Showing papers by "Yale University published in 2022"
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TL;DR: In this article, the formation of the first stars in the universe is discussed and the initial conditions for Populism are discussed, as well as related open questions related to the formation process.
Abstract: ▪ Abstract We review recent theoretical results on the formation of the first stars in the universe, and emphasize related open questions. In particular, we discuss the initial conditions for Popul...
179 citations
17 Aug 2022
TL;DR: The type of unconscious influences that matter in the everyday lives of everyday people are those of which they are unaware, whether or not they are aware of the events, people, and situations that trigger them as mentioned in this paper .
Abstract: Abstract The type of unconscious influences that matter in the everyday lives of everyday people are those of which they are unaware, whether or not they are aware of the events, people, and situations that trigger them. Research across multiple domains of psychology shows that our “free” choices, preferences, motives, and social behavior are all shaped by these unconscious operations. They arise from various sources, including (1) evolved primary motives for survival and safety, (2) early childhood experiences for which there is later no explicit memory; (3) carryover (priming) effects of experiences from one situation into the next; and (4) the transformational impact of our active goals on attention, preferences, and behavior. These effects have now been demonstrated in many real-life settings, including eating and health behavior, consumer purchasing, and teamwork and individual performance in the workplace, with unconscious effects in the field significantly stronger than those in the lab.
83 citations
TL;DR: In this article , the structural basis and mode of action for two potent SARS-CoV-2 spike (S)-neutralizing monoclonal antibodies, CV3-1 andCV3-25, were elucidated.
82 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors measured SARS-CoV-2 RNA load in raw wastewater in Attica, Greece, by RT-qPCR for the environmental surveillance of COVID-19 for 6 months.
67 citations
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors present a computational solution to bolster reliability, calculating principal components (PCs) from CpG-level data as input for biological age prediction, and retrained PC versions of six prominent epigenetic clocks show agreement between most replicates within 1.5 years.
Abstract: Epigenetic clocks are widely used aging biomarkers calculated from DNA methylation data, but this data can be surprisingly unreliable. Here we show that technical noise produces deviations up to 9 years between replicates for six prominent epigenetic clocks, limiting their utility. We present a computational solution to bolster reliability, calculating principal components (PCs) from CpG-level data as input for biological age prediction. Our retrained PC versions of six clocks show agreement between most replicates within 1.5 years, improved detection of clock associations and intervention effects, and reliable longitudinal trajectories in vivo and in vitro. This method entails only one additional step compared to traditional clocks, requires no replicates or previous knowledge of CpG reliabilities for training, and can be applied to any existing or future epigenetic biomarker. The high reliability of PC-based clocks is critical for applications to personalized medicine, longitudinal tracking, in vitro studies and clinical trials of aging interventions. Epigenetic clocks are widely used aging biomarkers, but their utility is limited by technical noise. The authors report a method for producing high-reliability clocks for applications such as longitudinal studies and intervention trials.
47 citations
TL;DR: The user-sourced, open-access database may be used to benchmark novel RO membranes against the state of the art, conduct meta-analyses, and develop synthesis–structure–performance relationships, each of which will be critical to advancing membrane development.
47 citations
TL;DR: In this article , the authors discuss the available data on the approved SARS-CoV-2 vaccines' capacity to reduce transmissibility by reducing primary infection, viral replication, capacity for transmission, and symptomaticity.
Abstract: As the number of individuals vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2 rises worldwide, population-level data regarding the vaccines' ability to reduce infection are being generated. Randomised trials have shown that these vaccines dramatically reduce symptomatic COVID-19; however, less is known about their effects on transmission between individuals. The natural course of infection with SARS-CoV-2 involves infection of the respiratory epithelia and replication within the mucosa to sufficient viral titres for transmission via aerosol particles and droplets. Here we discuss the available data on the existing, approved SARS-CoV-2 vaccines' capacity to reduce transmissibility by reducing primary infection, viral replication, capacity for transmission, and symptomaticity. The potential for mucosal-targeted SARS-CoV-2 vaccine strategies to more effectively limit transmission than intramuscular vaccines is considered with regard to known immunological mechanisms. Finally, we enumerate the population-level effects of approved vaccines on transmission through observational studies following clinical trials and vaccine distribution in real-world settings.
44 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a dual-defect heterojunction system of TiO2 hierarchical microspheres with oxygen vacancies modified with ultrathin MoS2−x @TiO2-OV is designed for simultaneously degrading pollutants and evolving hydrogen.
Abstract: Photocatalysis is a promising technology for energy and environment applications. Herein, a dual-defect heterojunction system of TiO2 hierarchical microspheres with oxygen vacancies modified with ultrathin MoS2−x nanosheets (MoS2−x @TiO2-OV) is designed for simultaneously degrading pollutants and evolving hydrogen. MoS2−x @TiO2-OV exhibits a dramatically enhanced photocatalytic activity with a H2 evolution rate of 2985.16 μmol g−1h−1. In treating the simulated pharmaceutical wastewater, MoS2−x @TiO2-OV is capable of purifying various refractory contaminants, with the highest H2 evolution rate of 41.59 μmol g−1h−1 during enrofloxacin degradation. While treating the simulated coking wastewater, the catalyst achieves a H2 evolution rate of 102.72 μmol g−1h−1 and a mineralization rate of 50%. Computational studies suggest that the dual-defect is superior for the adsorption of H* and producing·OH (‘dual-defect boosted dual-function’). Also, the dual-defect sites significantly boosted the charge-carrier separation and transfer efficiencies. This work highlights the crucial role of defect engineering to develop the energy-recovering wastewater treatment approaches.
42 citations
09 Jul 2022
TL;DR: The Human Pangenome Reference Consortium (HPRC) as mentioned in this paper presented a first draft human pangeneome reference, which contains 47 phased, diploid assemblies from a cohort of genetically diverse individuals.
Abstract: Abstract The Human Pangenome Reference Consortium (HPRC) presents a first draft human pangenome reference. The pangenome contains 47 phased, diploid assemblies from a cohort of genetically diverse individuals. These assemblies cover more than 99% of the expected sequence and are more than 99% accurate at the structural and base-pair levels. Based on alignments of the assemblies, we generated a draft pangenome that captures known variants and haplotypes, reveals novel alleles at structurally complex loci, and adds 119 million base pairs of euchromatic polymorphic sequence and 1,529 gene duplications relative to the existing reference, GRCh38. Roughly 90 million of the additional base pairs derive from structural variation. Using our draft pangenome to analyze short-read data reduces errors when discovering small variants by 34% and boosts the detected structural variants per haplotype by 104% compared to GRCh38-based workflows, and by 34% compared to using previous diversity sets of genome assemblies.
40 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the binding site of acylation was on the glucoside C-6, and the product was cyanidin-3-(6-salicyloyl) glucosides (C3-6(S) G).
38 citations
TL;DR: In this paper , the binding site of acylation was on the glucoside C-6, and the product was cyanidin-3-(6-salicyloyl) glucosides (C3-6(S) G).
TL;DR: In this article , a weaker interaction in the process of co-pyrolysis of pine branches and peat (CPBP) is observed under the condition of multiple factors investigated in this work.
Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts1, Yale University2, University of Hertfordshire3, Sapienza University of Rome4, University of Porto5, University of Zurich6, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences7, Sheba Medical Center8, Bellvitge University Hospital9, Eötvös Loránd University10, Southern Health NHS Foundation Trust11, Hertfordshire Partnership University NHS Foundation Trust12
TL;DR: In this paper, a narrative review summarizes information on the extent of PUI during the COVID-19 pandemic, by focusing on three types: online gaming, gambling and pornography viewing.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the prevalence, determinants, or correlates of posttraumatic growth (PTG) in frontline health care workers (FHCWs) during the COVID-19 pandemic.
TL;DR: In this paper, the three-phase product yield and tar component distribution were studied through a series of characterization methods and synergistic effect in pine branches and peat were discussed and three kinetic models to calculate the obtained TGA data and determine the kinetic parameters.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors assessed the antiviral capacity of a minimal RIG-I agonist, stem-loop RNA 14 (SLR14), in viral control, disease prevention, post-infection therapy, and cross-variant protection in mouse models of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Abstract: As SARS-CoV-2 continues to cause morbidity and mortality around the world, there is an urgent need for the development of effective medical countermeasures. Here, we assessed the antiviral capacity of a minimal RIG-I agonist, stem-loop RNA 14 (SLR14), in viral control, disease prevention, post-infection therapy, and cross-variant protection in mouse models of SARS-CoV-2 infection. A single dose of SLR14 prevented viral infection in the lower respiratory tract and development of severe disease in a type I interferon (IFN-I)-dependent manner. SLR14 demonstrated remarkable prophylactic protective capacity against lethal SARS-CoV-2 infection and retained considerable efficacy as a therapeutic agent. In immunodeficient mice carrying chronic SARS-CoV-2 infection, SLR14 elicited near-sterilizing innate immunity in the absence of the adaptive immune system. In the context of infection with variants of concern (VOCs), SLR14 conferred broad protection against emerging VOCs. These findings demonstrate the therapeutic potential of SLR14 as a host-directed, broad-spectrum antiviral for early post-exposure treatment and treatment of chronically infected immunosuppressed patients.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present high-resolution transboundary models describing susceptibility to floods, landslides, and wildfires to understand population exposure to multi-hazard risk across the Himalayan region.
TL;DR: In this paper , a variety of approaches for the extraction of lipids from microalgae were reviewed, including classical and innovative approaches, being the advantages and disadvantages of these methods emphasized.
TL;DR: In this paper, failure of brain fluid transport via the glymphatic system plays a key role in initiation and progression of small vessel disease (SVD) in the aging population.
TL;DR: In this article , the stem-loop 1 (SL1) region of the SARS-CoV-2 5' untranslated region (5' UTR) is shown to drive a tuned ratio of viral to host translation, likely to maintain a certain level of host fitness while maximizing replication.
Abstract: SARS-CoV-2 is a highly pathogenic virus that evades antiviral immunity by interfering with host protein synthesis, mRNA stability, and protein trafficking. The SARS-CoV-2 nonstructural protein 1 (Nsp1) uses its C-terminal domain to block the messenger RNA (mRNA) entry channel of the 40S ribosome to inhibit host protein synthesis. However, how SARS-CoV-2 circumvents Nsp1-mediated suppression for viral protein synthesis and if the mechanism can be targeted therapeutically remain unclear. Here, we show that N- and C-terminal domains of Nsp1 coordinate to drive a tuned ratio of viral to host translation, likely to maintain a certain level of host fitness while maximizing replication. We reveal that the stem-loop 1 (SL1) region of the SARS-CoV-2 5' untranslated region (5' UTR) is necessary and sufficient to evade Nsp1-mediated translational suppression. Targeting SL1 with locked nucleic acid antisense oligonucleotides inhibits viral translation and makes SARS-CoV-2 5' UTR vulnerable to Nsp1 suppression, hindering viral replication in vitro at a nanomolar concentration, as well as providing protection against SARS-CoV-2-induced lethality in transgenic mice expressing human ACE2. Thus, SL1 allows Nsp1 to switch infected cells from host to SARS-CoV-2 translation, presenting a therapeutic target against COVID-19 that is conserved among immune-evasive variants. This unique strategy of unleashing a virus' own virulence mechanism against itself could force a critical trade-off between drug resistance and pathogenicity.
03 Mar 2022
TL;DR: In this article , the authors review some of the vital connections that galaxy evolution makes among many astronomical phenomena, such as the isotropic composition of meteorites and cosmological tests for the deceleration of the Universe.
Abstract: Essentially everything of astronomical interest is either part of a galaxy, or from a galaxy, or otherwise relevant to the origin or evolution of galaxies. Diverse examples are that the isotropic composition of meteorites provides clues to the history of star formation billions of years ago, and cosmological tests for the deceleration of the Universe are strongly affected by changes in the luminosities of galaxies during the lookback time sampled. The aim of this article is to review some of the vital connections that galaxy evolution makes among many astronomical phenomena.
TL;DR: The electrochemical co-reduction of CO 2 and NO 3 − in aqueous media catalyzed by Cu produces acetaldoxime and ethylamine via the C−N coupling of two reactive intermediates as discussed by the authors .
01 Jan 2022
TL;DR: In this article, the authors evaluated the impact of COVID-19 vaccination campaigns on saving lives and averting hospitalizations and cases in New York City and found that without vaccination, there would have been a spring-wave of the COVID19 outbreak due to the spread of Alpha and Delta variants.
Abstract: Background Following the start of COVID-19 vaccination in New York City (NYC), cases have declined over 10-fold from the outbreak peak in January 2020, despite the emergence of highly transmissible variants. We evaluated the impact of NYC's vaccination campaign on saving lives as well as averting hospitalizations and cases. Methods We used an age-stratified agent-based model of COVID-19 to include transmission dynamics of Alpha, Gamma, Delta and Iota variants as identified in NYC. The model was calibrated and fitted to reported incidence in NYC, accounting for the relative transmissibility of each variant and vaccination rollout data. We simulated COVID-19 outbreak in NYC under the counterfactual scenario of no vaccination and compared the resulting disease burden with the number of cases, hospitalizations and deaths reported under the actual pace of vaccination. Findings We found that without vaccination, there would have been a spring-wave of COVID-19 in NYC due to the spread of Alpha and Delta variants. The COVID-19 vaccination campaign in NYC prevented such a wave, and averted 290,467 (95% CrI: 232,551 - 342,664) cases, 48,076 (95% CrI: 42,264 - 53,301) hospitalizations, and 8,508 (95% CrI: 7,374 - 9,543) deaths from December 14, 2020 to July 15, 2021. Interpretation Our study demonstrates that the vaccination program in NYC was instrumental to substantially reducing the COVID-19 burden and suppressing a surge of cases attributable to more transmissible variants. As the Delta variant sweeps predominantly among unvaccinated individuals, our findings underscore the urgent need to accelerate vaccine uptake and close the vaccination coverage gaps. Funding This study was supported by The Commonwealth Fund.
TL;DR: Nanomolding is the underlying mechanism for a wide range of nanofabrication methods including template-based deposition, extrusion, nanoembossing, soft lithography, nanoimprint lithography and thermomechanical nanomolding as discussed by the authors.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors highlight the current conceptualization and assessment of both PUI and problematic use of social media, in order to critically discuss the existing fragmentation in the field and the need to achieve conceptual convergence.
01 Apr 2022
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors propose to conceptualize adolescence as a sensitive window during which plasticity across multiple systems is enhanced, which may support the identification of links between experience, neurodevelopment, and psychopathology.
Abstract: Adolescence is a period of dynamic change across multiple systems. Concurrent maturation of neural, biological, and psychosocial functioning renders adolescence a time of heightened sensitivity to both negative and positive experiences. Here, we review recent literature across these domains, discuss risk and opportunity in the context of ongoing neural development, and highlight promising directions for future research. Finally, we propose that conceptualizing adolescence as a sensitive window during which plasticity across multiple systems is enhanced may support the identification of links between experience, neurodevelopment, and psychopathology.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors propose to conceptualize adolescence as a sensitive window during which plasticity across multiple systems is enhanced, which may support the identification of links between experience, neurodevelopment, and psychopathology.
Abstract: Adolescence is a period of dynamic change across multiple systems. Concurrent maturation of neural, biological, and psychosocial functioning renders adolescence a time of heightened sensitivity to both negative and positive experiences. Here, we review recent literature across these domains, discuss risk and opportunity in the context of ongoing neural development, and highlight promising directions for future research. Finally, we propose that conceptualizing adolescence as a sensitive window during which plasticity across multiple systems is enhanced may support the identification of links between experience, neurodevelopment, and psychopathology.
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors leverage inactive StcE to selectively enrich and identify mucin-domain glycoproteins from complex samples like cell lysate and crude ovarian cancer patient ascites fluid.
Abstract: Abstract Mucin domains are densely O-glycosylated modular protein domains found in various extracellular and transmembrane proteins. Mucin-domain glycoproteins play important roles in many human diseases, such as cancer and cystic fibrosis, but the scope of the mucinome remains poorly defined. Recently, we characterized a bacterial O-glycoprotease, StcE, and demonstrated that an inactive point mutant retains binding selectivity for mucin-domain glycoproteins. In this work, we leverage inactive StcE to selectively enrich and identify mucin-domain glycoproteins from complex samples like cell lysate and crude ovarian cancer patient ascites fluid. Our enrichment strategy is further aided by an algorithm to assign confidence to mucin-domain glycoprotein identifications. This mucinomics platform facilitates detection of hundreds of glycopeptides from mucin domains and highly overlapping populations of mucin-domain glycoproteins from ovarian cancer patients. Ultimately, we demonstrate our mucinomics approach can reveal key molecular signatures of cancer from in vitro and ex vivo sources.
TL;DR: In this article , the authors proposed an improved land use function classification system that was suitable for small-scale regions to identify synergies and trade-offs in relation to urban expansion and environmental protection planning.