Abstract: Beginning in the 2007-08 school year, California’s Quality Education Investment Act required schools selected via lottery to institute reforms including class size reduction, increased average teacher experience, and extra professional training. The act provided additional per-pupil funding for schools to meet these requirements. Conditional on known probabilities of selection, which diered across schools, treatment is uncorrelated with potential outcomes, allowing for non-parametric identication of the causal eect by inverse probability weighting. In the rst fully-funded year of the program, math scores in 4 th grade increased by 0.32 SD in the population of California school-grade averages, and by the second fully-funded year 5 th grade math scores improved by 0.36 SD. By the third fully-funded year of the program, math scores in 2 nd grade were 0.28 SD higher in the distribution of California school-grade averages, and 0.27 SD higher in 3 rd grade. Selected schools did not increase teacher experience,
