthetic pathway. Pairwise sequence comparisons were made for 6 farnesyl diphosphate synthases, 6 geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthases, and a hexaprenyl diphosphate synthase. Five regions with highly conserved residues, two of which contain aspartate‐rich DDXX(XX)D motifs found in many prenyltransferases, were identified. A consensus secondary structure for the group, consisting mostly of α‐helices, was predicted for the multiply aligned sequences from amino acid compositions, computer assignments of local structure, and hydropathy indices. Progressive sequence alignments suggest that the 13 isoprenyl diphosphate synthases evolved from a common ancestor into 3 distinct clusters. The most distant separation is between yeast hexaprenyl diphosphate synthetase and the other enzymes. Except for the chromoplastic geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase from Capsicum annuum, the remaining farnesyl and geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthases segregate into prokaryotic/archaebacterial and eukaryotic families. Copyright
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The successful extraction of DNA from fungal isolates is essential to the investigation of fungal genetics at a molecular level and an increasing series of diagnostic assays with higher specificities and increased sensitivity are produced.
TL;DR: The existence of remote changes in muscle function following injury found in this study emphasise the importance of extending assessment beyond the side and site of injury.
Abstract: The likely influence of a localised injury in a distal joint on the function of proximal muscles is an important consideration in assessment and treatment of musculoskeletal injuries. However, little experimental evidence in humans exists in this area. Accordingly, a controlled study was carried out, in which the function of muscles at the hip was compared between subjects who had suffered previous severe unilateral ankle sprain and matched control subjects. The pattern of activation of the gluteus maximus, the hamstring muscles and the ipsilateral and contralateral erector spinae muscles was monitored through the use of surface electromyography during hip extension from prone lying. Analyses revealed that the pattern of muscle activation in subjects with previous injury differed markedly from normal control subjects, and that changes appeared to occur on both the uninjured and the injured sides of the body. A significant difference between the two groups was the delay in onset of activation of the gluteus maximus in previously injured subjects. The existence of remote changes in muscle function following injury found in this study emphasise the importance of extending assessment beyond the side and site of injury.
TL;DR: It is shown that the all-optical feedback loop has an output beam which may be squeezed, even if the source cavity remains in a classical state, and a coupling linear in the source amplitude can produce a nonclassical state in thesource cavity.
Abstract: All-optical feedback can be effected by putting the output of a source cavity through a Faraday isolator and into a second cavity which is coupled to the source cavity by a nonlinear crystal If the driven cavity is heavily damped, then it can be adiabatically eliminated and a master equation or quantum Langevin equation derived for the first cavity alone This is done for an input bath in an arbitrary state, and for an arbitrary nonlinear coupling If the intercavity coupling involves only the intensity (or one quadrature) of the driven cavity, then the effect on the source cavity is identical to that which can be obtained from electro-optical feedback using direct (or homodyne) detection If the coupling involves both quadratures, this equivalence no longer holds and a coupling linear in the source amplitude can produce a nonclassical state in the source cavity The analogous electro-optic scheme using heterodyne detection introduces extra noise which prevents the production of nonclassical light Unlike the electro-optical case, the all-optical feedback loop has an output beam (reflected from the second cavity) We show that this may be squeezed, even if the source cavity remains in a classical state
TL;DR: In this article, a comparison of the physical properties between dendritic, hyperbranched and linear polyester structures showed that thermal properties, such as glass transition temperature and thermogravimetric analysis, were independent of macromolecular architecture.