Showing papers in "Progress in Retinal and Eye Research in 2013"

TL;DR: Clinicians need to be aware that glaucomatous damage to the macula is common, can occur early in the disease, and can be missed and/or underestimated with standard VF tests that use a 6° grid, such as the 24-2 VF test.

TL;DR: The understanding of the complex cellular and molecular processes involved in BRB leakage has grown rapidly in recent years and provided tools for rational design of drugs aimed at restoring the BRB as well as for design of effective transport of drugs across theBRB to treat the chronic retinal diseases.

TL;DR: Using a combination of psychophysical, electrophysiological, imaging, risk factor analysis, and fine motor skill assessment, the primary role of binocular dysfunction in the genesis of amblyopia and the constellation of visual and motor deficits that accompany the visual acuity deficit has been identified.

TL;DR: Evidence is reviewed from a wide range of studies relevant to the evolution of vertebrate photoreceptors and phototransduction, in order to permit the synthesis of a scenario for the major steps that occurred during the Evolution of cones, rods and the vertebrate retina.

TL;DR: The current knowledge on macular telangiectasia type 2 is summarized, including the epidemiology, the genetics, the clinical findings, the staging and the differential diagnosis of the disease.

TL;DR: Nanomedicines are making a significant impact in the fields of ocular drug delivery, gene delivery, and imaging, the focus of this review, and the nature of materials used in nanomedicine design are expected to differ.

TL;DR: This review highlights pathogenic changes that destabilize ocular homeostasis and promote AMD development and describes how the body establishes a balance between normal age-related changes and the pathological phenotypes in AMD.

TL;DR: It is suggested that the advantages of having a pit in central retina are relatively few, and minor, but together work to enhance acuity.

TL;DR: A body of studies indicate that not only apoptotic but also autophagic and necrotic signaling are involved in photoreceptor cell death, and that combined targeting of these pathways may be an effective neuroprotective strategy for retinal diseases associated with photorecept cell loss.

TL;DR: This review will discuss how photoreceptor compartmentalization is supported by protein sorting, targeting and trafficking, with an emphasis on the best-studied cases of outer segment-resident proteins.

TL;DR: The data presented are essential to comprehend the role of genetic variation in POAG, and may provide leads to understand the pathophysiology of POAG as well as other neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease.

TL;DR: How RGCs integrate information from each subcellular component in order to achieve intracellular homeostatic stability as well as respond to perturbations in the extracellular environment is described.

TL;DR: Based on compelling preclinical evidence and early data from clinical trials the novel therapeutic concepts of promoting graft survival, inhibiting tumor metastasis and dampening ocular surface inflammation and dry eye disease by targeting (lymph)angiogenesis are on their way to translation into the clinic.

TL;DR: Using gene expression and proteomic profiling, it has been possible to explore the molecular phenotype of the human retinal endothelial cell and contribute to understanding of the pathogenesis of these diseases.

TL;DR: All evidence indicates that aqueous humor outflow is affected by cytoskeleton physiology and this information may provide valuable insight into understanding glaucoma pathology and treatment.

TL;DR: Human Treg cells induced by ocular resident cells such as retinal PE cells and related immunosuppressive molecules can be applied as immune therapy for refractive autoimmune uveitis in humans in the future.

TL;DR: The literature is examined for evidence to support different possible developmental sequences that could ultimately lead to the presentation of both anisometropia and amblyopia and it is clear that there are additional paths beyond this classic hypothesis to the co-occurrence of anisometricropia.

TL;DR: This review will focus on recent findings regarding the transport of retinoids, the mechanisms by which chromophore is supplied to both rods and cones, and the metabolism ofretinoids within the posterior segment of the eye.

TL;DR: The genetic background of the most common retinal diseases is summarized, current concepts of gene delivery technology are highlighted, and those technologies to pre-clinical and clinical gene therapy studies are related.

TL;DR: Findings indicate that cultured HCECs transplanted after DSAEK can perform effective corneal dehydration in vivo and suggest the feasibility of employing the transplantation of culturedHCECs to treat endothelial dysfunction.

TL;DR: The pathogenesis of HSK is discussed, how VEGF and other angiogenic molecules are induced following infection and the many ways by which CV can be controlled are discussed.

TL;DR: In the new paradigm, secretion of AH and the entry of plasma proteins into AH, are semi-independent events, which opens the possibility that AH protein levels could increase in the absence of breakdown of the BAB.

TL;DR: Preliminary safety and efficacy data are supportive of the development of higher-resolution systems that target macular placement from implant design and surgical perspectives.

TL;DR: There is a need for developing new methods for assessing vascular structure and function in the ciliary vascular system supplying the choroid and the optic nerve head and for studying regional manifestations of retinal vascular disease.

TL;DR: Combining PDT-induced angio-occlusion of the polypoidal lesions with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy was shown to be quite effective, and the combination of PDT with an anti-angiogenic agent as well as a steroid, in a triple therapy, was recently also showed to be a quite promising option.

TL;DR: The first findings from connectomics strongly validate the idea that the topologies of complete retinal networks are far more complex than the simple schematics that emerged from classical anatomy and provide new contexts for assessing intercellular communication.

TL;DR: The pathway from state-of-the art laboratory-based discoveries to realising the translational potential of human induced pluripotent stem cell technology is mapped.

TL;DR: Current evidence supports a causative role of AQP4-IgG in NMO, in which binding of AQp4- IgG to AQP 4 orthogonal arrays on astrocytes initiates complement-dependent and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity and inflammation.

TL;DR: It is postulate that activation of the arginase pathway causes neurovascular injury by uncoupling NOS and inducing polyamine oxidation and glutamate formation, thereby reducing NO and increasing oxidative stress, all of which contribute to the retinopathic process.

TL;DR: It is demonstrated that some autoantibodies hold neuroprotective potential for neuroretinal cells and the molecular mechanisms underlying the very sensitive equilibrium between autoaggression and protection remain subject of future examinations and offer promising target sites for new therapeutic approaches.