Showing papers in "Trends in Biochemical Sciences in 2018"

TL;DR: It is proposed that UPR and ERAD engage in an intimate crosstalk to define folding capacity and maintain homeostasis in the ER.

TL;DR: The purpose of this review is to highlight the structural and functional diversity of AATs, their diverse physiological roles in different tissues and organs, their wide-ranging implications in human diseases and the emerging strategies and tools that will be necessary to target AATS therapeutically.

TL;DR: Evidence that acetyl-CoA production is differentially regulated in the nucleus and cytosol of mammalian cells is discussed.

TL;DR: It is shown that macrolides selectively inhibit the translation of a subset of cellular proteins, and that their action crucially depends on the nascent protein sequence and on the antibiotic structure.

TL;DR: The recent findings that contribute to the current understanding of the regulation of SREBPs and their physiologic roles in maintenance of lipid homeostasis, insulin signaling, innate immunity, and cancer development are summarized.

TL;DR: The elevated protein kinase functions of these moonlighting metabolic enzymes in tumor development make them promising therapeutic targets for cancer.

TL;DR: Recent progress in understanding mechanisms of kinase substrate specificity and how they function to shape cellular signaling networks is reviewed.

TL;DR: This review focuses on summarizing PD-L1 regulation and its potential roles in regulating antitumor immune response, with purpose to optimize anti-PD-1/PD- L1 therapies, benefiting a wider cancer patient population.

TL;DR: This review provides a general overview of recently characterized oxygenase reactions and their key biological roles, highlighting roles in controlling chromatin modification, transcription, mRNA demethylation, and mRNA splicing.

TL;DR: Physical models of disordered and structured proteins as polymers and colloids provide a better understanding of the regulation of droplet formation by cellular signals and its dysregulation leading to diseases.

TL;DR: The emerging premise is that heparanase is a master regulator of the aggressive phenotype of cancer, while heParanase-2 functions as a tumor suppressor.

TL;DR: A number of new results have shed light on this intriguing DNA damage response at the structural, biochemical, cell biological, and systems biology level, and in this review the most important findings are summarized.

TL;DR: Emerging evidence is presented that the act of transcription and the presence of nascent RNA at a locus is often central to function, rather than specific ncRNA sequences or structures.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors review Wnt inhibitors with a focus on small molecules that directly bind β-catenin and discuss the druggability of β-Catenin, and why it has rarely been targeted, especially in the cellular context.

TL;DR: The strategies used to transform DNA nanostructures into drug delivery vehicles are discussed and the challenges that lay ahead for these synthetic vectors as they set new paradigms in the field of nanotechnology and medicine are presented.

TL;DR: Recent advances in the mechanistic understanding of the major protein disaggregation machinery mediated by the Hsp70 chaperone system are highlighted and emerging alternative disaggregation activities in multicellular organisms are discussed.

TL;DR: Hi-C contact maps represent the superimposition of CTCF/cohesin-dependent and -independent folding states and reveal the segregation of chromatin into active and inactive compartments and the folding of DNA into self-associating domains and loops.

TL;DR: The recently determined crystal structure of PHA synthase, together with the structures of acetyl-coenzyme A (CoA) acetyltransferase and reductase, have changed the situation and are expected to facilitate production of designed novel PHAs and also enhanced production of PHAs.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe selected developments in photopharmacology that aim at establishing such control over protein activity through bioactive molecules with photo-controlled potency, and discuss why such control is desired and what challenges still need to be overcome for photopharma to reach its maturity as a chemical biology research tool.

TL;DR: In this opinion article, recent successes in the field of CLMS with protein structure modeling and challenges it still holds are highlighted.

TL;DR: Structural analyses of RNA helicase-cofactor complexes now provide insight into the diverse mechanisms by which cofactors can elicit specific and coordinated regulation ofRNA helicase action.

TL;DR: Why proteins are reduced in the ER is reviewed, recent data on catalysis of steps in the pathway is discussed, and the implications for redox homeostasis within the early secretory pathway are considered.

TL;DR: This work proposes adopting the concept of cap-independent translation enhancers (CITEs) for mammalian mRNAs, which can be located both within 5' and 3' UTRs and bind mRNA-recruiting translational components.

TL;DR: Recent results on blebbistatin development are summarized and the pharmacological perspectives of these efforts are discussed, as myosins are becoming promising drug target candidates for a variety of conditions ranging from neurodegeneration to muscle disease, wound healing, and cancer metastasis.

TL;DR: This review starts by looking back on the evolution of DNA dynamic RNs; in particular' the most significant applications in biochemistry occurring in recent years and gives a possible direction for the development of DNA circuits.

TL;DR: This review demonstrates how recent advances in ultrahigh-throughput screening, mutational scanning, DNA synthesis, metagenomics, and machine learning will soon make it possible to model, predict, and manipulate the relationship between protein sequence and function, accelerating the tailor design of novel biocatalysts.

TL;DR: The Rvb1-Rvb2-Tah1-Pih1/prefoldin-like R2TP/PFDL complex is proposed to be named PAQosome (particle for arrangement of quaternary structure) to more accurately represent its unique function.

TL;DR: The widespread occurrence of promiscuous reactions is a consistent source of metabolic 'messiness', from which both liabilities and opportunities ensue in the evolution of metabolic systems.

TL;DR: This review summarizes the key signaling pathways regulated by Nedd4-2 and the possible implications of such regulation in various pathologies.

TL;DR: It is proposed here that CRL3 complexes evolved to fulfill a pivotal role in mammalian cell differentiation and often associate with chromatin to control DNA metabolism.