Showing papers in "Human Immunology in 2021"

TL;DR: A review of short-read and long-read sequencing technologies can be found in this paper, where the authors provide an overview of these technologies as two paradigms: short read and long read.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe the pathophysiology and clinical relevance of these distinct entities in the course of COVID-19 that resemble sepsis and further highlight two effector arms of the humoral immune response (inflammatory cytokine and immunoglobulin production) during COVID19 infection.

TL;DR: In this article, the immunological characteristics of monocytes in critical patients with Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) were investigated and the number and immune status of monocyte were detected by flow cytometry in 32 patients and 18 healthy individuals.

TL;DR: In this article, adoptive transfer of NK or CAR-NK cells with proper cytotolytic potentials and the lowest capacity of cytokine-release (for example CD56dim NK cells brightly express activating receptors), to severe COVID-19 patients may provide an effective cure especially in cases suffering from cytokine storms.

TL;DR: An update of the pHLA3D database is presented, providing more 127 3D structures of HLA class II molecules (41 DR, 42 DQ, and 44 DP), predicted via homology modeling with MODELLER and SWISS-MODEL.

TL;DR: In this paper, the role of extracellular adenosine and its receptors in antitumor immune response, including Tregs and the membrane proteins CD39 and CD73, is reviewed.

TL;DR: An overview of next-generation sequencing and the opportunities and challenges of using nanopore sequencing for high-resolution HLA typing and immunogenetics research are focused on.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors retrieved data sets of HLA-B alleles, KIR genes and functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in cytokines related to COVID-19 cytokine storm from two publicly available databases: Allele Frequency Net Database and Ensembl, and correlated these frequency data with case fatality rate (CFR) and Daily Death Rates (DDR) across countries.

TL;DR: This review covers the major steps in the development of the HLA nomenclature as well as the efforts of other groups to extend its usefulness for research and clinical applications.

TL;DR: In this paper, the correlation between complement system and SARS-CoV-2 infection and pharmacological solutions directed to regulate is discussed, and the first anti-COVID-19 vaccinations started in Europe.

TL;DR: In this paper, the performance of R10.3 flow cells on the MinION device in HLA typing after enrichment of target genes by multiplexed PCR was examined, and the concordance rates at 2-field and 3-field resolutions were 99.5% (1836 alleles) and 99.3% (1710 alleles).

TL;DR: In this article, a case-control study was performed to determine sHLA-G role in severity of coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) patients and 105 controls.

TL;DR: The enhanced anti-tumor efficacy of PD-1-silencing MSLN-targeted CAR T cells against several cancers is indicated and the potential of other specific gene silencing on the immune checkpoints to enhance the CAR T cell therapies against human tumors is suggested.

TL;DR: A review of the evidence for the immune origins of preeclampsia, discuss the promise of immune modulating therapy for prevention or treatment, and highlight key areas for future research as discussed by the authors.

TL;DR: A survey of testing practices among laboratories that are accredited for performing engraftment monitoring/chimerism analysis by either the American Society for Histocompatibility & Immunogenetics (ASHI) and/or the European Federation of Immunogenetic (EFI) is presented in this paper.

TL;DR: The Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) system has a critical role in immunorecognition, transplantation, and disease association as discussed by the authors, and NGS offers high resolution sequencing of entire genes in time frames and price points considered unthinkable just a few years ago, contributing a wealth of data informing histocompatibility assessment and standards of clinical care.

TL;DR: In this paper, high-resolution HLA incompatibility scoring algorithms are able to more accurately predict de novo donor specific antibody (dnDSA) development and clarify the role dnDSA as detrimental to simultaneous pancreas-kidney graft survival.

TL;DR: A review of current knowledge regarding neuroinflammation in ALS, both at the level of specific molecular pathways and potential cellular pathways as well as outline questions about the immune mechanisms involved in ALS pathogenesis is presented in this paper.

TL;DR: The non-classical HLA class I molecule HLA-G is expressed in trophoblasts where it contributes to maternal-fetal tolerance and is implicated in the control of trophoblast invasion, uterine vascular remodeling and maintenance of a local immunosuppressive state.

TL;DR: In this article, the balance between Treg cell-mediated tolerance and functional alteration of CTLs is important for maintaining allogeneic pregnancies, which contributes to the pathogenesis of pregnancy complications, such as miscarriage and preeclampsia.

TL;DR: In this article, the basic biology of macrophages, their plasticity and polarization, and their protective roles at the immune-privileged maternal-fetal interface, including direct and indirect roles in promoting fetomaternal immune tolerance.

TL;DR: In this article, a cost-efficient workflow for genotyping HLA-E by NGS was developed and applied to genotype more than 2.5 million potential stem cell donors.

TL;DR: Increased IDO protein expression is able to change the number of Th1, Th17, Th22, and Treg cells and these changes are possibly associated with an increase in the risk of PUD development in H. pylori-infected patients.

TL;DR: Growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15), a member of the TGF-β superfamily, plays multiple roles in a wide variety of cellular processes as discussed by the authors, which is expressed at low levels under normal conditions but is highly expressed in tumor and tumor microenvironment (TME)-related cells, such as fibroblasts and immune cells.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors analyzed a series of eighteen patients waiting for kidney transplantation who had symptomatic COVID-19 disease and recovered and found that none of the patients in this initial series developed de novo HLA antibodies.

TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of AT1Rab on the renin-angiotensin system was studied in SARS-CoV-2 infection with respiratory symptoms requiring hospitalization.

TL;DR: In this article, a third class, severe TMA-like preeclampsia, was proposed, with the hallmark mechanisms of endothelial dysfunction and aberrant activation of complement and coagulation cascades, which would target research, diagnostic differentiation, and novel treatment options to the subclass of patients with lifethreatening disease that are most likely to benefit from next-generation drug development.

TL;DR: In this article, the dynamics of immunoglobin heavy chain (IGH) repertoire in COVID-19 patients were analyzed using next-generation sequencing technology, and they found dramatic changes in the IGH within the patient's immune system after the onset of the SARS-CoV-2 virus.

TL;DR: An insight of the high diversity found in the HLA region is provided by examining population data sets stored in AFND, as well as a description of the available data sets for further analyses.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors introduce placental development from the viewpoint of molecular biology, and discuss how the disruption of placental development could lead to complications in pregnancy, such as hypertensive disorder of pregnancy, fetal growth restriction, or miscarriage.