Showing papers in "Trends in Immunology in 2018"

TL;DR: Recent findings regarding communication between microbes and intestinal epithelial cells (IECs), as well as the immune mechanisms employed by distinct IEC subsets to promote homeostasis are highlighted, emphasizing the central and active role that these cells play in host enteric defense.

TL;DR: The immunological mechanisms that are responsible for the ability of focal radiation to promote antitumor T cell responses that mediate tumor rejection and, in some cases, result in systemic effects are reviewed.

TL;DR: Current knowledge about SIRPα-CD47 blockade is summarized, key issues for future investigations are highlighted, and the targeting of prophagocytic receptors (Fc receptors or otherwise) to complement SIRpα- CD47 blockade are highlighted.

TL;DR: This work reviews the dynamic properties of mitochondria and discusses how these organelles interlace with immune cell metabolism and function and reciprocal crosstalk between mitochondrial dynamics and metabolism is demonstrated.

TL;DR: It is discussed here how ROS can directly fine-tune metabolism and effector functions of T cells as well as redox modeling of effector proteins and transcription factors, influencing the outcome of the T cell response.

TL;DR: Understanding how previous exposure to influenza virus shapes antibody responses to vaccination and infection is critical, especially with the prospect of future pandemics and for the effective development of a universal influenza vaccine.

TL;DR: This review discusses recent advances in the 'humanization' of mouse models to improve the quality of human immune cell reconstitution and provides a preclinical evaluation of onco-immunotherapies.

TL;DR: This Review highlights the different levels of the cutaneous barrier (the microbiome, chemical, physical, and immune barriers), their characteristics, and functional, highly interconnected network of cells and mediators that allow balanced defense measures to protect the body and maintain barrier integrity.

TL;DR: Recent observations that cGAS-STING-mediated inflammation may promote tumor initiation, growth, and metastasis in certain malignancies and how this may complicate the utility of this pathway in therapeutic development are discussed.

TL;DR: The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a cytoplasmic receptor and transcription factor activated through cognate ligand binding as mentioned in this paper, and it is an important factor in immunity and tissue homeostasis.

TL;DR: The evidence for and against these respective mechanisms, focusing on arthritis and inflammatory skin models are reviewed, with a number of striking inconsistencies amongst the conclusions made in the literature.

TL;DR: Current knowledge about the role of ionic fluxes in NLRP3 inflammasome activation is reviewed and how disturbances in intracellular ionic levels orchestrate different signaling events upstream ofNLRP3 are discussed.

TL;DR: Three types of resistance are categorized, namely target-missing, primary, and acquired resistance, believing that fundamental understanding of these complex tumor-immune interactions and of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying these types of true resistance is the key for targeting the right targets in combination with or beyond anti-PD therapy in the future.

TL;DR: Recent studies that report on the role of LDs in the modulation of immune cell function, primarily focusing on myeloid cells, such as macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs) are reviewed.

TL;DR: The understanding of neoantigen, a non-self-antigen that arises as a result of somatic mutation, and new developments in the quest to use them in cancer immunotherapy are discussed.

TL;DR: Recent progress toward understanding the genetic, epigenetic, and molecular features that titrate NK effector function and inhibition are discussed, and the impact of variable NK cell education on human health and disease is discussed.

TL;DR: A novel graft manipulation, based on depletion of αβ T cells and B cells, allows infusion of fully mature, including alloreactive, NK cells, in patients transplanted from an NK-alloreactive donor, underscores the importance of these innate cells in cancer therapy.

TL;DR: It is clear that the activation of FPRs has more complex consequences and can also promote the resolution of inflammation.

TL;DR: The specific recruitment and functional roles of different immune cells, such as mast cells and leukocytes, in DVT are analyzed and it is speculated how immune modulation could be used for DVT prevention with a lower risk of bleeding complications than conventional therapeutic approaches.

TL;DR: This review highlights recent advances in the understanding of the neuroimmunology of chronic itch centered around three key points of entry into the itch-scratch cycle: the epithelial barrier, the immune system, and the peripheral nervous system.

TL;DR: Current and future perspectives on Wnt ligands and their signaling pathways in immune cells as well as the immunological roles and functions of Wnt antagonists are introduced.

TL;DR: A liver-microbiome bidirectional crosstalk appears to be critical in health and various liver diseases and could be therapeutically targeted, such as by fecal microbiota transplantation.

TL;DR: How lncRNAs control the function and homeostasis of cell populations during immune responses is reviewed, emphasizing the diverse molecular mechanisms by which lnc RNAs tune highly contextualized transcriptional programs.

TL;DR: The role of IFN-λ at barrier surfaces is focused on, focusing on the respiratory and GI tracts, the BBB, and the placenta, and on how these IFNs act to suppress viral infections.

TL;DR: This review discusses the new concept that poorly expressed promiscuous class I alleles act as generalists to protect against a wide variety of infectious pathogens, while highly expressed fastidious class II alleles can act as specialists to protection against new and dangerous pathogens.

TL;DR: The dynamics and functionality of specific extracellular DAMP classes and their receptors in immunity, inflammation and repair of tissue damage in plants and mammals are described.

TL;DR: The pathways that control ROS production and mTOR activation are reviewed and targets for safe therapeutic modulation of the signaling network that underlies autoimmune diseases, focusing on SLE are identified.

TL;DR: This paper reviewed aspects of plasma cell biology with an emphasis on recent studies and the relationships between intermediary metabolism, antibody production, and lifespan, and concluded that many of these processes are likely to be linked, thereby affording possibilities to improve vaccine design and to develop new therapies for autoimmunity.

TL;DR: This review focuses on the latest discoveries regarding the role of the actomyosin cytoskeleton in optimizing immune cell migration in complex environments, with a special focus on recent insights provided by physical modeling.

TL;DR: Light is shed on the ability of bystander activated T cells to modulate disease severity independently from TCR recognition, shedding light on the classic dogma of T cell activation as being solely dependent on TCR.