Yale University

About: Yale University is a education organization based out in New Haven, Connecticut, United States. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Poison control. The organization has 89824 authors who have published 220665 publications receiving 12834776 citations. The organization is also known as: Yale & Collegiate School.

The four laws of black hole mechanics

Abstract: Expressions are derived for the mass of a stationary axisymmetric solution of the Einstein equations containing a black hole surrounded by matter and for the difference in mass between two neighboring such solutions. Two of the quantities which appear in these expressions, namely the area A of the event horizon and the “surface gravity” κ of the black hole, have a close analogy with entropy and temperature respectively. This analogy suggests the formulation of four laws of black hole mechanics which correspond to and in some ways transcend the four laws of thermodynamics.

Strong coupling of a single photon to a superconducting qubit using circuit quantum electrodynamics

Abstract: The interaction of matter and light is one of the fundamental processes occurring in nature, and its most elementary form is realized when a single atom interacts with a single photon. Reaching this regime has been a major focus of research in atomic physics and quantum optics1 for several decades and has generated the field of cavity quantum electrodynamics2,3. Here we perform an experiment in which a superconducting two-level system, playing the role of an artificial atom, is coupled to an on-chip cavity consisting of a superconducting transmission line resonator. We show that the strong coupling regime can be attained in a solid-state system, and we experimentally observe the coherent interaction of a superconducting two-level system with a single microwave photon. The concept of circuit quantum electrodynamics opens many new possibilities for studying the strong interaction of light and matter. This system can also be exploited for quantum information processing and quantum communication and may lead to new approaches for single photon generation and detection.

Single-Case Research Designs: Methods for Clinical and Applied Settings

Abstract: Single-case research has played an important role in developing and evaluating interventions that are designed to alter a particular facet of human functioning. Now thoroughly updated in its second edition, acclaimed author Alan E. Kazdin's Single-Case Research Designs provides a notable contrast to the quantitative methodology approach that pervades the biological and social sciences. While focusing on widely applicable methodologies for evaluating interventions--such as treatment or psychotherapy using applied behavior analysis--this revised edition also encompasses a broader range of research areas that utilize single-case designs, demonstrating the pertinence of this methodology in various disciplines, from psychology and medicine to business and industry. This well-written, clear, and thoroughly updated text is ideal for practitioners, instructors, and students alike. Features: * Offers new options in experimental design, presenting combinations of designs that increase the range of questions that can be asked about alternative interventions * Details the underlying rationale and methods of evaluating intervention effects through visual inspection in the area of data evaluation * Provides an expanded description of methods (e.g., assessment) and a greater range of examples * Includes an appendix at the end of the book to encourage discussion of the challenges, advances, and dilemmas of data evaluation in the design

Effects of a combination of beta carotene and vitamin a on lung cancer and cardiovascular disease

Abstract: Background Lung cancer and cardiovascular disease are major causes of death in the United States. It has been proposed that carotenoids and retinoids are agents that may prevent these disorders. Methods We conducted a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled primary prevention trial — the Beta-Carotene and Retinol Efficacy Trial — involving a total of 18,314 smokers, former smokers, and workers exposed to asbestos. The effects of a combination of 30 mg of beta carotene per day and 25,000 IU of retinol (vitamin A) in the form of retinyl palmitate per day on the primary end point, the incidence of lung cancer, were compared with those of placebo. Results A total of 388 new cases of lung cancer were diagnosed during the 73,135 person-years of follow-up (mean length of follow-up, 4.0 years). The active-treatment group had a relative risk of lung cancer of 1.28 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.04 to 1.57; P = 0.02), as compared with the placebo group. There were no statistically significant ...

A catalogue of splice junction sequences

Abstract: Splice junction sequences from a large number of nuclear and viral genes encoding protein have been collected. The sequence CAAG/GTAGAGT was found to be a consensus of 139 exon-intron boundaries (or donor sequences) and (TC)nNCTAG/G was found to be a consensus of 130 intron-exon boundaries (or acceptor sequences). The possible role of splice junction sequences as signals for processing is discussed.