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A Detailed Examination of Cytokine Abnormalities in Major Depressive Disorder

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TLDR
Data support a generalized chronic inflammatory state in MDD, and implicate additional cytokines and chemokines previously linked to cardiovascular disease.
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This article is published in European Neuropsychopharmacology.The article was published on 2008-03-01 and is currently open access. It has received 263 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Major depressive disorder.

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Journal ArticleDOI

A Meta-Analysis of Cytokines in Major Depression

TL;DR: A meta-analysis of studies measuring cytokine concentration in patients with major depression reports significantly higher concentrations of the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha and IL-6 in depressed subjects compared with control subjects, strengthening evidence that depression is accompanied by activation of the IRS.
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A meta-analysis of blood cytokine network alterations in psychiatric patients: comparisons between schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and depression.

TL;DR: Overall, there were similarities in the pattern of cytokine alterations in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and MDD during acute and chronic phases of illness, raising the possibility of common underlying pathways for immune dysfunction.
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Interleukin (IL)-6, tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and soluble interleukin-2 receptors (sIL-2R) are elevated in patients with major depressive disorder: a meta-analysis and meta-regression.

TL;DR: Age, samples source and ethnic origins may play a potential role in heterogeneity, and European but not non-European subjects have higher levels difference of sIL-2R, TNF-α and IL-1β between MDD patients and controls.
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How does the brain deal with cumulative stress? A review with focus on developmental stress, HPA axis function and hippocampal structure in humans

TL;DR: It is concluded that a model integrating childhood maltreatment, cortisol abnormalities and hippocampal volume may need to take other factors into account, such as temperament, genetics or the presence of depression, to provide a cohesive explanation of all the findings.
References
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Cytokines sing the blues: inflammation and the pathogenesis of depression

TL;DR: These findings suggest that targeting proinflammatory cytokines and their signaling pathways might represent a novel strategy to treat depression.
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The Many Roles of Chemokines and Chemokine Receptors in Inflammation

TL;DR: The properties of chemokines and their receptors are discussed and the roles of these chemoattractants in selected clinical disorders are highlighted.
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Twenty years of research on cytokine-induced sickness behavior

TL;DR: The finding that sickness behavior occurs in all mammals and birds indicates that communication between the immune system and brain has been evolutionarily conserved and forms an important physiological adaptive response that favors survival of the organism during infections.
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Inflammatory markers and the risk of coronary heart disease in men and women.

TL;DR: Although plasma lipid levels were more strongly associated with an increased risk than were inflammatory markers, the level of C-reactive protein remained a significant contributor to the prediction of coronary heart disease.
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Cytokines and major depression.

TL;DR: Although the central effects of proinflammatory cytokines appear to be able to account for most of the symptoms occurring in depression, it remains to be established whether cytokines play a causal role in depressive illness or represent epiphenomena without major significance.
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