Showing papers in "Trends in Neurosciences in 2020"

TL;DR: What the authors know about the brain's fluid transport systems, where experimental data is lacking, and what is still debated are highlighted.

TL;DR: This review discusses the complementary roles of astrocytes and microglia in building the brain, including in the formation and refinement of synapses, and discusses recent evidence demonstrating how these interactions are coordinated in the transition from healthy physiology towards disease.

TL;DR: The multiple factors that influence the clinical presentation of NDDs are discussed, with particular attention to gene vulnerability, mutational load, and the two-hit model.

TL;DR: Given the global dimension of the current pandemic, the need to consider the possible long-term impact of COVID-19 is highlighted, potentially including neurological and neurodegenerative disorders.

TL;DR: The various ways adversity becomes neurobiologically embedded are discussed, and how the timing of such adversity plays an important role in determining outcomes are offered.

TL;DR: Molecular mechanisms that drive pyroPTosis, evidence for pyroptosis within the CNS, and emerging therapeutic strategies for its inhibition in the context of neurological disease are discussed.

TL;DR: It is shown that the homologous definition better aligns results of rodent studies with those of other species, and reveals a clearer structural and functional organisation within rodent cingulate cortex itself.

TL;DR: This review argues that one reason for this knowledge gap is that exercise likely operates through multiple levels of mechanisms, and speculates about which mechanisms of exercise may be universal across age groups and populations versus those that might be distinct to specific age ranges or populations.

TL;DR: It is aimed here not only to synthesize points of congruence but also to highlight key differences between the molecular classification schemes derived from these studies, to provide a common framework that will facilitate investigations into the functions of DA neuron subtypes in the healthy and diseased brain.

TL;DR: Evidence suggests that chronic gamma entrainment offers neuroprotective effects, and techniques such as optogenetics or sensory stimulation appear to engage canonical neurocircuits that encompass excitatory and inhibitory interneurons, similarly to those driven by sensory experience.

TL;DR: The effects of age-related hearing loss on brain areas involved in speech perception, from the auditory cortex, through attentional networks, to the motor system are reviewed.

TL;DR: Findings that demonstrate widespread reward-related cognitive input to the cerebellar circuit, as well as new studies that have characterized the codependence of processing in the neocortex and cerebellum, support a view of the neoc cortex-cerebellum circuit as a joint dynamic system both in classical sensorimotor contexts and reward- related, cognitive processing.

TL;DR: Possible underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms, and whether COVID-19 might be associated with elevated long-term risk of Parkinson's disease, are discussed.

TL;DR: Evidence is highlighted that microglia metabolism adapts to changes in brain energy homeostasis and that metabolic reprogramming regulates microglial polarization, thereby impacting pathological inflammatory responses in the brain.

TL;DR: A review of recent findings on the presence of movement-related signals in sensory areas and how their study, in the context of natural freely moving behaviors, could advance models of sensory processing is discussed.

TL;DR: A proposed model is that upstream, highly interconnected regulatory ASD gene mutations disrupt transcriptional programs or signaling pathways resulting in dysregulation of downstream processes such as proliferation, neurogenesis, synaptogenesis, and neural activity.

TL;DR: It is argued that careful delineation of the neurocognitive mechanisms supporting human-robot interaction will enable us to gather insights critical for optimising social encounters between humans and robots.

TL;DR: The impact of established AD risk variants on microglial phagocytosis and debris processing via the endolysosomal system is discussed and the role of ubiquitously expressed AD risk genes are discussed.

TL;DR: Findings from human and animal studies focusing on sensitive periods and their regional and circuit specificity are synthesized to highlight the challenge and power of such cross-species approaches in informing the 'next steps' to optimize cognitive and emotional health in developing children.

TL;DR: Empirical and basic neuroscience work from the past several decades linking prenatal preeclampsia to altered neurodevelopment is reviewed, demonstrating increased rates of neuropsychiatric disorders in children of preeclamptic pregnancies, as well as increase rates of cognitive impairments and neurological disease.

TL;DR: The pathology of the BBB, its ability to potentiate viral replication, as well as current therapies and insufficiencies in treating HIV-infected individuals are elucidated.

TL;DR: This work discusses how sensory neurons utilize TLRs and other PRR pathways to detect danger signals in their environment, enabling rapid modulation of neuronal activity.

TL;DR: It is suggested that precise control of ionic flux (calcium, sodium, and potassium) contributes to in utero developmental processes such as neural proliferation, migration, and differentiation.

TL;DR: A multi-brain framework is elaborate that considers social interaction as an integrated network of neural systems that dynamically shape behavior, shared cognitive states, and social relationships.

TL;DR: A working model is proposed in which perturbed photoreceptor states cause microglial dominant migration to the subretinal space as a protective response, whereas the abundant presence of monocyte-derived cells there instead drives and accelerates pathology.

TL;DR: This review highlights the importance of studying both sexes, of understanding sex differences (and similarities) in response to ELA, and provides a context for the debate surrounding whether the response toELA may be an adaptive process.

TL;DR: Proposes of how communication, particularly between visual cortical areas, is instantiated and modulated are reviewed, highlighting recent work that offers new perspectives and a set of features that might be desirable for a communication scheme.

TL;DR: This review conceptually organize a broad repertoire of dynamic analytical pipelines and extracts general observations on their application to the study of behavior and brain disorders, and considers behavioral aspects with distinct long-term stability.

TL;DR: Mice with 16p11.2 deletions or duplications recapitulate many core behavioral phenotypes, including social and cognitive deficits, and exhibit altered synaptic function across various brain areas, which is associated with a range of neurodevelopmental disorders.

TL;DR: How prenatal glucocorticoids may impact the activity of the fetal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, disrupt neurodevelopmental processes and alter the epigenetic landscape of the fetus is summarized.