Showing papers in "Biocatalysis and agricultural biotechnology in 2018"
TL;DR: This review highlights the biosurfactant production and economics, general protocols for applications from lab-to-field scale, different successful trials along with pros and cons of both in-situ and ex-sito BS-MEOR applications.
Abstract: Microbial enhanced oil recovery (MEOR) is a type of enhanced oil recovery (EOR) technology, generally employed as a tertiary stage where oil recovery using primary and secondary traditional methods is not feasible anymore. Amongst several potential biological agents useful for MEOR, biosurfactants (biologically produced amphiphilic surfactants) play key roles. They are mostly equivalent to or better than their chemical counterparts in several aspects including; better environmental compatibility, production from renewable waste substrates, maintaining activity at harsh environmental conditions, lower or no environmental toxicity. Biosurfactants are still not cost-competitive when compared to chemical surfactants. Different strategies like the use of cheaper raw materials, optimization of media components, fermentation processes and downstream processes, use of hyperproducers are currently explored to improve biosurfactant production economics. Biosurfactant mediated MEOR (BS-MEOR) could be applied by either in-situ or ex-situ techniques. In-situ BS-MEOR could be applied by injecting biosurfactant producing microorganisms in the oil well with or without additional nutrients. Generally followed by shut-in phase and subsequently monitoring microbial activities, metabolites production and oil recovery from the producer wells. Whereas for ex-situ BS-MEOR applications, the biosurfactant is produced outside the oil well and injected directly for enhancing oil recovery. This review highlights the biosurfactant production and economics, general protocols for applications from lab-to-field scale, different successful trials along with pros and cons of both in-situ and ex-situ BS-MEOR applications.
208 citations
TL;DR: The antibacterial activity exhibited by the actinomycetes mediated biosynthesized CuO NPs suggests that it can combat both human as well as fish bacterial pathogens.
Abstract: The aim of the present study was actinomycetes mediated biosynthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) and evaluation of its antibacterial activity against selected human and fish pathogens. The biosynthesized CuO NPs were characterized by UV–Visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy. The presence of capping agents over the metal nanoparticles was confirmed by Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR). The crystalline nature of the CuO NPs was illustrated by X- Ray diffractometer (XRD). The average size of the biosynthesized CuO NPs from XRD and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) was 61.7 nm. The XRD and Energy Dispersive X-Ray spectroscopy (EDX) suggests the purity of the biosynthesized CuO NPs. The morphology and size was viewed under Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) results provided the zeta potential of − 31.1 mV which further confirmed the stability of the CuO NPs. The biosynthesized CuO NPs showed higher antibacterial activity (zone of inhibition) against various human and fish bacterial pathogens (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Proteus mirabilis, Edwardsiella tarda, Aeromonas caviae, Aeromonas hydrophila and Vibrio anguillarum). The antibacterial activity of CuO NPs was significantly higher than the activity exhibited by cell free supernatant of actinomycetes. Among the pathogens tested B. cereus was more susceptible (25.3 mm) to biosynthesized CuO NPs. The antibacterial activity exhibited by the actinomycetes mediated biosynthesized CuO NPs suggests that it can combat both human as well as fish bacterial pathogens. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on actinomycetes mediated biosynthesis of CuO NPs.
175 citations
TL;DR: The use and application of catalase is reviewed as an indicator of hydrocarbon degradation in soil, as a provider of oxygen in aerobic bioremediation process and in the removal of H2O2 from bleaching industry effluent and also its potential use in the food industry.
Abstract: The enzyme catalase is known to catalyse the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide into oxygen and water. Hydrogen peroxide metabolism is mainly regulated by this enzyme. Catalase is a common enzyme found in nearly all living organisms. It has one of the highest turnovers of all enzymes as it has the capacity to decompose more than one million molecules of hydrogen peroxide, per molecule of enzyme. Catalase has been used as an important enzyme in many biotechnological areas including bioremediation. This paper gives a review of its use and application in the field of bioremediation as an indicator of hydrocarbon degradation in soil (an important aspect in bioremediation of crude oil pollution), as a provider of oxygen in aerobic bioremediation process and in the removal of H2O2 from bleaching industry effluent and also its potential use in the food industry.
126 citations
TL;DR: The co-inoculation of novel endophytic strains reported herein represents an excellent option to promote growth and achieve the biocontrol of B. cinerea through the production of potent volatiles such as DMDS.
Abstract: Endophytic bacteria are part of the plant microbiome, which can promote the growth of plants and act as biocontrol agents against potential phytopathogens through various mechanisms, including the production of volatile compounds. In this work, we isolated and characterized two new bacterial endophytes, strains E25 and CR71, that exhibited antifungal activity and plant growth promotion. Analysis of the complete 16S ribosomal gene sequences of the strains showed high species-level identity (99%) with Pseudomonas stutzeri (E25) and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (CR71). In in vitro assays, both strains showed excellent antagonistic action against Botrytis cinerea by emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), but not through diffusible compounds. Interestingly, the volatile cocktails emitted by E25 and CR71 were quite similar, highlighting the production of sulphur-containing compounds such as the antimicrobial volatile dimethyl disulphide (DMDS). Analysis of the pure DMDS compound showed mycelial inhibitory activity against the fungal strain. In a greenhouse experiment, inoculation of strains promoted the shoot and root length, chlorophyll content, and total fresh weight of tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum cv Saladette). Interestingly, when strains were co-inoculated, a better plant growth-promoting effect was observed. In conclusion, the co-inoculation of novel endophytic strains reported herein represents an excellent option to promote growth and achieve the biocontrol of B. cinerea through the production of potent volatiles such as DMDS.
125 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a review of various available methods for detoxification of flax seed cake with emphasis on nutritional properties of the final product is presented, and the impact of various flaxseed cake detoxification methods on the protein is critically evaluated, discussing the options available toward increasing the food application value of this high protein product.
Abstract: Flaxseed cake is a low value, a protein-rich by-product of flaxseed oil pressing companies. Flaxseed oil has been known as a rich source of omega-3 fatty acids and has been widely used. However, due to the presence of anti-nutritive compounds such as phytic acid, linatine, and cyanogenic glycosides, flaxseed cake that has a high protein content has limited food application. Cyanogenic compounds, particularly cyanogenic glycosides, can be degraded to toxic HCN upon ingestion. Therefore, the cake with a high content of fibre and protein with great nutritional potential has been underutilised and has some limited animal feed applications. Detoxification of the flax cake from cyanogenic content can, therefore, improve the market value of the protein and increase its food application. This review focuses on various available methods for detoxification of flax seed cake with emphasis on nutritional properties of the final product. The impact of various flaxseed cake detoxification methods on the protein is critically evaluated, discussing the options available toward increasing the food application value of this high protein product.
123 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the processes of biogenic iron oxide nanoparticles (FeNPs) formation via green chemistry approach and analyzed their antibacterial activity was elaborated and analyzed in terms of their ability to resist Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas fluorescens.
Abstract: The study elaborated the processes of biogenic iron oxide nanoparticle (FeNPs) formation via green chemistry approach and analyzed their antibacterial activity. The biosynthesized iron oxide nanoparticles (FeNPs) were characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy, FT-IR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy), X-ray Diffractometer (XRD), EDX (Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy) and SEM (Scanning electron microscopy). The synthesized nanoparticles were rod shaped. The antibacterial activity was determined for Eichhornia mediated iron oxide nanoparticles (FeNPs). The highest zone of inhibition was observed at 100 µg/ml concentration of Eichhornia mediated iron oxide nanoparticles against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas fluorescens. The iron oxide nanoparticles (FeNPs) showed good antibacterial activity and may be used in medicinal fields.
102 citations
TL;DR: The results showed that the isolates posses, multiple plant growth-promoting (PGP) traits and can be used as a potential candidate on the soil-plant system to increase their growth as well as productivity.
Abstract: The rhizosphere is the zone under influence of plant roots where various kinds of microbial activities occur which perform important functions such as increase uptake of nutrients for the host for their better growth and protection from several diseases caused by various phytopathogens. Keeping in this vital role performed by rhizospheric microbes, thirty-nine bacterial isolates were isolated on King's B and nutrient agar media from the rhizosphere region of mung bean plants. Among these isolates, foure were identified as Pseudomonas spp., Bacillus sp., Acinetobacter sp. on the basis of biochemical and 16 S rDNA gene sequencing analysis. All the isolates were screened in vitro for plant growth promoting attributes such as IAA production, phosphate solubilization, ammonia production, catalase production, siderophore production, and antagonistic activity against phytopathogenic Rhizoctonia solani, the causal organism of root rot in mung bean. All the bacterial strains showed significant PGPR attributes and were able to produce indole-3 -acetic acid (ranging from 45.66 µg/ml to 111.94 µg/ml). In addition, the isolated strains enhanced phosphate solubilization activity (ranging from 952.91 µg/ml to 1341.24 µg/ml). Out of all, Pseudomonas spp. showed most potent antifungal activities against R. solani. Thus, the current study has focused on the characterization of rhizobacteria isolated from the rhizosphere of healthy mung bean plant. The results showed that the isolates posses, multiple plant growth-promoting (PGP) traits and can be used as a potential candidate on the soil-plant system to increase their growth as well as productivity.
93 citations
TL;DR: It is suggested that this consortium could be used for production of an effective bioinoculant for eco-friendly and sustainable production of wheat and other crops of Punjab and could regain their natural agro-ecosystem environment and again can be breadbasket of India.
Abstract: This experiment has been designed to assess the effects of consortium and individual strain on growth promotion, biocontrol and nutrient uptake by wheat growing in Punjab. Fifteen rhizobacteria were isolated from rhizospheric soil of farmer's field of Punjab. Based on their ability to produce siderophore and strongly inhibition of phytopathogen (Fusarium solani), three potential plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (Aneurinibacillus aneurinilyticus WBC1, Aeromonas sp. WBC4 and Pseudomonas sp. WBC10) have been identified on the basis of phenotypic and genotypic (16S rRNA gene sequencing) characters. These three rhizobacteria are best in siderophore production and antagonistic property against F. solani. Consortium (WBC1+ WBC4+ WBC10) of three rhizobacteria significantly increased germination, root and shoot length and fresh and dry weight of wheat plant compared to single inoculation of any rhizobacteria and uninoculated control. It has been suggested that this consortium could be used for production of an effective bioinoculant for eco-friendly and sustainable production of wheat and other crops of Punjab. Consequently, we suggest to the farmers of Punjab to use this type of bioinoculants by replacing detrimental chemical fertilizers and pesticides (one of the leading cause of cancer in Punjab) and could regain their natural agro-ecosystem environment and again can be breadbasket of India. Indirectly the state of Punjab can be free from stigma of cancer state of India.
80 citations
TL;DR: In this article, pectin was extracted from pomelo peel using citric acid and a Box-Behnken design was employed to optimize the yield and the Degree of Esterification (DE) of pectins.
Abstract: Pectin was extracted from pomelo peel using citric acid. A Box–Behnken design was employed to optimize the yield and the Degree of Esterification (DE) of pectin. The effects of pH, temperature, extraction time and liquid-solid ratio on the yield were investigated. It was found that under optimized conditions at pH 1.80, extraction time of 141 min, temperature of 88 °C and a liquid-solid ratio of 29:1 mL/g, a pectin yield of 39.72% and a DE value of 57.56% were obtained. The results indicate that the pectin extracted from pomelo peel is a slow set high methoxyl type of pectin. pH was found to have the greatest influence on pectin yield and DE. Varying pH at a narrow range between 1 and 2 interestingly showed the formation of diverse pectin functional groups with different structural modifications. The findings suggest that extraction conditions could influence pectin extraction performance, chemical structure, as well as morphological and gelling properties. This study also explored various acid based Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs) in pectin extraction. The lactic acid–glucose–water DES with a ratio of 6:1:6 gave the highest pectin yield of 23.04%. Citric acid was found to have a better yield performance and more energy saving as compared to DES in pectin extraction.
75 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors reviewed the production, composition, bioactivity, utilization of MPs, the citrinin and methods of eliminating citrinrinin from MPs were also discussed.
Abstract: Monascus species produce useful secondary metabolite, Monascus pigments (MPs) They are widely used in food industry as a color intensifier, food additives and nitrite substitute in the meat product MPs are also reported to have the potential for therapeutic use and used as a dye in cosmetic and textile industries This paper reviews the production, composition, bioactivity, utilization of MPs, the citrinin and methods of eliminating citrinin from MPs were also discussed MPs possess antioxidant properties, immunosuppressive properties, teratogenicity, and antimicrobial Notwithstanding all these useful characteristics, it has been discovered that Monascus species co-produce citrinin and current studies on Monascus focus on how to minimize or eliminate citrinin from the useful pigment to improve quality and safety, several methods have been developed, including, detoxification of citrinin, regulation of gene, manipulation of fermentation conditions and use of nanoparticles for production of citrinin free MPs
74 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a benign method of silver nanoparticles synthesized using the endophytic fungi Phomopsis liquidambaris strain SA1 (SAAgNPs) was reported.
Abstract: In the quest for developing a biological-based nanomaterial for therapeutic applications, here we report a novel benign method of silver nanoparticles synthesized using the endophytic fungi Phomopsis liquidambaris strain SA1 (SAAgNPs). A viable method was developed to generate silver nanoparticles by reacting with silver nitrate and an extracellular filtrate of P.liquidambaris as a reducing and stabilizing agent. After formation of brown color, synthesized SAAgNPs was measured for its Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) which produces an intense absorption spectrum at 430 nm. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) revealed the functional group moieties involved as a capping and reducing agent in SAAgNPs synthesis. Stable, spherical and polydispersed nanoparticles with an average size of 18.7 nm were affirmed by Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM). X-ray Diffraction study showed the diffraction peaks corresponds to (111), (200), (220) and (311) planes resembling cubic crystalline in nature. Energy dispersive analysis (EDAX) identifies the silver as a major compositional element. Moreover, SAAgNPs performed better growth inhibitory activity against the tested pathogens. Further, SAAgNPs arrest the growth of IInd and IVth instar larvae of Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus in a dose-dependent method. Finally, SAAgNPs exhibited very low hemolytic activity; suggesting the biocompatibility and feasibility of SAAgNPs as a therapeutic agent. Thus, the study bestowed the isolation of endophytic fungi Phomopsis liquidambaris and its mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles. Further, SAAgNPs proved its efficacy as an effective antimicrobial and mosquitocidal agent.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used SAI-25 isolated from rice rhizospheric soils with previously demonstrated insecticidal activity for silver nanoparticle synthesis using its extracellular extract.
Abstract: Streptomyces griseoplanus SAI-25 isolated from rice rhizospheric soils with previously demonstrated insecticidal activity is currently characterized for silver nanoparticle synthesis using its extracellular extract. The synthesized particles showed the characteristic absorption spectra of silver nanoparticles at 413–417 nm. Spectral analysis by FTIR confirmed the presence of alcohols, amines, phenols and protein in the cell-free extracellular extract of SAI-25. These functional groups could have served dual roles in silver nanoparticle synthesis like reducing and stabilizing agents. Microscopic and spectroscopic analysis such as SEM, TEM, EDAX and XRD has provided the size, shape and composition of the synthesized nanoparticles. DLS and Zeta potential further confirms the size and characteristic negative charges of AgNPs respectively. The observed antifungal activity against charcoal rot pathogen Macrophomina phaseolina shows a base for the development of Streptomyces mediated nanoparticles in controlling this polyphagus pathogen and key role of biopesticides in improving agricultural economy.
TL;DR: Both the isolates (BHU B13-398 and BHU M) enhanced the growth parameters of mung bean such as root length, shoot length, root as well as shoot fresh and dry weight, leaf area and chlorophyll content compared to uninoculated control plants.
Abstract: Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are beneficial rhizosphere derived bacteria that have the capability to colonize plant roots and are used to enhance plant growth or suppress disease caused by various phytopathogens. The fourteen isolates were screened on the basis of in vitro antagonistic activity against the root rot pathogen Rhizoctonia solani but in the present study, we have selected, two strains of rhizobacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa BHU B13-398 and Bacillus subtilis BHU M) through initial screening as well as their in vitro antagonistic potential activity against the root rot pathogen Rhizoctonia solani. These isolates were then tested in vitro for their specific PGPR traits, such as phosphate solubilization, ammonia, siderophore and HCN production. Both the isolates were found to be promising agents for all the tested PGPR traits. Among the two isolates, BHU B13-398 showed highest plant growth promoting attributes. Pot experiments were conducted on mung bean to evaluate their plant growth promotion potential under the controlled green house conditions (14 h light, 10 h dark, and temperature at 27 ± 2 °C). The results revealed that both the isolates (BHU B13-398 and BHU M) enhanced the growth parameters of mung bean such as root length, shoot length, root as well as shoot fresh and dry weight, leaf area and chlorophyll content compared to uninoculated control plants. Our results clearly demonstrated that both the isolates BHU B13-398 and BHU M displayed 32.26%, 84.60% and 13.38%, 61.94%, increase in shoot length, and root length respectively, as compared to uninoculated control. Mung bean root sections inoculated with respective strains were observed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to validate mung bean root colonizing abilities of the strains. The SEM observation confirmed that both strains BHU B13-398 and BHU M seem to be a good root colonizer and have high population densities on the root surface.
TL;DR: This review focuses on the screening, production and utility of lipases obtained from prominent fungal organisms, which are influenced by physico-chemical factors and which plays a major role in the optimum lipase production.
Abstract: Lipases (triacylglycerol acylhydrolases, (E.C. 3.1.1.3)) are a class of enzymes endowed with an ability to catalyze the hydrolysis of triglycerides to glycerol and free fatty acids. These are industrially significant, particularly microbial lipases. Among several diverse sources, lipases from fungal origin are much embraced owing to their high stability. These lipases are directly screened majorly by the plate assay technique involving various preferred and specific substrates and indirectly by appropriately growing the strains in liquid medium followed by analysing the activity of the filtrates. Production of fungal lipase is majorly by using solid state and submerged fermentation processes with considerable variation in their operational conditions, that are influenced by physico-chemical factors and which plays a major role in the optimum lipase production. Further, the immobilized fungal cells have also been employed for lipase production using various support materials. Keeping in view of all these aspects, this review focuses on the screening, production and utility of lipases obtained from prominent fungal organisms.
TL;DR: In this article, snake fruit juices were fermented for 14 days with the Kombucha consortium containing yeasts and acetic acid bacteria, and the physicochemical and sensory properties of the fermented products revealed the snake fruit kombucha from the Salak Suwaru cultivar as the most acceptable with color indices L* and b* respectively 30.5 and 13.2, and sensory scores (out of 5) of 3.90 for color, 3.70 for taste and 3.80 for aroma.
Abstract: Sugared snake fruit juices were fermented for 14 days with the Kombucha consortium containing yeasts and acetic acid bacteria. Five Indonesian cultivars (Salak Doyong, Salak Madu, Salak Pondoh, Salak Segaran and Salak Suwaru) of the fruit were studied. The physicochemical and sensory properties of the fermented products revealed the snake fruit Kombucha from the Salak Suwaru cultivar as the most acceptable with color indices L* and b* respectively 30.5 and 13.2; total sugar, 7.54%; total soluble solids, 11.3%; total acidity, 1.65%; pH, 3.15; and sensory scores (out of 5) of 3.90 for color, 3.70 for taste and 3.80 for aroma. The fermentation enhanced antioxidant activity of the snake fruit Kombucha, as assessed by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, and consistent with increases in phenolics, tannins and flavonoids. Acetic acid was the major organic acid of the fermented product that showed an enhanced antibacterial activity by inhibiting Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) bacteria. Snake fruits can be used to develop functional food beverages and foods through the Kombucha fermentation.
TL;DR: In this article, the impact of process variables on biosorption of lead and cadmium by S. cerevisiae was first evaluated with Taguchi screening design, after determining of significant variables, optimization of the biosoreption process was performed by three independent parameters (pH, biomass, initial ion concentration) using a central composite design.
Abstract: The present study refers to application of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for bioremoval of very low amounts of heavy metals from aqueous media. The impact of process variables on biosorption of lead (II) and cadmium (II) by S. cerevisiae was first evaluated with Taguchi screening design. After determining of significant variables, optimization of biosorption process was performed by 3 independent parameters (pH, biomass, initial ion concentration) using a central composite design. So, twenty test runs were done and the experimental data fitted to the second-order polynomial models. The analysis of variance of the quadratic models showed that the models are highly significant. The adjusted conditions in the best set was 5, 52.5 µg/l and 32.5 × 107 CFU for pH, heavy metal concentration and biomass, respectively. Behavior of biosorption system in a batch process was analyzed by 3D plots which represented dual simultaneous interaction effects of variables on metal biosorption yield. The model explained that heavy metal biosorption in aqueous solution is affected by all the three factors studied. An optimum lead (II) and cadmium (II) biosorption yield of 70.3% and 76.2% were found at initial ion concentration of 65.0 and 62.6 µg/l, and S. cerevisiae of 15.0 and 15.2 × 107 CFU, respectively. The results suggest that S. cerevisiae, as a natural, low-cost and abundant sorbent, has the potential to be used in biosorption of very low concentrations of lead and cadmium, which is useful to reduce the contaminations of drinking water and foodstuff with green technologies.
TL;DR: This study aimed at optimization of solid-state fermentation by Aspergillus niger CCUG33991 for maximum xylanase production using low-cost agro-industrial residues 1 in tray bioreactor by exploring the effects of particle size, initial moisture content and temperature in trayBioreactor.
Abstract: Xylanases encompass a broad spectrum of industrial applications like food, animal feed, textile and biofuel. This study aimed at optimization of solid-state fermentation by Aspergillus niger CCUG33991 for maximum xylanase production using low-cost agro-industrial residues 1 in tray bioreactor. SSF 2 was performed using wheat bran, sorghum stover, corn cob and soybean meal in flasks for investigation of appropriate substrate, initial pH, media composition and minerals solution. Thereafter, the obtained results combined with results of earlier experiments were used for exploring the effects of particle size, initial moisture content and temperature in tray bioreactor. OFAT method 3 was followed to select optimum level of each parameter. Next, effect of air-drying and pelleting condition were tested on enzyme stability. Finally, the extracted enzymes were subjected to zymography. The highest xylanase activity of 2919±174 U/g-IDW 4 at 48 h was achieved using wheat bran with particle size range of 0.3–0.6 mm, initial moisture level of 70%, moistened by distilled water containing 1% (v/v) glycerol and 1% (w/v) of (NH4)2SO4, and controlled bed temperature in the range of 28–35 °C with surface aeration. As a result, a 2.5-fold higher and 24 h faster xylanase production in trays than in flasks was attained. The enzyme also showed a great deal of stability to air-drying and pelleting condition. Zymogram analysis confirmed multiple isoforms of xylanase. SSF in tray bioreactor is a potential method for xylanase production. Wheat bran as low-cost, time-saving and xylan-containing hemicellulosic agro-waste is preferable to use as the carbon and energy sources for maximum production of xylanase.
TL;DR: In this article, a simple and eco-friendly method using cinnamon as reductant and stabilizer was used for green synthesis of stable silver nanoparticles of size range from 20 to 30nm possessing antimicrobial activity.
Abstract: Nanotechnology can be useful in diagnostic techniques, drug delivery, sunscreens, antimicrobial sanitizer and a friendly manufacturing process that reduce waste products. Development of Green Nanotechnology is generating interest of researchers towards eco-friendly biosynthesis of nanoparticles. In the research study silver nanoparticles were synthesized from aqueous silver nitrate (1 mM) through a simple and eco-friendly method using cinnamon as reductant and stabilizer. The aqueous silver ions when exposed to leaf broth were reduced and resulted in the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles ranges from 20 nm to 30 nm. The bio reduced silver nanoparticles were characterized by UV–Vis spectrophotometer, X ray diffraction, FESEM with EDAX and Fourier transform infra red (FTIR) spectroscopy. The FTIR study was carried out to recognize the possible biomolecules responsible for proficient stabilization of silver nanoparticles and their antimicrobial activity was screened against both gram positive, gram-negative microorganisms. The method can be used for rapid and eco-friendly biosynthesis of stable silver nanoparticles of size range from 20 to 30 nm possessing antimicrobial activity suggesting their possible application in the field of medicine.
TL;DR: Current review gives recent information on collagen and collagenolytic proteases, and utilization of seafood by-products is discussed to recover the collagen and its recent applications are summarized.
Abstract: Despite of having enormous applications, the use of collagen is predominantly limited because of its high cost. Most of the mammalian sources used for its production have major drawbacks. However, compared to mammalian sources, fish waste can be utilized as cost-effective alternative to produce collagen. Around 75% part of fish is discarded as a waste which contains high concentration of collagen. Fish collagen has multiple advantages over mammalian collagen and hence can be a promising alternative for it. Proteases with collagenolytic activities are also of immense importance because of their industrial as well as biological applications. Microbial collagenolytic proteases are gaining huge attention in these days because of their lower requirements and higher productivity. They perform important role in global recycling of collagenous waste. This review gives recent information on collagen and collagenolytic proteases. Here, utilization of seafood by-products is discussed to recover the collagen and its recent applications are summarized. In addition to this, current review also highlights the recent status of collagenases in which present strategies and new technology used for the isolation, screening, production optimization, purification, characterization and applications of microbial collagenases are discussed.
TL;DR: In this paper, aqueous extract of rosemary was applied in green iron nanoparticle platform (Rosemary-FeNPs) for the first time, and various methods, including dynamic light scattering (DLS), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscope (TEM), and Raman spectroscopy and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) were employed to characterize Rosemary-FENPs.
Abstract: Medicinal plants are of great importance in traditional medicine, in which in most part, the antioxidant activity of the plant-derived compounds is imagined responsible for treating various diseases. Rosmarinus officinalis L, contains several polyphenolic compounds with antioxidant activity; However, to elicit the anti-proliferative activity of R. officinalis, it is required to be improved via different strategies. Nowadays, green synthesis of metal nano- particles involving plant extract has attracted the attention of many researchers as this approach could help to derive the therapeutic benefits of the plant extracts. In this study, for the first time, the aqueous extract of rosemary was applied in green iron nanoparticle platform (Rosemary-FeNPs). Various methods, including dynamic light scattering(DLS), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Raman spectroscopy and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) were employed to characterize Rosemary-FeNPs. The mean size of the Rosemary-FeNPs were at about 100 nm with PDI of less than 0.12, which indicates a homogeneous size distribution of the nanoparticles. The cytotoxicity of Rosemary-FeNPs and total extract of rosemary was determined using MTT cytotoxic test on 4T1 and C26 cancer cell lines. The results showed that Rosemary-FeNPs could exert more cytotoxic effect than total extract on both cancer cell lines.
TL;DR: In this article, the phytotoxic activities of mentioned EOs and a combination of R. officinalis and L. nobilis EOs (R+L) were evaluated against germination and growth of two weeds species, A. retroflexus (dicot), B. tectorum (monocot), and tomato.
Abstract: Essential oils (EOs) composition of Rosmarinus officinalis L., Satureja hortensis L. and Laurus nobilis were analyzed by GC and GC–MS instrument. Then phytotoxic activities of mentioned EOs and a combination of R. officinalis and L. nobilis EOs (R+L) were evaluated against germination and growth of two weeds species, A. retroflexus (dicot), B. tectorum (monocot) and tomato. Applied EOs strongly inhibited the germination and seedling growth of the tested species, in a dose dependent manner with A. retroflexus being significantly more sensitive than others. Indeed, at 400 μ L . L − 1 EO of R. officinalis, germination of A. retroflexus decreased 91.3%, while for the same dose, germination and seedling growth of B. tectorum and tomato were reduced by 56.7% and 26.7%, respectively, compared with control. R. officinalis EO caused the most germination inhibitory for A. retroflexus and tomato while B. tectorum germination was well inhibited by S. hortensis EO. Seedling growth were also affected by EO application in a dose response manner. A. retroflexus shoot length was inhibited by the R+L EO more than other EOs while most root growth inhibition caused by S. hortensis EO. For B. tectorum, and tomato, S. hortensis had the strongest inhibitory effect on root and shoot elongation.
TL;DR: The study reveals that the phycocyanin pigments possess antioxidant property and it can be used as a promising pharmaceutical and nutraceutical compound.
Abstract: Phycocyanin is a blue colored naturally existing phycobiliprotein pigment, which is abundant in cyanobacteria, a blue green algae. In this study, phycocyanin was extracted from the Geitlerinema sp. TRV57. The extracted pigment was assessed for their antioxidant property by various methods such as Phosphomolybdenum assay, Ferric ions reducing power assay, DPPH radical scavenging activity, Hydrogen peroxide free radical scavenging assay, Anti-lipid peroxidation activity. These assays revealed appreciable antioxidant activity of phycocyanin. At a concentration of 200 µg/mL, the phycocyanin exhibited a maximum absorbance of 0.49 by phosphomolybdenum assay, 0.85 absorbance by ferric ion reducing assay, 78.75% of DPPH scavenging activity, 95.27% of H2O2 scavenging activity. The IC50 value of phycocyanin was found to be 185 µg/mL for Anti-lipid peroxidation assay. The study reveals that the phycocyanin pigments possess antioxidant property and it can be used as a promising pharmaceutical and nutraceutical compound.
TL;DR: The aim of this review is to summarize the detail study regarding extraction and purification of polyphenol oxidase performed by researchers from wide variety of sources.
Abstract: Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) is a copper containing enzyme widely occurred in many plants, animals, bacteria and some fungi. Polyphenol oxidase has wide applications in the field of biosensor formation, food industry, medicine and waste water treatment. Extraction and purification of PPO was studied by many researchers from wide variety of plants and fermentation process using various methods such as salt precipitation, three phase partitioning (TPP), aqueous two phase extraction (ATPE), reverse micellar extraction (RME) and chromatographic techniques. Physio-chemical characterization of the same was performed by the researchers using different techniques. Diversity in the resources of the enzyme also made scientist to study its substrate specificity, optimized activity conditions and inhibitors in detail. Aim of this review is to summarize the detail study regarding extraction and purification of polyphenol oxidase performed by researchers from wide variety of sources.
TL;DR: In this paper, the level of phytochemicals, antioxidant, antibacterial properties of the edible red seaweeds, Gracilaria corticata and G. edulis were determined.
Abstract: Increasing of resistance pathogenic microorganisms to majority of antibiotics, there is an urgent need for exploring plant based drugs and bioactive compounds with least side effects. The study was aimed to determine the level of phytochemicals, antioxidant, antibacterial properties of the edible red seaweeds, Gracilaria corticata and G. edulis. The extraction with methanol yielded 7.10 ± 0.16 and 6.39 ± 0.16% extracts from G. corticata and G. edulis respectively. The G. corticata possess higher total phenol content (4.00 ± 0.35 mg GAE/g) compare to G. edulis (3.4 ± 0.21 mg GAE/g). G. corticata and G. edulis extracts significantly varied in total flavonoid content i.e 3.33 ± 0.12 and 2.6 ± 0.08 mg CE/g DW respectively. In this investigation, G. edulis presented the highest 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity (23.95%) when compare to G. corticata (20.32%). G. edulis showed significantly higher 2, 2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging activity (40.24%) compare to G. corticata (32.65%). In addition, G. corticata exhibited higher nitric oxide (NO*) radical scavenging activity (36.78%) than G. edulis 35.25%. Antimicrobial properties of 70% methanol and DMSO extracts were found effective against Bacillus subtilis. GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of phytochemical compounds including sulfurous acid, 2-ethylhexyl isohexyl ester, pentatriacontane, eugenol and phthalic acid played a vital role in antioxidant and antibacterial activities.
TL;DR: In this article, chitosan and their nanocomposites were evaluated as antifungal agents against FOC, in vitro as well as in vivo, and the results showed that Ch-CuO and Ch-ZnO were the most effective agents against fusarium oxysporum f. sp.
Abstract: Fusarium wilt is a seed borne and soil borne disease of chickpea caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceri (FOC). In this work, chitosan and their nanocomposites were evaluated as antifungal agents against FOC, in vitro as well as in vivo. Among these, chitosan copper oxide nanocomposites (Ch-CuO) and chitosan-zinc oxides nanocomposites (Ch-ZnO) were found to be the most effective against FOC at all recommended concentrations i.e. 50, 100 and 200 µg/ml. Chitosan nanoparticles (Ch) and chitosan-silver nanocomposites (Ch-Ag) were found to be moderately effective but more efficient than standard fungicide i.e. copper-oxy-chloride (CuOCl). Based on in vitro results, 100 µg/ml concentration of all nanoformulations (NFs) was selected for in vivo studies in potted plants. The highest wilt disease reduction was observed in Ch-CuO (46.67%) followed by plants treated with Ch-ZnO (40%) as moderately effective, while Ch-Ag and Ch caused only 33.33% reduction in wilt incidence as less effective. All nanoformulations showed good antifungal efficacy and inhibited the pathogen as well as found to promote the growth of chickpea plants as compared to untreated plants.
TL;DR: Phycoerythrin is red colored naturally abundant protein and is found in red algae and cyanobacteria and was isolated and purified from cyanobacterium Michrochaete and was further tested for its antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal and anticancer potential.
Abstract: Phycoerythrin, (PE) is red colored naturally abundant protein and is found in red algae and cyanobacteria. Till now, red algae are being characterized and exploited commercially for PE. But, cyanobacterial PE still need attention. PE is good for human health as it possess free radical scavenging ability and promotes human health. In present study PE was isolated and purified from cyanobacterium Michrochaete and was further tested for its antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal and anticancer potential. Purified PE yielded two bands of 15.8 kDa and 17.7 kDa. Purity value of PE increased from 0.73 to 4.1 during successive purification steps. Purified PE showed anticancer activity against HepG2 cell line (IC50 = 105 µg/ml). Candida albicans was more resistant than Aspergillus niger at 0.2 mg/ml PE. Furthermore, PE showed antibacterial activity against both gram positive and gram negative bacterial species. The order of inhibitory activity was Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MTCC2543) > E.coli (ATCC 25922) > Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC902) with 0.1 mg/ml PE. Antioxidant activity of purified PE was evaluated by measuring the free radical scavenging ability using DPPH, ABTS and SOR. PE was found to have better free radical scavenging activity with ABTS (IC50 = 0.023 mg/ml) than DPPH (IC50 = 0.043 mg/ml) and SOR (IC50 = 0.553 mg/ml).
TL;DR: Biosurfactants produced from two isolates Bacillus amyloliquefaciens SAS-1 and Bacillus subtilis BR-15 have high potential for environmental applications like enhancing oil recovery and bioremediation of oil spills.
Abstract: Biosurfactants are the superb alternates for chemical surfactants due to non-toxicity, biodegradability and cost-effectiveness. The present study describes the biosurfactant production from two isolates Bacillus amyloliquefaciens SAS-1 and Bacillus subtilis BR-15. The produced biosurfactants were characterized by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and mass spectrometry as lipopeptides, surfactins of molecular weight 1007, 1021, 1035 and 1049 Da. These molecules displayed an excellent emulsification (E24 60–78%) with hydrocarbons and stability at wide temperature (4–100 °C) and pH (4–10). The biosurfactants produced by SAS-1 and BR-15 accounted for 56.91 ± 1.52 and 66.31 ± 2.32% enhanced oil recovery respectively in sand pack column experiment on account of their high surface activity. Further, the biosurfactants efficiently augmented (75–94%) the engine oil degradation with microbial consortium, more than threefold as compared to that without biosurfactants (22–31%). Hence, the presented strains have high potential for environmental applications like enhancing oil recovery and bioremediation of oil spills.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the antioxidant and anticancer properties of fractionated eel protein hydrolysate (EPH) as well as qualitatively determine its free fatty acids.
Abstract: This study aims to investigate the antioxidant and anticancer properties of fractionated eel protein hydrolysate (EPH) as well as qualitatively determine its free fatty acids. The eel flesh was enzymatically hydrolyzed and fractionated through membrane filter (10 kDa, 5 kDa and 3 kDa). The lipid peroxidation assays and mechanisms of antioxidant activity (reducing power, ferrous ion chelating activity and 1, 1-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity) of fractionated EPH were determined. The anticancer activity was determined by 3–4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay using MCF-7 cell lines. Free fatty acids in eel flesh and EPH were determined using gas chromatography. The results obtained showed that 3 kDa EPH possessed the highest inhibition of lipid peroxidation, reducing power, DPPH scavenging activity and anticancer activity. Moreover, the changes of unsaturated fatty acids during hydrolysis process resulting in more stable hydrolysate towards oxidation. Based on the mechanisms of antioxidant activity conducted, this study found that the EPH had more ability as primary antioxidant than secondary antioxidant.
TL;DR: Synthesized nanoparticles from the fungi specially cultivated from the wasp nest soil has better antimicrobial activity against multi drug resistant pathogens MDRs and is reliable, ecofriendly economic to synthesizes the noble nanomaterials.
Abstract: The mortality rate has increased robustly due to the drug resistant microorganisms and is a major challenge before scientist Since nature provides the clues to us to defend against unfavorable situation, the proposed study has focus on an insect-microbe symbiosis which plays a vital role for producing the natural product for an alternate source of antibiotic In our present study we have isolated fungi Penicillium italicum from wasp nest soil and checked the symbiotic relation is more promising than the individual growth Further the study was subjected to extracellular biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles The biosynthesized nanoparticles were characterized by various techniques followed by antibacterial and antifungal activity against multi drug bacterial pathogens like Staphylococcus aureus, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, E coli, Shewanella putrefaciens and fungal pathogen of Candida albicans The silver nanoparticles were synthesized by adding silver nitrate to the culture extract of Penicillium italicum The UV-Vis spectrophotometer showed the absorption peak at 419–421 nm and the Scanning Electron Microscopy showed the particle size of 33 nm The Synthesized silver nanoparticles were found to have diverse antimicrobial activities against the pathogens at different pH Antimicrobial assay of silver nanoparticles from P italicum revealed that the synthesized nanoparticle had good effect at different levels to MDR pathogen of Staphylococcus aureus, Shewanella putrefaciens and fungal pathogen of Candida albicans Synthesized nanoparticles from the fungi specially cultivated from the wasp nest soil has better antimicrobial activity against multi drug resistant pathogens MDRs and is reliable, ecofriendly economic to synthesizes the noble nanomaterials
TL;DR: Five distinct and diverse bacterial strains that were able to produce urease constitutively were selected and one strain showed their capability to precipitate calcium carbonate (CaCO3), Hence, the isolates could be potential source of acid ureases that can be use in various industrial utilizations.
Abstract: Urease were known to catalyze the conversion of urea to ammonia and carbon dioxide. Microbial urease has demonstrated its benefits in wide biotechnological, agricultural, medicinal and engineering application. There are number of diverse microbial species contribute to urease activity in different natural habitats like soil, ocean and in various geological formation. For this study, urease bacteria were screened and isolate from acidic peat in Sarawak, Malaysia. Five distinct and diverse bacterial strains that were able to produce urease constitutively were selected to be characterized with respect to morphology, biochemical test, growth conditions and urease activity. The selected strain showed their capability to precipitate calcium carbonate (CaCO3). Hence, the isolates could be potential source of acid ureases that can be use in various industrial utilizations. 16S rRNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis found that the selected isolates belong to the genus of Bacillus.