Showing papers in "Lipids in 2021"
TL;DR: This review explores the available literature on lipid stability, with a particular focus on human health and/or clinical lipidomic applications, and includes a description of known mechanisms of lipid degradation, strategies, and considerations for lipid storage, as well as current efforts for standardization and quality insurance of protocols.
Abstract: Lipidomics is a rapidly growing field, fueled by developments in analytical instrumentation and bioinformatics. To date, most researchers and industries have employed their own lipidomics workflows without a consensus on best practices. Without a community-wide consensus on best practices for the prevention of lipid degradation and transformations through sample collection and analysis, it is difficult to assess the quality of lipidomics data and hence trust results. Clinical studies often rely on samples being stored for weeks or months until they are analyzed, but inappropriate sampling techniques, storage temperatures, and analytical protocols can result in the degradation of complex lipids and the generation of oxidized or hydrolyzed metabolite artifacts. While best practices for lipid stability are sample dependent, it is generally recommended that strategies during sample preparation capable of quenching enzymatic activity and preventing oxidation should be considered. In addition, after sample preparation, lipid extracts should be stored in organic solvents with antioxidants at -20 °C or lower in an airtight container without exposure to light or oxygen. This will reduce or eliminate sublimation, and chemically and physically induced molecular transformations such as oxidation, enzymatic transformation, and photon/heat-induced degradation. This review explores the available literature on lipid stability, with a particular focus on human health and/or clinical lipidomic applications. Specifically, this includes a description of known mechanisms of lipid degradation, strategies, and considerations for lipid storage, as well as current efforts for standardization and quality insurance of protocols.
29 citations
TL;DR: The positive relationship between MHR and Ba-PWV was found in the female participants with hypertension family history, but without a current history of hypertension, smoking, or drinking and may predict the potential development of atherosclerosis.
Abstract: The ratio of monocyte to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level (MHR) was a newly proposed inflammatory and oxidative stress marker. This study aimed to explore the association between MHR and Brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (Ba-PWV) in adult Chinese participants. A total of 2029 participants were divided into two groups according to the Ba-PWV: a high Ba-PWV group (Ba-PWV ≥1400 cm/s) and a low Ba-PWV group (Ba-PWV < 1400 cm/s). According to the cut-off points of quartile of MHR, the participants were divided into four groups. The relationship between MHR and Ba-PWV was analyzed. After adjusting for potential confounders, a non-linear relationship between MHR and Ba-PWV was found in the participants, and the inflection point was 7.78 in the non-linear curve. On the left of the inflection point, MHR had a positive correlation with Ba-PWV (OR = 1.17, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.08 to 1.28, p < 0.01). However, there was no obvious relationship between MHR and Ba-PWV on the right of the inflection point (OR = 0.96, 95% CI: 0.90 to 1.01, p = 0.117). Further demographic analysis demonstrated that the positive relationship between MHR and Ba-PWV was found in the female participants with hypertension family history, but without a current history of hypertension, smoking, or drinking (p < 0.05). An increased MHR is a risk factor of atherosclerosis, which may predict the potential development of atherosclerosis. When the MHR is close to 7.78, it has the highest predictive value for the risk of atherosclerosis occurrence.
14 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the ratio of triglycerides to HDL-C was used as a way to identify MetS and insulin resistance, and its association with severity of carotid atherosclerosis.
Abstract: High serum levels of triglycerides (Tg) and low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) are characteristic of the Metabolic Syndrome (MetS). We assessed the ratio of Tg to HDL-C as a way to identify MetS and insulin resistance. We also evaluated its association with severity of carotid atherosclerosis. Data were analyzed from three cohorts totaling 13,908 participants. MetS was defined according to the International Diabetes Federation criteria. Optimal cut-off for Tg/HDL-C ratio was obtained using Youden's index in receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses. The risk of MetS and IR in those with a Tg/HDL-C ratio above the optimum cutoff was evaluated by logistic regression analysis. A Tg/HDL-C ratio above the optimal cutoff level significantly increased the odds ratio for MetS in the three cohorts (OR 6.00, 4.04, and 3.50, least in the healthy population), identified insulin resistance defined by the homeostatic model of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (p < 0.0001), and was strongly associated with atherosclerosis severity (p = 0.0001). Tg/HDL-C ratio identifies persons with MetS, insulin resistance, and severe atherosclerosis. It should be used more widely to identify patients at high risk. This is clinically important because insulin resistance is treatable.
12 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a laying hen experiment was performed comprising five different diets (10 hens/diet) and the results illustrate that hens are able to metabolize or elongate very large proportions of ingested lauric acid and myristic acid, which are predominant in the BSFL lipids.
Abstract: Implementing insects, such as the black soldier fly larvae (BSFL), as animal feed commonly includes the previous removal of substantial amounts of fat. This fat may represent an as yet underutilized energy source for livestock. However, transfer of lauric and myristic acid, prevalent in BSFL fat and undesired in human nutrition, into animal-source foods like eggs may limit its implementation. To quantify this, a laying hen experiment was performed comprising five different diets (10 hens/diet). These were a control diet with soybean oil and meal and a second diet with soybean oil but with partially defatted BSFL meal as protein source. The other three diets were based on different combinations of partially defatted BSFL meal and fat obtained by two different production methods. Lauric acid made up half of the BSFL fat from both origins. Both BSFL fats also contained substantial amounts of myristic and palmitic acid. However, in the insect-based diets, the net transfer from diet to egg yolk was less than 1% for lauric acid, whereas the net transfer for myristic and palmitic acid was about 30% and 100%, respectively. The net transfer did not vary between BSFL originating from production on different larval feeding substrates. The results illustrate that hens are able to metabolize or elongate very large proportions of ingested lauric acid and myristic acid, which are predominant in the BSFL lipids (together accounting for as much as 37 mol%), such that they collectively account for less than 3.5 mol% of egg yolk fatty acids.
10 citations
TL;DR: The regression analysis showed that HHcy was also associated with hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, and high level of LDL-C in males and females from Chinese community-based population, which provides a basis for the treatment and prevention of abnormal lipid metabolism.
Abstract: Previous studies have explored the relationship between homocystein (Hcy) and lipid profiles. However, the results from these studies have been inconsistent. The current study investigated the correlation between Hcy and lipid profiles in Chinese community-based population. The participants were composed of 4012 Chinese people aged 30-92 years old, who were recruited from rural and urban communities in the Hunan Province. Non-parametric test and logistic regression were used to examine the distribution of Hcy and lipid profiles (triglyceride [TG], total cholesterol [TC], low-density lipoprotein cholesterol [LDL-C], high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL-C]) and the relationship between them. The median age of subjects was 54.50 years old, and 40.98% were male. Median Hcy was 13.20 μmol/L, and 35.39% had hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy). Median TG was 1.51 mmol/L, TC was 4.77 mmol/L, LDL-C was 2.62 mmol/L, and HDL-C was 1.27 mmol/L. In multivariable logistic regression analysis, HHcy was associated with high levels of TG (ORmale = 2.240, p < 0.001; ORfemale = 2.539, p < 0.001), TC (ORmale = 2.237, p < 0.001; ORfemale = 2.202, p < 0.001), and LDL-C (ORmale = 1.413, p = 0.010; ORfemale = 1.617, p < 0.001) in the different sexes population and low level of HDL-C in females (OR = 1.326, p = 0.023) after adjusting for confounders. HHcy was independently associated with an increasing risk of low HDL-C among females. The regression analysis showed that HHcy was also associated with hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, and high level of LDL-C in males and females from Chinese community-based population, which provides a basis for the treatment and prevention of abnormal lipid metabolism.
9 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a triple-blind, crossover, randomized controlled trial was conducted in humans (n = 60) with four highly-controlled diets containing high-oleic soybean oils (HOSBO) and fully hydrogenated soybean oil (FHSBO).
Abstract: Partially hydrogenated oils (PHO) have been removed from the food supply due to adverse effects on risk for coronary heart disease (CHD). High-oleic soybean oils (HOSBO) are alternatives that provide functionality for different food applications. The objective of this study was to determine how consumption of diets containing HOSBO compared to other alternative oils, with similar functional properties, modifies LDL cholesterol (LDLc) and other risk factors and biomarkers of CHD. A triple-blind, crossover, randomized controlled trial was conducted in humans (n = 60) with four highly-controlled diets containing (1) HOSBO, (2) 80:20 blend of HOSBO and fully hydrogenated soybean oil (HOSBO+FHSBO), (3) soybean oil (SBO), and (4) 50:50 blend of palm oil and palm kernel oil (PO + PKO). Before and after 29 days of feeding, lipids/lipoproteins, blood pressure, body composition, and markers of inflammation, oxidation, and hemostasis were measured. LDLc, apolipoprotein B (apoB), NonHDL-cholesterol (HDLc), ratios of total cholesterol (TC)-to-HDLc and LDLc-to-HDL cholesterol, and LDL particle number and small LDL particles concentration were lower after HOSBO and HOSBO+FHSBO compared to PO (specific comparisons p < 0.05). Other than TC:HDL, there were no differences in lipid/lipoprotein markers when comparing HOSBO+FHSBO with HOSBO. LDLc and apoB were higher after HOSBO compared to SBO (p < 0.05). PO + PKO increased HDLc (p < 0.001) and apolipoprotein AI (p < 0.03) compared to HOSBO and HOSBO+FHSBO. With the exception of lipid hydroperoxides, dietary treatments did not affect other CHD markers. HOSBO, and blends thereof, is a PHO replacement that results in more favorable lipid/lipoprotein profiles compared to PO + PKO (an alternative fat with similar functional properties).
8 citations
TL;DR: The results suggest that the miR-32-5p-KLF3 pathway is involved in the regulation of differential fat deposition of IMF and SCF tissues.
Abstract: Intramuscular fat (IMF) and subcutaneous fat (SCF) are important traits affecting the economics of the pork industry, in which less SCF and more IMF content is desirable. However, the mechanisms that regulate IMF and SCF content are not clear yet. In this study, we demonstrate that KLF3 (Kruppel-like factor 3) was negatively correlated with IMF content in the longissimus dorsi muscle of Erhualian pigs. In addition, the expression level of KLF3 was significantly higher in IMF than SCF. Overexpression and knockdown experiments revealed that KLF3 could suppress adipocyte differentiation in vitro by downregulating adipogenic markers, including PPARG, C/EBPA, and FABP4. Luciferase activity analysis proved that miR-32-5p was able to suppress KLF3. Notably, miR-32-5p level was negatively correlated to KLF3 mRNA level in both IMF and SCF tissues. The same relationship was proved in samples with different IMF content. Further studies showed that miR-32-5p could promote adipocyte differentiation via inhibiting KLF3. Our results suggest that the miR-32-5p-KLF3 pathway is involved in the regulation of differential fat deposition of IMF and SCF tissues.
8 citations
TL;DR: The follicular fluid of women in the treatment group contained significantly higher amounts of EPA and DHA compared to the control group, while the omega-6 fatty acids linoleic, γ-linolenic, dihomo-γ-linolar, and arachidonic were lower.
Abstract: The fatty acid composition of human follicular fluid is important for oocyte development and for pregnancy following in vitro fertilization (IVF). This study investigated whether a dietary intervention that included an increase in marine omega-3 fatty acids, olive oil and vitamin D alters the fatty acid composition of human follicular fluid. The association of lifestyle factors with follicular fluid fatty acid composition was also investigated. Fifty-five couples awaiting IVF were randomized to receive the 6-week treatment intervention of olive oil for cooking, an olive oil-based spread, and a daily supplement drink enriched with vitamin D and the marine omega-3 fatty acids docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and 56 couples were randomized to receive placebo equivalents. Dietary questionnaires were completed, and samples of blood were taken before and after the intervention. Follicular fluid was collected at oocyte retrieval and the fatty acid profile assessed using gas chromatography. In the control group, individual fatty acids in red blood cells and follicular fluid were significantly correlated. Furthermore, a healthier diet was associated with a lower percentage of follicular fluid arachidonic acid. The follicular fluid of women in the treatment group contained significantly higher amounts of EPA and DHA compared to the control group, while the omega-6 fatty acids linoleic, γ-linolenic, dihomo-γ-linolenic, and arachidonic were lower. This is the first report of a dietary intervention altering the fatty acid composition of follicular fluid in humans. Further research is required to determine whether this intervention improves oocyte quality.
8 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used MOVAS cells, a commercially available VSMC line, to determine whether they are suitable to use for studying VSMC cholesterol metabolism, and they showed that MOVAs cells expressed ABCA1, ABCG1, and SREBP-2 using immunoblotting and immunofluorescence.
Abstract: Cholesterol metabolism is paramount to cells. Aberrations to cholesterol metabolism affects cholesterol homeostasis, which may impact the risk of several diseases. Recent evidence has suggested that vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) cholesterol metabolism may play a role in atherosclerosis. However, there is scant in vitro mechanistic data involving primary VSMC that directly tests how VSMC cholesterol metabolism may impact atherosclerosis. One reason for this lack of data is due to the impracticality of gene manipulation studies in primary VSMC, as cultured primary VSMC become senescent and lose their morphology rapidly. However, there are no immortalized VSMC lines known to be suitable for studying VSMC cholesterol metabolism. The purpose of this study was to determine whether MOVAS cells, a commercially available VSMC line, are suitable to use for studying VSMC cholesterol metabolism. Using immunoblotting and immunofluorescence, we showed that MOVAS cells express ABCA1, ABCG1, and SREBP-2. We also determined that MOVAS cells efflux cholesterol to apoAI and HDL, which indicates functionality of ABCA1/ABCG1. In serum-starved MOVAS cells, SREBP-2 target gene expression was increased, confirming SREBP-2 functionality. We detected miR-33a expression in MOVAS cells and determined this microRNA can silence ABCA1 and ABCG1 via identifying conserved miR-33a binding sites within ABCA1/ABCG1 3'UTR in MOVAS cells. We showed that cholesterol-loading MOVAS cells results in this cell line to transdifferentiate into a macrophage-like cell, which also occurs when VSMC accumulate cholesterol. Our characterization of MOVAS cells sufficiently demonstrates that they are suitable to use for studying VSMC cholesterol metabolism in the context of atherosclerosis.
7 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a review of the production, analysis, biological effects, strategies for manipulation, and regulatory policy of ruminant trans fatty acids (TFA) from partially hydrogenated vegetable oils.
Abstract: Trans (t) fatty acids (TFA) from partially hydrogenated vegetable oils (i.e., industrial trans) have been phased out of foods in many countries due to their promotion of cardiovascular disease. This leaves ruminant-derived foods as the main source of TFA. Unlike industrial TFA where catalytic hydrogenation yields a broad distribution of isomers, ruminant TFA are enzymatically derived and can result in enrichment of specific isomers. Comparisons between industrial and ruminant TFA have often exonerated ruminant TFA due to their lack or at times positive effects on health. At extremes, however, ruminant-sourced foods can have either high levels of t10- or t11-18:1, and when considering enriched sources, t10-18:1 has properties similar to industrial TFA, whereas t11-18:1 can be converted to an isomer of conjugated linoleic acid (cis(c)9,t11-conjugated linoleic acid), both of which have potential positive health effects. Increased t10-18:1 in meat-producing ruminants has not been associated with negative effects on live animal production or meat quality. As such, reducing t10-18:1 has not been of immediate concern to ruminant meat producers, as there have been no economic consequences for its enrichment; nevertheless at high levels, it can compromise the nutritional quality of beef and lamb. In anticipation that regulations regarding TFA may focus more on t10-18:1 in beef and lamb, the present review will cover its production, analysis, biological effects, strategies for manipulation, and regulatory policy.
6 citations
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that CETP expression increases plasma TAG in males, especially in very‐low density lipoprotein (VLDL), by impairing postprandial plasma TAG clearance compared to wild‐type (WT) males.
Abstract: Elevated postprandial triacylglycerols (TAG) are an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Men have higher plasma TAG and impaired TAG clearance compared to women, which may contribute to sex differences in risk of cardiovascular disease. Understanding mechanisms of sex differences in TAG metabolism may yield novel therapeutic targets to prevent cardiovascular disease. Cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) is a lipid shuttling protein known for its effects on high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels. Although mice lack CETP, we previously demonstrated that transgenic CETP expression in female mice alters TAG metabolism. The impact of CETP on TAG metabolism in males, however, is not well understood. Here, we demonstrate that CETP expression increases plasma TAG in males, especially in very-low density lipoprotein (VLDL), by impairing postprandial plasma TAG clearance compared to wild-type (WT) males. Gonadal hormones were required for CETP to impair TAG clearance, suggesting a role for sex hormones for this effect. Testosterone replacement in the setting of gonadectomy was sufficient to restore the effect of CETP on TAG. Lastly, liver androgen receptor (AR) was required for CETP to increase plasma TAG. Thus, expression of CETP in males raises plasma TAG by impairing TAG clearance via testosterone signaling to AR. Further understanding of how CETP and androgen signaling impair TAG clearance may lead to novel approaches to reduce TAG and mitigate risk of cardiovascular disease.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors made an overview of fatty acid composition of unconventional seed oils from semi-arid West African trees and evaluated potential for new and enhanced uses and for improving local livelihoods and biodiversity conservation.
Abstract: Seed oils sourced from West Africa are generally not well-characterized, but likely to have an untapped potential. This review aims to make an overview of fatty acid (FA) composition of unconventional seed oils from semi-arid West African trees and evaluate potential for new and enhanced uses and for improving local livelihoods and biodiversity conservation. A total of 111 studies on FA composition were found, covering 31 species. Only 69 of the studies (62%) were included in the review, as 38% had unreliable or incomplete results. There was a clear link between taxonomic kinship and FA composition. Over 20 potentially interesting and underexploited oils were found, including oils with properties similar to palm oil, olive oil, coconut oil, shea butter, and cotton seed oil. About half of the oils have promising potential for cosmetics. One third of the oils were relatively saturated, indicating properties for structuring food and heat resistance. Most of the species had multiple uses and oil production could be profitable in co-production with other non-timber forest products. Furthermore, establishment of sustainable oil production and domestication of oil trees could promote biodiversity conservation. Enhanced oil production in semi-arid West Africa is promising, but several practical constraints remain to be overcome.
TL;DR: Although there is no altered lipid profile, male patients demonstrated an increased fat distribution and female patients presented with an impaired lipid profile marker but demonstrated close values of normal fat distribution, Interestingly, the dose of glucocorticoid therapy can have some role in the lipid mechanisms.
Abstract: We aimed to compare detailed fat distribution and lipid profile between young adults with congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency and a control group. We also verified independent associations of treatment duration and daily hydrocortisone dose equivalent (HDE) with lipid profile within patients. This case-control study included 23 patients (7 male and 16 female) matched by an age range of young adults (18-31 years) with 20 control subjects (8 male and 12 female). Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry was used to measure the fat distribution. Male patients demonstrated elevated indices of fat mass for total (7.7 ± 2.1 vs. 4.5 ± 1.3 kg/m2 , p = 0.003), trunk (4.0 ± 1.2 vs. 2.2 ± 0.8 kg/m2 , p = 0.005), android (0.63 ± 0.24 vs. 0.32 ± 0.15 kg/m2 , p = 0.008), gynoid (1.34 ± 0.43 vs. 0.74 ± 0.24 kg/m2 , p = 0.005), arm (0.65 ± 0.16 vs. 0.39 ± 0.10 kg/m2 , p = 0.009), and leg regions (2.7 ± 0.8 vs. 1.6 ± 0.4 kg/m2 , p = 0.005) than the control group, but not in females. However, female patients demonstrated elevated ratio of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (1.90 ± 0.46 vs. 1.39 ± 0.47, p = 0.009) than the control group, but not in males. Total fat mass was inversely correlated with total testosterone (r = -0.64, p = 0.014) and positively correlated with leptin in males (r = 0.75, p = 0.002). An elevated daily HDE (s = 0.43, p = 0.038 and s = 0.47, p = 0.033) and trunk to total fat mass ratio (s = 0.46, p = 0.025, and s = 0.45, p = 0.037) were independently correlated with impaired lipid profile markers. Although there is no altered lipid profile, male patients demonstrated an increased fat distribution. However, female patients presented with an impaired lipid profile marker but demonstrated close values of normal fat distribution. Interestingly, the dose of glucocorticoid therapy can have some role in the lipid mechanisms.
TL;DR: A network-based roadmap ranging from novel molecular pathways to digital therapeutics which can improve personalized therapy of dyslipidemias is offered.
Abstract: Dyslipidemias can affect molecular networks underlying the metabolic homeostasis and vascular function leading to atherogenesis at early stages of development. Since disease-related proteins often interact with each other in functional modules, many advanced network-oriented algorithms were applied to patient-derived big data to identify the complex gene-environment interactions underlying the early pathophysiology of dyslipidemias and atherosclerosis. Both the proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 7 (PCSK7) and collagen type 1 alpha 1 chain (COL1A1) genes arose from the application of TFfit and WGCNA algorithms, respectively, as potential useful therapeutic targets in prevention of dyslipidemias. Moreover, the Seed Connector algorithm (SCA) algorithm suggested a putative role of the neuropilin-1 (NRP1) protein as drug target, whereas a regression network analysis reported that niacin may provide benefits in mixed dyslipidemias. Dyslipidemias are highly heterogeneous at the clinical level; thus, it would be helpful to overcome traditional evidence-based paradigm toward a personalized risk assessment and therapy. Network Medicine uses omics data, artificial intelligence (AI), imaging tools, and clinical information to design personalized therapy of dyslipidemias and atherosclerosis. Recently, a novel non-invasive AI-derived biomarker, named Fat Attenuation Index (FAI™) has been established to early detect clinical signs of atherosclerosis. Moreover, an integrated AI-radiomics approach can detect fibrosis and microvascular remodeling improving the customized risk assessment. Here, we offer a network-based roadmap ranging from novel molecular pathways to digital therapeutics which can improve personalized therapy of dyslipidemias.
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of microRNA-328-5p on macrophage lipid accumulation and the underlying mechanisms were investigated, and it was shown that miR-3285p expression was robustly decreased in oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL)-treated macrophages.
Abstract: MicroRNA-328 (miR-328) was reported to protect against atherosclerosis, but its role in foam cell formation remains unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of miR-328-5p on macrophage lipid accumulation and the underlying mechanisms. The results showed that miR-328-5p expression was robustly decreased in oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL)-treated macrophages. Treatment of human acute monocytic leukemia cel (THP-1) macrophage-derived foam cells with a miR-328-5p mimic markedly increased [3 H]-cholesterol efflux, inhibited lipid droplet accumulation, and decreased intracellular total cholesterol (TC), free cholesterol (FC) and cholesteryl ester (CE) contents. Upregulation of miR-328-5p also reduced the expression of histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) but increased the levels of ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) in THP-1 macrophage-derived foam cells. Mechanistically, miR-328-5p inhibited HDAC3 expression by directly targeting its 3'UTR, thereby promoting ABCA1 expression and the subsequent cholesterol efflux. Furthermore, miR-328-5p mimic treatment did not affect the uptake of Dil-ox-LDL or the expression of scavenger receptor-A (SR-A), thrombospondin receptor (CD36) and ABCG1. Taken together, these findings suggest that miR-328-5p alleviates macrophage lipid accumulation through the HDAC3/ABCA1 pathway.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors characterized the plasma polar lipid content of Tursiops truncatus, the most common cetacean species held under human care, and proved the practicability of the use of plasma lipid profiling for health assessment in marine mammals.
Abstract: Plasma biochemical analysis remains one of the established ways of monitoring captive marine mammal health. More recently, complementary plasma lipidomic analysis has proven to be a valid tool in disease diagnosis and prevention, with the potential to validate and complement common biochemical analysis, providing a more integrative approach. In this study, we thoroughly characterized the plasma polar lipid content of Tursiops truncatus, the most common cetacean species held under human care. Our results showed that phosphatidylcholine, lysophosphatidylcholine, and sphingomyelins (CerPCho) are the most represented phospholipid classes in T. truncatus plasma. Palmitic, oleic, and stearic acids are the major fatty acid (FA) present esterified to the plasma polar lipids of this species, although some n-3 species are also remarkably present, namely eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids. The polar lipidome identified by HILIC LC-MS allowed identifying 304 different lipid species. These species belong to the phosphatidylcholine (103 lipid species), lysophosphatidylcholine (35), phosphatidylethanolamine (71), lysophosphatidylethanolamine (20), phosphatidylglycerol (13), lysophosphatidylglycerol (5), phosphatidylinositol (15), lysophosphatidylinositol (3), phosphatidylserine (6) lysophosphatidylserine (1), and sphimgomyelin (32) classes. This was the first time that the dolphin plasma phospholipid profile was characterized, providing a knowledge that will be important to further understand lipid metabolism and physiological regulation in small cetaceans. Furthermore, this study proved the practicability of the use of plasma lipid profiling for health assessment in marine mammals under human care.
TL;DR: The differences between the two anionic PL indicate that the switch from PtdIns to PtdGro during maturation involves more than simple substitution of the headgroup, and suggest that the functional significance of the shift may reflect the different pool of diacyl pairs.
Abstract: The only known compositional change in the phospholipids (PL) of pulmonary surfactant in response to a physiologic stimulus occurs around the time of birth. In most species, the predominant anionic PL changes from phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) to phosphatidylglycerol (PtdGro). Because prior studies have shown that the change in the headgroup itself is functionally insignificant, we tested the hypothesis that the PtdIns and PtdGro contain different diacyl pairs. Experiments used electrospray-ionization mass spectrometry to determine the molecular species in PtdIns, PtdGro, and phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho) in surfactant from newborn calves and cows. The profiles for the two anionic PL were distinct. The PtdIns contained long, unsaturated fatty acid chains and no disaturated species. The PtdGro more closely resembled the profile from PtdCho. For each headgroup, the molecular species for calf and cow were similar. The differences between the two anionic PL indicate that the switch from PtdIns to PtdGro during maturation involves more than simple substitution of the headgroup, and suggest that the functional significance of the shift may reflect the different pool of diacyl pairs.
TL;DR: The present review attempts to explore certain unmapped facets of the n-3 fatty acids on BA metabolism and transport in dyslipidemia, and their interplay with biological processes involving lipid rafts and gut microbiome.
Abstract: Dietary n-3 fatty acids, especially of marine origin, eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3), have always been lauded for their profound effects on regulating the risk factors for major metabolic disorders. Yet, their consumption rate is poor compared to n-6 fatty acids [linoleic acid (18:2n-6)], which are predominantly consumed. Hence, the skewed n-6 to n-3 fatty acid ratio may have a bearing on the risk factors of various diseases, including dyslipidemia. Dyslipidemia and other lifestyle diseases associated with it, such as diabetes, obesity, hypertension, are a growing concern in both developed and developing countries. A common strategy for addressing dyslipidemia involves bile acid (BA) sequestration, to interrupt the enterohepatic circulation of BA, resulting in the modulation of lipid absorption in the intestine, thereby normalizing the levels of circulating lipids. The BA homeostasis is under the tight control of hepatic and enteric BA transporters. Many investigations have reported the effects of dietary constituents, including certain fatty acids on the reabsorption and transport of BA. However, a critical review of the effects of n-3 fatty acids on BA metabolism and transport is not available. The present review attempts to explore certain unmapped facets of the n-3 fatty acids on BA metabolism and transport in dyslipidemia, and their interplay with biological processes involving lipid rafts and gut microbiome.
TL;DR: In this article, the relationship between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in the FADS1 (Fatty acid desaturase 1) gene and the relative abundance of PUFA in serum lipids was examined.
Abstract: Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) influence many physiological functions. Associations have been found between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in the FADS1 (Fatty acid desaturase 1) gene and the relative abundance of PUFA in serum lipids. This study examines the relationship between two SNPs in the FADS1 gene (rs174546, rs174537) and the fatty acid (FA) composition of serum lipids in adolescents (13-18 years). We used DNA samples (670 children; 336 girls and 334 boys) from the Childhood Obesity Prevalence and Treatment (COPAT) project. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood leukocytes in whole blood samples. For genotype analysis, TaqMan SNP Genotyping assays (Applied Biosystems) were used. Fatty acid composition of serum lipids was assessed using gas chromatography. The T-statistic and regression were used for statistical evaluations. Minor allele T carriers in both SNPs had significant lower level of palmitic acid (16:0, phospholipids) and arachidonic acid (20:4[n-6], phospholipids) in both sexes. In girls, we found a significant positive association between minor allele T carriers and eicosadienoic acid (20:2[n-6], cholesteryl esters) in both SNPs. Being a minor allele T carrier was significantly positively associated with dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (20:3[n-6], phospholipids) in boys in both SNPs. SNPs (including rs174546, rs174537) in the FADS gene cluster should have impacted desaturase activity, which may contribute to different efficiency of PUFA synthesis.
TL;DR: In this paper, the association between the TG/HDL-C ratio and chronic kidney disease (CKD) in Korean adults was examined by using Cox proportional hazard regression models.
Abstract: Dyslipidemia is nephrotoxic and can result in the development of chronic kidney disease (CKD) The ratio of triglycerides (TG) to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (TG/HDL-C ratio) is well-correlated with insulin resistance and cardiovascular events The aim of this study is to examine the association between the TG/HDL-C ratio and CKD in Korean adults This study was retrospectively designed based on the National Health Insurance Service-National Health Screening cohort Seventy three thousand and fifty-two participants aged between 40 and 79 years old at baseline (2009-2010) were included in the final analyses The study population was classified into three tertile groups (T1 , T2 , and T3 ) according to the TG/HDL-C ratio by sex Adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for CKD were calculated using Cox proportional hazard regression models The median follow-up duration was 59 years Higher tertile groups of the TG/HDL-C ratio had lower estimated glomerular filtration rates in both sexes The cumulative incidence of CKD of T1 , T2 , and T3 was 1189%, 1290%, and 1291%, respectively, in men and 1017%, 1061%, and 1487%, respectively, in women (all p values < 0001) Compared with T1 of the TG/HDL-C ratio, the HRs (95% CIs) of T2 and T3 for CKD were 1212 (1118-1315) and 1183 (1087-1287), respectively, in men and 0895 (0806-0994) and 1038 (0937-1150), respectively, in women after being fully adjusted Higher TG/HDL-C ratios were positively associated with CKD development in men, while middle levels of TG/HDL ratios reduced the CKD incidence in women
TL;DR: The results nonetheless demonstrate that ALT enzymes are catalytically diverse in planta and are a significant step towards being able to use ALT-type thioesterases as metabolic engineering tools to modify the fatty acid profiles of oilseed crops, other plants, and microorganisms.
Abstract: ACYL-LIPID THIOESTERASES (ALT) are a type of plant acyl-acyl carrier protein thioesterase that generate a wide range of medium-chain fatty acids and methylketone (MK) precursors when expressed heterologously in Escherichia coli While this makes ALT-type thioesterases attractive as metabolic engineering targets to increase production of high-value medium-chain fatty acids and MKs in plant systems, the behavior of ALT enzymes in planta was not well understood before this study To profile the substrate specificities of ALT-type thioesterases in different plant tissue types, AtALT1-4 from Arabidopsis thaliana, which have widely varied chain length and oxidation state preferences in E coli, were overexpressed in Arabidopsis seeds, Camelina sativa seeds, and Nicotiana benthamiana leaves Seed-specific overexpression of ALT enzymes led to medium-chain fatty acid accumulation in Arabidopsis and Camelina seed triacylglycerols, and transient overexpression in N benthamiana demonstrated that the substrate preferences of ALT-type thioesterases in planta generally agree with those previously determined in E coli AtALT1 and AtALT4 overexpression in leaves and seeds resulted in the accumulation of 12-14 carbon-length fatty acids and 6-8 carbon-length fatty acids, respectively While it was difficult to completely profile the products of ALT-type thioesterases that generate MK precursors (ie β-keto fatty acids), our results nonetheless demonstrate that ALT enzymes are catalytically diverse in planta The knowledge gained from this study is a significant step towards being able to use ALT-type thioesterases as metabolic engineering tools to modify the fatty acid profiles of oilseed crops, other plants, and microorganisms
TL;DR: In this paper, the CCK-releasing activity of 4 commercially available 2-MAG (2-palmitoyl, 2-oleoyl and 2-linoleyloyl) was examined in a murine CCK producing cell line, STC-1.
Abstract: Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a peptide hormone secreted from enteroendocrine cells and regulates the exocrine pancreas, gastric motility, and appetite. Dietary triacylglycerols are hydrolyzed to fatty acids (FA) and 2-monoacylglycerols (2-MAG) in the small intestine. Although it is well known that FA stimulate CCK secretion, whether 2-MAG have the CCK-releasing activity remains unclear. We examined the CCK-releasing activity of four commercially available 2-MAG in a murine CCK-producing cell line, STC-1, and the molecular mechanism underlying 2-MAG-induced CCK secretion. CCK released from the cells was measured using ELISA. Among four 2-MAG (2-palmitoyl, 2-oleoyl, 2-linoleoyl, and 2-arachidonoyl monoacylglycerols) examined, 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG) potently stimulated CCK secretion in a dose-dependent manner. Structurally related compounds, such as 2-arachidonoyl glycerol ether and 1-arachidonoyl glycerol, did not stimulate CCK secretion. Both arachidonic acid and 2-AG stimulated CCK secretion at 100 μM, but only 2-AG did at 50 μM. 2-AG-induced CCK secretion but not arachidonic acid-induced CCK secretion was attenuated by treatment with a cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) antagonist. These results indicate that a specific 2-MAG, 2-AG, directly stimulates CCK secretion via CB1.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the interactions of light and temperature on the fatty acid composition in Acutodesmus obliquus and found that a combination of lower temperatures and blue-green light (450-550 nm) positively influences the activity of specific FA-desaturases.
Abstract: The combined impact of temperature and light spectra on the fatty acid (FA) composition in microalgae has been sparsely investigated. The aim of this study was to investigate the interactions of light and temperature on the FA composition in Acutodesmus obliquus. For this purpose, A. obliquus was cultivated with different temperatures (20, 30, and 35°C), as well as broad light spectra (blue, green, and red light). Growth and FA composition were monitored daily. Microalgal FA were extracted, and a qualitative characterization was done by gas chromatography coupled with electron impact ionization mass spectrometry (GC-EI/MS). Compared to red light, green and blue light caused a higher percentage of the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) 16:4, 18:3, and 18:4, at all temperatures. The highest total percentage of these PUFA were observed at the lowest cultivation temperature and blue and green light. These data imply that a combination of lower temperatures and blue-green light (450-550 nm) positively influences the activity of specific FA-desaturases in A. obliquus. Additionally, a lower 16:1 trans/cis ratio was observed upon green and blue light treatment and lower cultivation temperatures. Remarkably, green light treatment resulted in a comparably high growth under all tested conditions. Therefore, a higher content of green light, compared to blue light might additionally lead to a higher biomass concentration. Microalgae cultivation with low temperatures and green light might therefore result in a suitable FA composition for the food industry and a comparably high biomass production.
TL;DR: Insight is gained into the energetic needs of bonefish leptocephalus larvae in the post-hatch larval stage and the development of optimal larval feeds based on this analysis in order to gain more insight into the nutritional needs and requirements during the critical leptecephalus stages.
Abstract: In order to encourage the survival of both captive and wild populations of bonefish (Albula vulpes), a deeper understanding of the species' early developmental characteristics is necessary. During ontogenesis, bonefish utilize lipids as a source of energy before the start of exogenous feeding. The goal of this study is to gain insight into the energetic needs of bonefish leptocephalus larvae in the post-hatch larval stage. Broodstock were collected in the wild and hormone induced. Spawning yielded eggs that were fertilized and were then incubated until hatching. Larval development was monitored throughout the duration of the trial until all larvae perished. Samples of larval tissue were taken to the lab for lipid analysis and composition was compared at different developmental stages. Larval lipid composition was significantly different across sample groups showing a change in lipid content related to development. After hatching, larvae gradually depleted wax esters-sterol ester (WE-SE) reserves over a period of 4 days, while simultaneously increasing hydrocarbon (HC). The role of WE-SE is seemingly tied to both buoyancy and energy reserves due to its high abundance immediately post-hatch and selective catabolism. As larvae weaned off of the nutrition provided by the yolk, exogenous feeding began to diversify lipid composition and overall lipid reserves were depleted. Future directions included the development of optimal larval feeds based on this analysis in order to gain more insight into the nutritional needs and requirements during the critical leptocephalus stages.
TL;DR: Mass spectrometry analyses of apoA-I and other proteins associated with HDL confirmed the presence of C28 and the formation of a homodimer, and analysis of plasma lipids surprisingly revealed a profile similar to the human heterozygotes.
Abstract: A variety of rodents have been used as experimental animals in metabolic studies of plasma lipids and lipoproteins. These studies have included understanding the functional role of apolipoprotein A-I, the major protein on the surface of HDL. Reviewing the genomic database for entries for rodent apoA-I genes, it was discovered that the naked mole-rat (Heterocephalus glaber) gene encoded a protein with a cysteine at residue 28. Previously, two cases have been reported in which human heterozygotes had apoA-I with cysteine at residues 173 (apoA-I Milano) or at 151 (apoA-I Paris). Interestingly, both groups, in spite of having low levels of HDL and moderately elevated plasma triacylglycerols, had no evidence of cardiovascular disease. Moreover, the presence of the cysteine enabled the apoA-I to form both homodimers and heterodimers. Prior to this report, no other mammalian apoA-I has been found with a cysteine in its sequence. In addition, the encoded naked mole-rat protein had different amino acids at sites that were conserved in all other mammals. These differences resulted in naked mole-rat apoA-I having an unexpected neutral pI value, whereas other mammalian apoA-I have negative pI values. To verify these sequence differences and to determine if the N-terminal location of C28 precluded dimer formation, we conducted mass spectrometry analyses of apoA-I and other proteins associated with HDL. Consistent with the genomic data, our analyses confirmed the presence of C28 and the formation of a homodimer. Analysis of plasma lipids surprisingly revealed a profile similar to the human heterozygotes.
TL;DR: It takes several weeks for liver to reach a homeostatic state, even after the hepatic fatty acid equilibration following a finishing diet, according to the outcomes of a fish oil finishing diet in rainbow trout.
Abstract: A finishing diet strategy is effective at increasing fillet long-chain n-3 fatty acid content in fish consuming sustainable plant oil-based diets. This study investigates the outcomes of a fish oil finishing diet upon the hepatic fatty acid and transcriptome profile in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Fish were placed on one of three feeding treatments: (1) FO: a fish oil (FO) diet for 20 weeks, (2) VO/FO: a vegetable oil (VO) diet during weeks 1-12 then the FO diet for 8 weeks, or (3) VO/fd/FO: the VO diet between weeks 1-12, 2 weeks of feed deprivation, then the FO diet for 6 weeks. Hepatic fatty acid and transcriptome profiles were analyzed at week 12, 14, and 20. Hepatic fatty acid profiles at week 12 were similar to dietary profiles; transcriptomic analyses indicated 131 differentially regulated genes (DEG) between VO- and FO-fed fish, characterized by VO-induced up-regulation of cholesterol and long-chain fatty acyl-CoA synthesis and oxidation-reduction processes. At week 14, the hepatic fatty acid profile was similar between VO/FO and FO, although concentrations of 18:3n-3 remained higher in the VO/FO group. Thirty-three DEG were detected at week 14 with enrichment of genes associated with extracellular matrix assembly, supporting liver remodeling during the early finishing diet period. Only five DEG were detected at week 20 between VO/FO and FO. Collectively, these findings suggest that it takes several weeks for liver to reach a homeostatic state, even after the hepatic fatty acid equilibration following a finishing diet.
TL;DR: In this article, the ability of Ahiflower® (AHI) oil (Buglossoides arvensis), which naturally contains stearidonic acid (SDA), and a high-alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) flaxseed (FLAX) oil to enrich VLCn-3 FA contents in broilers tissues was investigated.
Abstract: Enrichment of broiler meat with very long-chain omega-3 fatty acids (VLCn-3 FA) is of interest because of their beneficial effects on human health. The ability of Ahiflower® (AHI) oil (Buglossoides arvensis), which naturally contains stearidonic acid (SDA), and a high-alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) flaxseed (FLAX) oil to enrich VLCn-3 FA contents in broilers tissues was investigated. Fifty-five Cobb 500 chicks were fed from days 12 to 35 of life either a control (CON) diet that contained 27.9 g/kg soybean oil or AHI or FLAX oils, each individually at 7.5 or 22.5 g/kg of the diet in substitution for soybean oil (all on an as fed basis). Total VLCn-3 FA contents were greater in breast, thigh, liver, adipose tissue, and plasma of all n-3 treatments compared to CON, with the greatest increase observed at the highest level of AHI and FLAX oils (p < 0.001). AHI oil at 7.5 g/kg promoted the most efficient synthesis and deposition of VLCn-3 in broiler tissues measured as deposition of VLCn-3 FA in tissues relative to intake of n3 FA. In conclusion, both ALA and SDA oils increased VLCn-3 FA deposition in tissues, but there were diminishing returns when increasing dietary levels of the oils.
TL;DR: TAG extracted from pig and beef tissues is analyzed and quantitative data for the composition and regioisomeric distribution of all major unsaturated fatty acids usually found in these source materials is obtained using a combination of manual integration and deconvolution of 13 C NMR spectra.
Abstract: The uptake of specific fatty acids in humans is dependent on their position on the glycerol backbone. There is a great interest in methods that can access this information fast and accurately. By way of high-resolution NMR, we have analyzed TAG extracted from pig and beef tissues and obtained quantitative data for the composition and regioisomeric distribution of all major unsaturated fatty acids usually found in these source materials, using a combination of manual integration and deconvolution of 13 C NMR spectra. In addition, we have developed a method for determining composition and regioisomeric distribution of the two main saturated fatty acids found in pork (16:0, 18:0). The results are discussed in relation to species-specific genetic characteristics of fatty acid and TAG biosynthesis. The developed method could support decisions related to breeding for desired fatty acid profiles, and stimulate further methodology developments using high field NMR.
TL;DR: In this article, the lipid amount and fatty acid profile of different Sparidae species, including gilthead seabream, juvenile GILthead SEABream, annular SEABREAM, white SEABRA, and common two-banded SEBRA, were evaluated.
Abstract: In the present study, the lipid amount and fatty acid profile of different Sparidae species, including gilthead seabream, juvenile gilthead seabream, annular seabream, white seabream, common two-banded seabream were evaluated. Fish were seasonally collected from Koycegiz Lagoon (Mugla, South Western Turkey) from June 2018 to June 2019 and after collection, the sex of each specimen was recorded. According to the results of the study, the highest lipid amount was found in female annular seabream individuals as 8.09 ± 0.78% in November and the lowest lipid amount was found in male juvenile gilthead seabream as 0.98 ± 0.12% in March. Palmitic acid and oleic acid were determined as the most abundant SFA and MUFA for all species, respectively. The highest value of DHA, which was the predominant PUFA was assessed as 15.33 ± 0.26% in female white seabream in November whereas the lowest value (3.83 ± 0.36%) was found in gilthead seabream in December. The n-6/n-3 ratio was determined between 0.27 ± 0.00 (for male common two-banded seabream in July)-1.20 ± 0.03 (for male gilthead seabream in December) and it followed within the range of healthy values for all species. As a conclusion, it was found that values of lipid and fatty acid profiles among the examined Sparidae species vary among the season of collection. The results of the study gave the seasonal nutritional values of four economically-important Sparidae species that being rich in healthy polyunsaturated fatty acids such as DHA, have beneficial in human nutrition.
TL;DR: In this paper, the structure-dependent protective effects of new Nacylethanolamines (NAE) following focal ischemia, in which some of the new NAE, administered intranasally, lead to significantly reduced infarct volume and improved recovery of limb use.
Abstract: N-acylethanolamines (NAE, also called ethanolamides) are significant lipid signaling molecules with anti-inflammatory, pain-relieving, cell-protective, and anticancer properties. Here, we present the use of a hitherto unreported group of Δ3-NAE and also some Δ4- and Δ5-NAE, in in vitro and in vivo assays to gain a better understanding of their structure-bioactivity relationships. We have developed an efficient synthetic method to rapidly produce novel unlabeled and 13 C-labeled Δ3-NAE (NAE-18:5n-3, NAE-18:4n-6) and Δ4-NAE (NAE-22:5n-6). The new NAE with shorter carbon backbone structures confers greater neuroprotection than their longer carbon backbone counterparts, including anandamide (Δ5-NAE-20:4n-6) in a focal ischemia mouse model of stroke. This study highlights structure-dependent protective effects of new NAE following focal ischemia, in which some of the new NAE, administered intranasally, lead to significantly reduced infarct volume and improved recovery of limb use. The relative affinity of the new NAE toward cannabinoid receptors was assessed against anandamide, NAE-22:6n-3 and NAE-20:5n-3, which are known cannabinoid receptor ligands with high-binding constants. Among the newly synthesized NAE, Δ4-NAE-22:5n-6 shows the greatest relative affinity to cannabinoid receptors hCB1 and hCB2 , and inhibition of cyclic adenosine monophosphate activity through hCB2 compared to anandamide.